基于非线性静力学模型的飞机系留载荷计算方法研究

由于飞机在强风下系留时,机体承受各方向的载荷较大,因此需对系留结构及系留索是否具有足够的承载能力进行分析,而其中系留载荷的计算就显得异常重要。采用MSC．Nastran软件,针对飞机存系留情况下,系留索的单向承载性及起落架与地面的非线性接触特性,通过应用非线性间隙单元,建立了非线性静力仿真模型,并计算了飞机在系留状况下,各系留索承受的张力及各系留点所受的载荷,计算中同时考虑了起落架缓冲支柱空气弹簧力对于系留载荷的影响,从而为飞机系留载荷提供了一种新的有限元计算方法。     

考虑轮胎变形的系留计算模型研究

 对传统舰载机的系留计算模型进行了改进:在系留计算模型中不仅考虑系留索的弹性变形,还考虑舰载机轮胎的压缩变形;把系留计算的位移状态由平面的3个自由度增加到空间6个自由度;利用船纵横摇和升沉加速度的周期、峰值等参数形成的余弦曲线作为各船运动参数的输入形式。通过二维模型分析和实际模型计算表明,上述模型的改进在结果上增加了系留索的计算载荷,提高了系留计算的准确度,这对提高舰载机的机体强度,减轻舰载机的结构重量和改进系留设备的受力情况提供了更可靠的计算依据。     

基于弹性起落架的直升机系留载荷计算

根据舰载直升机舰面系留时的受力特点,以弹性起落架的垂向变形为变量,根据虚位移原理建立了直升机在摇荡舰面系留的动力学分析模型。运用牛顿迭代法对横摇、纵摇、有风以及无风情况下系留索具载荷进行了计算,发现横摇角较大时载荷主要分布于主起落架系留索上,且风载的影响并不能忽略。分析了轮胎刚度对系留索载荷的影响,结果表明,起落架轮胎刚度由300N／mm增加至800N／ram时,最大张力减小了7．43％,说明增加轮胎刚度能有效提高直升机系留的安全性。     

航空运输中系留索弹性变形对货物偏移量的影响分析

为获取在航空运输中系留索弹性变形对货物偏移量的影响效果,构建了货物系留固定的受力计算模型,并通过实例分析,计算分析了不同系留索弹性变形的条件下对货物最大偏移量的影响,实现了不同系留索的弹性变形对货物最大偏移量影响效果的可视化。该计算模型为货物系留索设计提供了重要依据,保证了航空货物运输的安全。     

地面系留对直升机动力响应的影响

 建立了系留状态下直升机旋翼/机体耦合非线性动力学模型,无铰旋翼简化为当量铰刚性桨叶模型,假定机体是刚性体并受起落架和系留索的约束,系留索静态时松弛并只能承受拉力。采用数值仿真研究了系留对模型旋翼地面共振的影响,对初始扰动和旋翼转速对系统动力学行为的影响也进行了仿真研究。对于无系留的模型旋翼来说,在任何转速下没有出现不稳定现象;地面系留时系统会呈现稳定响应、极限环以及大幅值振荡等非线性动力学行为,大幅值振荡将使系留索、接头和支持结构承受破坏性动力载荷。     

系留气球升空过程的动态模拟

采用有限元方法,建立了系留气球的多质点动力学模型,研究了风场中某型系留气球的动态升空过程。模型中将柔性大变形的系留绳离散成若干绳段,各绳段假设为质量集中在端点的阻尼弹簧,各节点的运动由相应绳段的重力、气动力和张力确定。通过数值模拟给出并分析了系留气球轨迹、系留绳释放速度、张力、长度、形状和水平漂移距离等参数的变化规律。与国外典型算例进行对比,结果表明该模型对系留气球升空过程中的参数变化有较好的预测能力,对系留气球的释放控制有一定的指导作用。     

典型布局民用飞机的地面系留特性研究

飞机在地面停机时会受到恶劣天气影响,对飞机停机情况的气动力研究是评估停机安全的关键。为了分析典型布局民用飞机的地面侧风气动力差异,确定典型系留载荷,针对两种典型布局民用飞机,在风洞中采用缩比模型和固定地板模拟飞机停机,测量飞机在0°～180°地面侧风情况下的气动力,进一步通过部件组拆测量方法分析尾翼部件气动力耦合效应;确认垂尾平尾布局耦合效应是在侧风情况下低平尾布局飞机抬头力矩较大、以及高平尾布局飞机抬头力矩较小的原因,采用工程估算方法得到后倾翻情况的前起落架系留载荷。结果表明：俯仰气动力差异导致低平尾布局飞机的前起落架系留载荷明显增加,而对高平尾布局飞机影响较小。     

