Pathophysiology of motor functions in prolonged manned space flights.

The influence of weightlessness on different parts of the motor system have been studied in crew members of 140 and 175 days space flights. It has been shown that weightlessness affects all parts of the motor system including (i) the leg and trunk muscles, in which severe atonia, a decrease of strength and an increase of electromyographic cost of contraction have been observed, (ii) the proprioceptive elements and the spinal reflex mechanisms in which decreased thresholds accompanied by decreases of maximal amplitude of reflexes and disturbances in cross reflex mechanisms have been found. and (iii) the central mechanisms that control characteristics of postural and locomotor activities. The intensities and durations of disturbances of different parts of the motor system did not correlate to each other, but did correlate with prophylactic activity during space flight. The data suggest a different nature of disturbances caused by weightlessness in different parts of the motor system.     

火箭贮箱箱底瓜瓣拉深成形数值模拟

基于钣金成形仿真软件,数值模拟了火箭贮箱箱底瓜瓣零件的拉深成形,对瓜瓣拉深模具的拉延筋结构和压边力进行了优化,获得了半圆截面等效拉延筋结构的参数最优组合。     

降落伞伞包载荷分析计算

文章介绍了一种典型的倒拉式回收降落伞伞包的受力情况分析和计算方法。该方法通过取用某一型号伞包设计参数进行计算 ,所得结果与实际情况比较符合。     

Effects of repeated long duration +2Gz load on man's cardiovascular function

Usefulness of a short-arm human centrifuge is expected when it is used in space as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning, problem of bone-calcium metabolism, etc. However, nothing is solidly established regarding the most desirable program for artificial G application. Accordingly, this study was designed to analytically evaluate the effects of repeated long duration +Gz load on human cardiovascular function. Recently heart rate spectral analysis has been recognized as a powerful tool for quantitatively evaluating parasympathetic and sympathetic activity separately in human. It is reported that power of the high frequency component (HF-p) is mediated selectively by parasympathetic activity and the power ratio of low to high frequency components(LF/HF) is indicative of cardiac sympathetic activity or cardiac sympathovagal balance. Sequence method is developed to examine spontaneous baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS). We studied cardiovascular control function by using these methods in 9 healthy men before and after 7 days of daily repeated 1hour +2Gz load. When compared with the data of pre-G load period, post-G load period, decrease of HR, increases of HF-p and BRS were statistically significant. SBP, DBP and LF/HF tended to decrease, however, these changes were not statistically significant. This results indicate that repeated +2Gz load increases parasympathetic activity and arterial baroreceptor-cardiac reflex sensitivity. In recent years, many investigators suggest that space flight and head-down bedrest leads to impaired baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses and decrease of parasympathetic activity, which may contribute to orthostatic intolerance. So our results suggest that daily repeated 1hour +2Gz load would be useful in preventing post-flight orthostatic intolerance.     

美国X—38计划与翼伞返回系统

文章介绍了美国X—38计划及其翼伞返回系统的概况,分析了历次空投试验翼伞返回系统的状况、工作过程、出现的反翘现象等。     

Static torsional otolith–cervical–ocular reflex after prolonged exposure to weightlessness and a 7-day immersion

To determine the role of the support-proprioceptive factor in the functioning of the vestibular system, in particular the static torsional otolith–cervical–ocular reflex (OCOR), comparative OCOR studies with videooculography recording were performed after a 7-day “dry” horizontal immersion (16 subjects) and after a prolonged (126–195 days) exposure to weightlessness (13 cosmonauts). For the first time, it was demonstrated that minimization of the support and proprioceptive afferentation may result in an inversion or absence of the static torsional OCOR and the development of a positional nystagmus with an inverted reflex. A comparative OCOR data analysis of cosmonauts and immersion subjects has revealed similarity of responses. However, changes in OCOR after immersion were noted in only 60% of the subjects, while after space flight, 90% of cosmonauts showed them. Post-flight changes were more frequent, marked and long-lasting. Statistical analysis has shown that there were significant differences between pre- and post-flight data according to both parametric and non-parametric methods of multiple comparisons, whereas only parametric methods have found significant differences within immersion data.     

