滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机非定常气动特性研究

为了探索飞机变形过程中的非定常气动特性及其机理,基于滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机这一可变形飞行器大尺度全局变形研究平台,通过风洞实验对其进行了非定常气动特性研究。结果表明:无人机变后掠过程中非定常气动特性曲线在相应的准定常曲线周围形成滞回环;无人机变后掠速率越快,滞回效应越显著;无人机以约7.5°/s的速率变后掠,会使非定常气动特性数值偏离相应的准定常数值5%以上;变后掠无人机非定常气动特性产生的主要原因可能在于流场结构迟滞和机翼附加速度。     

超声速进气道反压引起的不起动/起动现象研究

为了探索节流反压变化对进气道起动性能的影响,在来流马赫数为2.0的情况下,采用定常/非定常数值仿真方法对出口可移动壁面运动速率为12,24,36mm/s的进气道进行了研究,分析了不同可移动壁面运动速率引起的堵塞度变化对进气道流场特性及气动性能的影响。结果表明:采用非定常数值仿真获得的进气道性能参数和流场特性变化规律与定常数值仿真时一致,定常/非定常数值仿真时的进气道性能参数均存在"迟滞回路"现象;进气道出口堵塞度变化速率越大,"迟滞回路"现象越明显;堵塞度变化速率越大,进气道进入不起动状态时的堵塞度越高,进气道再次进入起动状态时的堵塞度越低。     

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

柔性变后掠飞行器非定常气动特性数值研究

为研究柔性变后掠飞行器变形过程中的非定常气动力,对柔性变后掠飞行器进行了非定常数值仿真。首先分析了柔性变后掠飞行器在特定后掠角下的定常气动特性,接着选用三种变后掠周期进行了非定常计算,分析了不同变后掠速度对飞行器气动特性的影响,以及定常与非定常气动特性的差别,并研究了这种差异产生的原因。结果表明:柔性变后掠飞行器通过后掠角的改变可以使实时气动性能达到最优;不同变后掠速度引起的气动力差异不大;定常气动力与非定常气动力最大差异不超过7%,其差异主要是由于机翼上气动力的差异引起;非定常计算的升力、阻力系数大于定常结果,俯仰力矩系数与定常计算值差异不大。非定常气动力的产生机理是由于机翼的附加速度所引起的,与流场迟滞无关。总体上看,攻角小于14°时,小后掠可以取得较大的升力、阻力系数;大于14°攻角,大后掠的升力、阻力系数较大;所有后掠角均在4°攻角处取得最大升阻比且小后掠角的升阻比较大;当升力系数小于1.28时,小后掠角产生较小的阻力系数,超过这一数值,大后掠角的阻力系数较小。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

变弯度机翼参数化气动弹性建模与颤振特性分析

变体飞行器在变体过程中结构质量、刚度和阻尼特性会发生显著变化，导致其气动弹性效应十分复杂。如何高效、准确预测变体过程颤振边界是变体机翼结构动力学设计的难点问题之一。现有的非参数化气动弹性建模方法仅能针对单一变体构型进行颤振分析，对变构型的颤振需重复建模，效率低下且可能存在颤振边界丢失问题。针对后缘连续变弯度的变体机翼颤振分析问题，提出了一种参数化气动弹性建模新方法，并综合非定常气动力、流-固耦合插值和气动弹性建模，对变弯度机翼的参变颤振特性进行系统性分析。为验证该参数化建模方法在预测参变颤振特性的准确性，在变弯度机翼的参变模态特征、气动力计算和颤振预测等方面，进行了数值计算与对比研究。仿真结果表明，该方法可高效准确地预测全参数空间内变体机翼的参变颤振特性。     

超声速进气道加速/减速过程起动/不起动现象研究

为了研究加速/减速过程中超声速进气道的起动/不起动现象,对二元超声速进气道的二维流场进行了定常/非定常数值模拟.分析了在来流马赫数为1.75~2.05范围内4种不同加速度绝对值对进气道气动性能的影响,并对定常/非定常模拟方法的结果进行了对比.结果表明:与定常模拟时相比,非定常数值模拟时进气道的流场特征在加速起动过程中和减速不起动过程中均存在明显的滞后现象,且加速度绝对值越大,滞后现象越明显;非定常模拟时的进气道处于起动状态时,其气动性能存在迟滞现象;当加速度绝对值一定时,进气道起动过程耗费的时间大于不起动过程耗费的时间.      

飞机外翼段大尺度剪切式变后掠设计与分析

飞机大尺度全局变形过程中存在诸多需要研究的基础问题,为此构建了研究平台并开展了实验研究。基于飞行器机翼"旋转变后掠"与"剪切变后掠"的气动特性计算结果,设计了气动特性相对较优的飞机外翼段大尺度剪切式变后掠方式;研制了基于可控变形结构与连续变形规律的实验模型;进行了风洞实验研究。结果表明:本文研制的剪切式变后掠飞机在蒙皮、结构、驱动、控制等方面满足气动特性研究的需求;其准定常气动特性曲线显示出变后掠的较大气动效益;其非定常气动特性曲线呈现出滞回环,原因可能在于"机翼附加速度效应"和"流场结构迟滞效应"。     

旋翼螺旋桨/机翼巡航状态气动干扰规律研究

为优化倾转旋翼机气动布局,研究旋翼螺旋桨与机翼间复杂的气动干扰,在考虑有限翼展三维效应、翼尖小翼情况下,通过改变机翼外翼段的长度,研究了旋翼螺旋桨与机翼间的气动干扰规律.使用计算流体力学的三维非定常计算方法获得了巡航状态下旋翼螺旋桨与机翼的流场特征及气动特性参数,研究了螺旋桨滑流对机翼的上洗、下洗作用,以及机翼对螺旋桨...     