系留气球地面系留状态气动分析

系留气球地面系留状态气动力与系留气球安全密切相关。由于受地面影响,气球地面系留状态气动特性比空中系留状态更复杂。使用ANSYS Workbench平台研究了系留气球在地面系留状态的气动力,并与空中系留状态气动力进行了比较。研究了地面效应、系留高度和系留俯仰角对系留状态系统稳定性的影响。结果表明:气动力地效影响因素比较复杂,没有简单的规律可循。提出了地面系留状态气动设计的一般原则和建议。在计算中,充分利用了ANSYS Workbench的参数化设计点功能,有效提高了工作效率。     

地面系留设施万向滑轮结构优化设计

基于系留缆绳换向及缆绳拉力和倾角的测量,提出了一种优化的机动式系留气球万向滑轮结构设计方案,描述了万向滑轮结构形式、材料选择及工艺实现等,采用三维建模及有限元分析相结合的方法,对万向滑轮结构进行校核分析。结果表明,该结构满足刚度和强度要求,具有较广泛的工程应用价值。     

系留气球纵向稳定性分析

系留气球是一种应用广泛的空中平台。其运动特性是球体和系留缆绳两者的复合,总体气动布局、系留缆绳参数及风场环境对其稳定性影响非常显著,运动模态不同于一般飞行器。本文通过对球体和系留缆绳的受力特性分析,建立了其纵向运动学方程及其运动学方程的求解方法,分析了在不同风场环境下的运动模态,并数值仿真了在阵风作用下球体和系留缆绳的动态响应特性。     

直升机高海况起降相关装备能力要素分析

直升机舰上起降是 1个舰、机、人、环等多因素耦合的复杂系统问题。重点分析影响直升机高海况舰上起降能力的舰、机相关装备因素,主要包括舰船的摇荡运动特性、起降平台及上层建筑主尺度,快速系留与牵引、摇荡运动预报等直升机舰面保障设备能力,直升机的抗合成甲板风、适应舰船摇荡运动、舰面开/关车等能力,以及风况监测能力等,给出装备因素影响直升机高海况起降的原理、规律、特点,总结部分国外海军相关研究和装备情况,为国内相关研究和装备研制提供借鉴和参考。     

一种分析轮式起落架直升机“舰面共振”的方法

 针对轮式起落架直升机，提供了一种“舰面共振”动力稳定性分析方法。首先，针对直升机在舰面上随舰船一起摇晃时左右起落架受载不对称的状况，近似采用受对称载荷产生对称变形、受非对称载荷产生非对称变形的方法计算了直升机的平衡状态；其次，根据轮式起落架轮胎和缓冲支柱刚度和阻尼共同作用的特点，结合轮式起落架的几何关系，采用复刚度的方法得出起落架作用于机体的刚度与阻尼；最后，用桨叶振动模态法对轮式起落架的直升机进行了不同旋翼升力卸载以及鱼叉系留与否的“舰面共振”动力稳定性计算分析，并通过算例得到验证。     

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

Workspace,stiffness analysis and design optimization of coupled active-passive multilink cable-driven space robots for on-orbit services

The use of space robots (SRs) for on-orbit services (OOSs) has been a hot research topic in recent years. However, the space unstructured environment (i.e.: confined spaces, multiple obstacles, and strong radiation interference) has greatly restricted the application of SRs. The coupled active-passive multilink cable-driven space robot (CAP-MCDSR) has the characteristics of slim body, flexible movement, and electromechanical separation, which is very suitable for extreme space environments. However, the dynamic and stiffness modeling of CAP-MCDSRs is challenging, due to the complex coupling among the active cables, passive cables, joints, and the end-effector. To deal with these problems, this paper proposes a workspace, stiffness analysis and design optimization method for such type of MCDSRs. Firstly, the multi-coupling kinematics relationships among the joint, cables and the end-effector are established. Based on hybrid series-parallel characteristics, the improved coupled active–passive (CAP) dynamic equation is derived. Then, the maximum workspace, the maximum stiffness, and the minimum cable tension are resolved, among them, the overall stiffness is the superposition of the stiffness produced by the active and the passive cable. Furthermore, the workspace, the stiffness, and the cable tension are analyzed by using the nonlinear optimization method (NOPM). Finally, an 8-DOF CAP-MCDSR experiment system is built to verify the proposed modeling and trajectory tracking methods. The proposed modeling and analysis results are very useful for practical space applications, such as designing a new CAP-MCDSR, or utilizing an existing CAP-MCDSR system.     