Chronic effects of low-frequency low-intensity electrical stimulation of stretched human muscle

Effects of low-frequency electrical stimulation, which is currently considered to be a possible countermeasure for long-duration spaceflights, with and without stretch were evaluated. Twelve young male volunteers were randomly distributed into two groups. In one group anterior thigh muscles—knee extensors of both legs were stimulated with frequency of 15 Hz for 4.5 wks, six times a week; each session was 6-h long. In the other group, electrical stimulation with the same parameters was applied to stretched knee extensors. Following stimulation the subjects exhibited an increase in fatigue resistance, and in the succinate dehydrogenase activity and a 10% gain in the percentage of muscle fibers with slow myosin heavy chain isoforms. In a stimulated group the peak voluntary strength went down significantly, the CSA of fast muscle fibers in m. quadriceps femoris became slightly less in size (10%). Electrical stimulation of the stretched muscles induced an insignificant decline in their strength and an increase of cross-sectional area of muscle fibers of both types. Thus chronic low-frequency electrical stimulation may be proposed as a candidate countermeasure against muscle strength and mass loss if it is combined with stretch.     

一种新的脉冲星累积脉冲轮廓时间延迟测量算法

为提高X射线脉冲星导航系统中累积脉冲轮廓的时间延迟测量精度,分析了X射线脉冲星累积脉冲轮廓的特点和现有时延测量算法的缺陷,提出了一种粗略估计和精确测最相结合的时间延迟测量算法.该算法首先利用三阶互小波累积量进行粗略估计,可抑制尺度伸缩和噪声的影响;然后通过抛物面内插法精确测量时间延迟,避免了小步长的迭代运算,可大幅度降低算法的运算量.利用美国罗希(Rossi)X射线时变探测卫星的实测脉冲星数据进行实验,结果表明:该算法可屏蔽由多普勒效应和相位间隔长度的不同引起的尺度伸缩,能够抑制噪声,测量误差小于现有算法;当相位间隔为0.9°时,该算法的测量精度达到最高;该算法运算量小,不足现有算法的10%,适用于X射线脉冲星导航系统.     

机载箔条弹雷达回波的建模与仿真

飞机目标通常抛撒箔条弹来干扰雷达的工作。针对这一作战场景,首先研究分析了飞机与箔条的运动特性和雷达回波特性,导出了对于地基防御雷达而言,箔条弹在时域上可视为点目标、在多谱勒域上可不考虑其多谱勒展宽效应的结论。在此基础之上,建立了箔条干扰的数学和仿真模型,模拟并分析了飞机加箔条的运动状态和雷达回波特性。研究成果有助于揭示箔条干扰的雷达特性,评估箔条的干扰效果。     

空间对接机构螺旋电缆设计

对一种用于空间对接机构的螺旋电缆设计进行了研究。介绍了电缆的材料选择、结构设计和生产制造工艺。给出了材料蠕变、伸缩性能和空间环境等试验结果,均符合设计要求,并成功地用于神舟八、九、十号飞船与天宫一号目标飞行器的空间交会对接。应用情况表明:该电缆的结构紧凑,伸缩性能良好,满足低轨空间环境使用要求。     

Modern method and instrument for measuring psychic performance.

This paper shows that cortical processing of information quantity can be given in bits, while speed of information processing can be given in bit/sec; therefore the information processing ability can be denoted in algebraical expression. Changes of emotional tension can be objectified by galvanic skin reflex and pulse reaction. This method and device is suitable to measure psychic state of space station personnel and to predict psychic activity.     

基于VC++5.0的三维图形生成方法

对计算机图形显示中的一个复杂问题－－隐藏线的消隐问题进行了研究。并结合信号分析中信号的三维图形显示问题，阐述了基于来家算法的图形快速消隐处理的三维图形生成方法。在此基础上，巧妙利用ＶＣ＋＋５．０中的库函数，探讨了三维网格图的生成方法，并非常方便地实现了三维图形的拉伸、旋转。仿真实例表明该算法简单易行。     

薄壁内、外半管冲压成形工艺参数模拟优化设计

针对内、外半管的结构特点,分析计算冲压成形主要工艺参数及毛坯尺寸,运用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,对内、外半管的成形过程进行了模拟。研究了不同压边力及不同冲压速度对零件拉深成形的影响,分析了零件的成形工艺及其起皱缺陷,优化了毛坯形状,避免了成形过程中的缺陷,获得了理想的毛坯形状和工艺参数。     

固体推进剂综合感度模糊评价法

利用模糊数学方法,建立了固体推进剂综合感度评价的模糊数学模型,并用于NEPE推进剂的综合感度评价。应用结果表明,根据固体推进剂在不同生产工艺过程中各项感度值不同的特点,通过赋予不同的权重系数,消除了传统几何均值感度的片面性;无量纲化处理消除了各项感度之间量纲的不同;等级参数处理使固体推进剂综合感度值数字化,从而可以准确、直观地反应出固体推进剂的危险度。     

