Rank detector preprocessor for glint reduction in a tracking radar

A rank detector is used to detect instantaneous received power fades in a tracking radar. On detection of a fade, censorship of the angular position measurement is implemented in a Kalman tracking filter. It is shown that this technique can typically give a 15% angular tracking improvement on highly dynamic targets     

Comparison of two theories of angle glint: polarization considerations

Angle glint can be explained as distortions in the radar echo signal phase front, or alternatively, deviations of the direction of power flow from the radial direction. Here we show that these two theories yield identical results when the polarization of the scattered waves and the receiving antenna are considered.     

Effective filtering of target glint

An effective filter structure is suggested for filtering of target glint in active homing engagements of a ship-to-ship missile. The proposed filter has decoupled range and angle channels so that it has a sound mathematical basis as well as computational efficiency as applied to the interacting multiple model algorithm. The proposed algorithm in conjunction with an impact angle control law is tested by a series of simulation runs and it is shown to have superior performance compared with the other filter structures     

Measured and predicted synthetic aperture radar target comparison

The DARPA Image Understanding program publicly released measured and predicted synthetic aperture radar (SAR) targets were compared by means of correlation. The training set consisted of three classes (BMP-2, T-72, and BTR-70) at 17 deg depression and 233 azimuths. The test set consisting of seven different serial-numbered targets at 15 deg depression was tested at 196 azimuths. After segmentation and normalization, each test image was correlated with all the training images to generate correlation and classification statistics. Measured correlation scores were higher and more consistent for same serial number training than variant training. The average in-class (0.837) and between-class (0.734) means for measured correlations were higher than both the average in-class (0.707) and between-class (0.675) means for predicted correlations; however, the corresponding variances for in-class (0.056) and between-class (0.048) predicted correlations were higher than in-class (0.026) and between-class (0.036) measured variances. The measured training data declared the target correctly almost 100% of the time; the T-72 and BTR-70 model-predicted data declared the target correctly 80% of the time. The correlation scores varied approximately sinusoidally with aspect. Correlation plots between a single orientation target and the entire training sets showed that a target was highly correlated at both the correct aspect angle and the correct angle rotated 180 deg     

Maximum likelihood identification of glint noise

If the non-Gaussian distribution function of radar glint noise is known, the Masreliez filter can be applied to improve target tracking performance. We investigate the glint identification problem using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Two models for the glint distribution are used, a mixture of two Gaussian distributions and a mixture of a Gaussian and a Laplacian distribution. An efficient initial estimate method based on the QQ-plot is also proposed. Simulations show that the ML estimates converge to truths     

Performance comparison of PRF schedules for medium PRF radar

Previous work has shown how evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are an effective tool in optimising the selection of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) values of medium PRF schedules in an airborne fire control radar (FCR) application requiring target data in three PRFs. The optimisation is driven by the requirement to minimise range/Doppler blindness whilst maintaining full decodability. In this paper we detail work in which the optimisation process is applied to design novel short medium PRF schedules requiring target data in just two PRFs. The paper reports on the testing of a variety of near-optimum schedules to compare their blindness, decoding, and ghosting performances. The results show that in many situations, the 2 of N schedules are a practical alternative to conventional 3 of N processing.     

Performance comparison between two different injector configurations in a hybrid rocket

Mass flux and pressure are usually considered the main parameters affecting the fuel regression rate in hybrid rockets, whereas the influence of the oxidiser injector is often neglected. Nevertheless, in some specific configurations, even in conventional hybrids, a noticeable dependence of regression rate on oxidiser injection modes has been found. Gaseous oxygen and polyethylene fuel cylindrical grains were burned. Results from the firing tests conducted with a conical axial injector of the oxidiser are discussed. That configuration provides highly stable combustion so it is considered very interesting and, hence, deserving of an in-depth analysis. A comparison to the results obtained with a radial injector is drawn in terms of average and instantaneous regression rate, fuel consumption profiles, and combustion efficiency and stability. The radial injector, at the same mass flux and pressure, produces lower regression rate, high pressure oscillations and worse combustion efficiency.     