基于刚度优化的绳牵引并联支撑系统力/位混合控制

针对应用于风洞试验的八绳牵引并联支撑系统高性能运动控制问题,开展绳索张力实时优化与力/位混合控制技术研究。基于动态试验需求和系统刚度矩阵,选择主刚度加权和最大为目标函数,将其转化为线性规划问题,采用二维凸多边形张力可行域顶点法进行实时求解,并根据绳索张力变化约束进一步提出连续可行域,确保解的连续性,实现其优化分布;设计一种基于电机转角和绳索张力反馈的力/位混合控制策略,其中位姿控制环采用计算力矩法,并利用实际绳索张力补偿惯性力和非线性力等,进而开展稳定性分析。以风洞试验中典型的推力模拟、俯仰振荡等线位移和角运动轨迹为例,在原理样机上开展控制验证实验。研究结果表明该控制策略能够实现对末端飞行器模型位姿和绳索张力的有效跟踪,且具有较高的精度和良好的稳定性,可以为绳牵引并联支撑在风洞动态试验中的应用提供技术支持。     

Optimizing accuracy of a parabolic cylindrical deployable antenna mechanism based on stiffness analysis

Accuracy of the fitted surface is of great importance to the performance of deployable antennas utilized in space. This paper proposes a stiffness analysis based fitting accuracy optimization method for achieving the optimal parameters of the parabolic cylindrical deployable antenna mechanism. The stiffness matrix of the proposed cylindrical antenna mechanism is established by assembling the stiffness of beams and tension cables. Structural deformations of the mechanism are calculated where the tensioned cable is substituted by a 2-node truss element and an equivalent force acting on the joint. Consideration of the tensity of tension cables, namely tensioned or slack, is transformed into a typical linear complementarity problem. Comparison between structural deformations of the mechanism fixed at different points is performed. Sensitivities of the geometric and structural parameters on fitting accuracy are investigated. Influence of force of the driven cable on structural deformations of antenna operated in different orbits is conducted. A fitting optimization method is proposed to minimize the structural deformations subject to constraints on volume and mass. Simulation result shows that the fitting accuracy of the antenna mechanism is improved significantly through the optimization. The proposed method can be utilized for the optimal design of other deployable mechanisms constructed by joining rigid links.     

直升机缆位系统建模与仿真

针对直升机绞车收放时缆位保持问题,建立了负载出水回收进舱阶段缆位的动力学模型。由于浮力与洋流作用突然消失,负载出水后发生摆动,将负载的摆动作为带有理想约束的质点系动力学系统,采用拉格朗日方程建立动力学模型。考虑直升机悬停提升的情况进行仿真,仿真结果表明建立的数学模型能够较好的模拟负载摆动时的缆位变化。     

基于直升机舰面起降动态仿真的风限图计算

建立了基于直升机舰面起降动态仿真的风限图（WOD）计算方法,综合计入舰船尾流、直升机运动和驾驶员操控等多因素的作用提升风限图计算的准确度。基于耦合舰船非定常尾流的飞行动力学模型,发展了适于直升机多轴协同操控的驾驶员模型,建立了舰面起降轨迹的数学描述和生成方法,形成计入舰船尾流、直升机运动和驾驶员操控等多因素综合作用的直升机舰面起降动态仿真方法。在此基础上,总结风限图计算判据,建立风限图计算方法。计算结果表明,某些风况下直升机在舰面起飞和降落过程中受到舰船尾流的干扰远大于在甲板上方悬停时受到的作用。本文方法能够捕捉到不同起降点和起降方式导致舰船尾流时空变化的干扰,与传统计算方法相比,显著提升了风限图计算的准确度。