Mechanisms of spinal motoneurons survival in rats under simulated hypogravity on earth

It was previously shown that different cell types in vivo and in vitro may die via apoptosis under weightlessness conditions in space as well as in simulated hypogravity on the Earth. We assessed survivability of spinal motoneurons of rats after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension. Following weight bearing, unloading the total protein content in lumbar spinal cord is dropped by 21%. The electrophysiological studies of m. gastrocnemius revealed an elevated motoneurons’ reflex excitability and conduction disturbances in the sciatic nerve axons. The number of myelinated fibers in the ventral root of experimental animals was insignificantly increased by 35-day of antiorthostatic hind limb suspension, although the retrograde axonal transport was significantly decreased during the first week of simulated hypogravity. The results of the immunohistochemical assay with antibodies against proapoptotic protein caspase 9 and cytotoxicity marker neuron specific nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the TUNEL staining did not reveal any signs of apoptosis in motoneurons of suspended and control animals. To examine the possible adaptation mechanisms activated in motoneurons in response to simulated hypogravity we investigated immunoexpression of Hsp25 and Hsp70 in lumbar spinal cord of the rats after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension. Comparative analysis of the immunohistochemical reaction with anti-Hsp25 antibodies revealed differential staining of motoneurons in intact and experimental animals. The density of immunoprecipitate with anti-Hsp25 antibodies was substantially higher in motoneurons of the 35-day suspended than control rats and the more intensive precipitate in this reaction was observed in motoneuron neuritis. Quantitative analysis of Hsp25 expression demonstrated an increase in the Hsp25 level by 95% in experimental rats compared to the control. The immunoexpression of Hsp70 found no qualitative and quantitative differences in control and experimental lumbar spinal cords. Taken together our results show that (1) rat motoneurons survived after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension and the changes in neurons had a mostly functional character, and (2) the increased immunoexpression of Hsp25 can be considered as the anti-apoptotic factor.     

CBERS-1卫星IRMSS数据在中国北方汝箕沟煤田煤层自燃区遥感分析中的试应用研究

根据热红外波段对地物热信息反映灵敏的特征 ,基于CBERS-1卫星红外多光谱扫描仪(IRMSS)所获得的2000年7月1日宁夏汝箕沟地区的图像数据 ,首先进行错位纠正、去条带、消除随机噪声等处理。通过对IRMSSB6、B7、B8、B9单波段的线性拉伸、指数变换、主成份分析 ,以及IRMSSB6、B7和B8、IRMSSB6、B7和B9的假彩色合成处理、波段运算等增强处理 ,有效地提取了由煤层自燃引起的地表热异常 ,以及煤堆、裸岩、居民区的热异常信息。通过分析对比 ,对IRMSS图像数据进行煤火信息提取进行了评价     

Status of vestibular function after prolonged bedrest.

6 young, healthy, male volunteers were submitted to one week of head down (-4 degrees) bedrest. This position simulates the cerebral hemodynamic conditions in weightlessness. Measurements of vestibular equilibrium and of oculomotor system function were made before and after the prolonged bedrest. Analysis of the results indicates that vestibular responses, as measured by the maximal speed of the slow phase of the provoked nystagmus (caloric and sinusoidal rotatory stimulations), are decreased after prolonged bedrest. This statistically significant diminution requires confirmation with a greater number of cases. The reflex conflicting or interacting with the cervico-ocular and optokinetic reflexes on the one hand and the foveal vision on the other, is one of several possible explanations for the observed changes.     

Recent advances in the physiology of whole body immersion

Recent investigations have furnished a complete analysis of the hemodynamic events accompanying whole-body immersion. About 700 ml of blood are translocated into the intrathoracic circulation, and heart volume increases by 180 +/- 62 ml. These changes are followed by an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output of over 30%. At the same time a reflex reduction of total peripheral resistance and venous tone occurs. Renin and aldosterone activity are reduced while the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid is not affected. Treatment of the subject with DOCA attenuates but does not extinguish the excess sodium excretion of immersion. This finding strengthens the arguments in favor of an unknown factor enhancing sodium excretion. Finally, the relative activation of the three factors that serve volume control, the excretory function of the kidney, capillary filtration pressure, and the thirst mechanism, is discussed.