Feedback median filter for robust preprocessing of glint noise

Glint noise may arise in a target tracking system. The non-Gaussian behavior of glint noise can severely degrade the tracking performance. Measurement preprocessing at the front-end of the tracker is an effective method to reduce glint noise. The preprocessor proposed by Hewer, Martin, and Zeh (1987), which used the computationally intensive M-estimator, may not be suitable for practical implementation. An alternative method employing the median filter is studied here. The median filter is well known for its simplicity and robustness. However, the efficiency of the median filter can be seriously degraded if input samples are not identically distributed. This is what we may encounter in the tracking problem. A feedback median filter is then proposed to overcome this impediment without substantially increasing complexity. Simulations show that the new preprocessor can greatly improve tracking performance in the glint noise environment.     

On analytical evaluation of glint error reduction for frequency-hopping radars

Analytical techniques are presented for evaluating the glint error reduction of frequency-agile tracking radars employing discrete frequency-hopping (FH). The techniques can be used to compare the tracking accuracies obtained with different procedures for frequency selection. The cases of random, cyclic, and hybrid FH are worked out in detail. An illustration using a simple alpha-beta tracking filter indicates that the preferred type of frequency selection usually depends on the filter gains used in a specific application.<>     

Duality between failure detection and radar/optical maneuverdetection

The two distinct technical specialty areas of failure detection in stochastic dynamical systems and the detection and tracking of target maneuvers by radar or optics are identified as two separate disciplines that have achieved results by using modeling techniques. These techniques can be cross-applied to the other specialty area, which is revealed to have in common the same underlying mathematical formulation of the even detection problem     

A comparison of two adaptive detection schemes

Two schemes for adaptive detection are compared: Kelly's generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and the mean level adaptive detector (MLAD). Detection performance, P_D, is predicted for the two schemes under the assumptions that the input noises are zero-mean complex Gaussian random variables that are temporally independent but spatially correlated; and the amplitude of the desired signal is Rayleigh distributed. P_D is computed as a function of the false alarm probability, the number of input channels, the number of independent samples per channel, and the matched filtered output signal-to-noise (S/N) power ratio. In this analysis the GLRT is shown to have better detection performance than the MLAD. The difference in detection performance increases as one uses fewer input samples. However, the required number of samples necessary to have only a 3 dB detection loss for both detection schemes is approximately the same. This is significant since for the present, the MLAD is considerably less complex to implement than the GLRT     

略论民航术语的统一和规范化

首先介绍了民航术语及其典籍出版现况,其次根据近期发表的科技术语规范原则在比较和对照的基础上,提出了作者的见解,最后以中国民航总局适航司和安全技术中心编译的《民用航空术语汇编》作为例样,择其某些欠妥词语,参照术语规范原则加以比较和剖析。     

出口宽高比对S形二元收敛喷管雷达散射截面的影响

在S形二元收敛喷管进出口面积、偏心距、面积变化规律及中心线变化规律不变的条件下,采用自适应超椭圆方法设计不同出口宽高比的S形二元收敛喷管.基于迭代物理光学法与等效边缘电磁流法自主开发计算腔体部件雷达散射截面（RCS）的程序;然后通过文献中的实验数据验证了计算程序的准确性和可靠性.通过计算程序分别分析了水平、垂直两种极化方式下不同S形二元收敛喷管的边缘绕射场与总散射场的电磁散射特性.结果表明:在水平、垂直两种极化方式下,喷管出口宽高比的变化对S形二元收敛喷管边缘绕射场的RCS影响较小,不同出口宽高比的S形二元收敛喷管边缘绕射场的RCS相差不超过4dB.喷管出口宽高比的变化对总散射场的RCS影响较大;正探测角时,宽高比为1.5时,在大部分探测角范围内总散射场有较低的RCS;负探测角时,宽高比为3.5时有较低的RCS.      

略论海峡两岸科技术语的对照和统一

为减少和消除海峡两岸科技文化交流上的词汇障碍，各学科广泛开展着科技术语的调查研究、交流和讨论。当前做法为两步走，首先是分析两岸用词上相同和差异的词目，共同编订对照本，共建对照和约定；然后逐步地通过对存在差异的个例进行选优汰劣和具体的商榷，过渡到更多的协调和一致。     

涵道螺旋桨与孤立螺旋桨气动特性的 数值模拟对比

基于非结构动态嵌套网格方法,对涵道螺旋桨与孤立螺旋桨的气动特性进行了非定常Euler方程数值模拟对比研究和分析.将计算区域分成旋转区与静止区两个子域,生成相互重叠的嵌套网格,有效地解决了螺旋桨与涵道以及静止部分桨毂之间的相对旋转问题.计算结果与实验结果相一致,验证了计算方法的正确性.涵道入口前缘形成的负压区是产生涵道附加拉力的原因所在.对比计算结果表明:与孤立螺旋桨相比,涵道的存在改善了螺旋桨桨尖区域的绕流特性,减小了桨尖损失;相同转速情况下,涵道螺旋桨产生更大的拉力,而所需功率略小,涵道螺旋桨系统具有更高的气动效率.      

陶瓷混合轴承与全钢轴承拟动态性能对比

利用拟动力学方法建立了轴承性能分析模型,在DN值为2.45×10~6mm·r/min的轴承运转条件下,对陶瓷混合轴承和全钢轴承的离心力、接触角、接触力、陀螺力矩、旋滚比、接触变形量的变化特性进行了全面的对比分析。研究表明,陶瓷混合轴承中滚动体的离心力不到全钢轴承的1/2,且各滚动体之间的差异及滚动体与套圈滚道接触角的变化要小于全钢轴承,其陀螺力矩和旋滚比也小于全钢轴承。即在高速运行条件下,相较于全钢轴承,陶瓷混合轴承具有更优越的综合性能。     

不安抗辩权与预期违约之比较

《合同法》在第68条和第69条规定了不安抗辩权制度．在第108条规定了明示预期违约。但《合同法》对英美法系的预期违约制度和大陆法系的不安抗辩权制度融合的不够彻底。使预期违约和不安抗辩权在适用上产生了混乱。提出了通过对两大法系相关制度的比较来完善我国合同立法的思路。     

A survey of radar ECM and ECCM

Radar electronic countermeasure (ECM) and electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) form the principal conflicting pair in modern electronic warfare. The technical history and state of art of both the radar ECM and ECCM are surveyed and their development trends are predicted. The classification of ECCM techniques, compatibility of various ECCM devices in a radar system and effectiveness evaluation of radar ECM and ECCM systems are also discussed     

相关法测量中的噪声信号源和扫频信号源的性能比较

时差法相关测量中信号的带宽越宽，互相关函数的峰值点的峰值优势越大，其测量的抗干扰性能越好。通过理论分析和数学仿真研究了两种宽带信号源——噪声信号和扫频信号，并利用相关分析法测量两信号问时差时的性能。结论是：噪声信号频带范围宽，带宽不受所采用信号长短的限制，测量分辨力高，但其频谱与噪声干扰频谱相似，抗干扰能力差；扫频信号的频率和带宽可人为控制，频谱特征明显，抗干扰性能好。     

发散冷却与冲击/发散冷却的冷却效率对比

为了得到最佳的冷却结构,在相同冷却气量下对发散孔单层壁与冲击/发散孔双层壁冷却结构的冷却效率进行了试验研究.试验保证相同的发散孔排布规律、热侧与冷侧进气温度、冷却气量、热气量以及热冷侧之间的空气压降,使用红外热像仪对发散孔壁的热侧壁面温度进行测量以得到冷却效率,并对两种结构的冷却效率进行对比分析.试验结果表明:在相同冷却开孔面积、相同冷热气条件下,冲击/发散孔双层壁的冷却效率要比发散孔单层壁大约高30%,这归因于冲击/发散冷却方式存在更高的换热强化能力.