翼上螺旋桨构型耦合气动特性及翼型优化设计

针对半环形式翼上螺旋桨构型,研究了螺旋桨-机翼耦合流场特性,并以短距起降（STOL）状态最优升阻特性为目标对机翼翼型进行全局优化。首先,针对螺旋桨-气动面耦合构型,通过动量源法与真实桨叶模型CFD的计算对比,分析动量源法用于该构型设计分析的可行性。其次,为得到有利于桨-翼耦合特征的新翼型,建立了翼上螺旋桨构型自由型面变形（FFD）参数化模型,采用遗传算法对翼上螺旋桨构型机翼翼型进行全局寻优设计,分析了优化翼型参数及流场变化规律。最后,将优化翼型用于三维半环形机翼,分析其流场特性与二维计算结果的异同,验证二维翼型优化的有效性。结果表明：真实桨叶多重参考系（MRF）方法不能准确计算翼上螺旋桨构型下的流场结构,而动量源法计算结果与真实桨叶滑移网格非定常方法较为吻合;采用二维动量源CFD方法进行翼型的遗传算法优化是有效的,受半涵道的保护,二维优化翼型的优势在三维构型中得到了有效继承;翼上螺旋桨构型的翼型优化应当着重关注翼面曲率变化,在本文计算状态下,通过增加桨盘附近翼面曲率、保持附着流动来加强Coanda效应,有效实现了气动增升,优化后机翼升力提高了22.51%,显著减弱桨盘后高压区并产生二次吸力峰值,同时保持了机翼负阻力特性。     

Mechanism analysis of hysteretic aerodynamic characteristics on variable-sweep wings

Variable-sweep wings have large shape-changing capabilities and wide flight envelops, which are considered as one of the most promising directions for intelligent morphing UAVs. Aerodynamic investigations always focus on several static states in the varying sweep process, which ignore the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics. However, deviations to static aerodynamic forces are inevitably caused by dynamic sweep motion. In this work, first, unsteady aerodynamic characteristics on a typical variable-sweep UAV with large aspect ratio were analyzed. Then, deep mechanism of unsteady aerodynamic characteristics in the varying sweep process was studied. Finally, numerical simulation method integrated with structured moving overset grids was applied to solve the unsteady fluid of varying sweep process. The simulation results of a sweep forward-backward circle show a distinct dynamic hysteresis loop surrounding the static data for the aerodynamic forces. Compared with the static lift coefficients , at the same sweep angles, dynamic  lift coefficient in sweep forward process are all smaller, while dynamic sweep backward  lift coefficient are all larger. In addition, dynamic deviations to static  lift coefficient are positively related with the varying sweep speeds. Mechanism study on the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics indicates that three key factors lead to the dynamic hysteresis loop in varying sweep process. They are the effects of additional velocity caused by varying sweep motion, the effects of flow hysteresis and viscosity. The additional velocity induced by sweep motion affects the transversal flow direction along the wing and the effective angle of attack at the airfoil profile. The physical properties of flow, the hysteresis and viscosity affect the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics by flow separation and induced vortexes.     

变展长战术导弹非定常气动特性研究

以某轴对称基准弹为模型,通过数值模拟对其进行了准定常和非定常气动特性研究,探索可变翼飞行器在变展长过程中的非定常气动特性。结果表明:在弹翼连续变展长的过程中,非定常气动特性曲线在对应的准定常气动特性曲线周围形成滞回环,若来流马赫数增大,则滞回环变小。当来流为超声速时,轴对称基准弹飞行迎角和变形周期对其非定常气动特性影响较小,而非定常气动特性并不显著,接近于准定常气动特性,在可变翼飞行器设计过程中可以忽略不计;当来流为亚声速时,展长变化对非定常气动特性有一定的影响,不能忽略。     

三角翼过失速非定常洞壁干扰修正

分别以固壁条件和洞壁附近实测的压力分布,模拟各类实壁和透气壁试验段的洞壁边界条件,利用N-S方程数值求解模型在风洞中的绕流场,得出洞壁干扰对跨音速模型绕流的影响和气动力修正结果。初步研究结果表明,该方法能较有效地模拟模型在跨音速风洞中的绕流场,GBM04A模型在0.6m风洞中的试验结果经洞壁干扰修正后与无干扰参考结果吻合较好     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

柔性翼微型飞行器水平阵风响应特性实验研究

设计研制了一种飞翼布局的柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器,并在风洞中研究了两种微型飞行器在定常风和水平阵风作用下的气动特性,给出了柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器气动特性的差别。研究结果表明：不论是在定常风情况下,还是在水平阵风环境下,柔性翼的气动特性要优于刚性翼结构,柔性翼具有延迟失速和缓和阵风影响的能力,有利于稳定飞行。PIV测量结果表明：由于柔性翼的变形使刚性翼和柔性翼翼面上的流态不同,从而使微型飞行器的气动特性发生改变。     

双三角翼俯仰振荡运动的流场特性数值模拟

 建立了适用于双三角翼大迎角非定常分离流场模拟的数值方法,研究双三角翼俯仰振荡时的动态流场特性,给出动态流场结构和气动力性能随迎角的变化规律,重点考察了减缩频率、转轴位置、平均迎角和振幅等参数对动态流场迟滞效应和气动力曲线迟滞环的影响。研究结果表明:俯仰振荡到相同大迎角时上仰和下俯的流场存在明显差异;减缩频率对气动力迟滞效应的影响相对大于转轴位置;平均迎角的变化导致双三角翼背风区流场结构呈现不同流态,而振幅的大小决定这些流态的数目,事实上俯仰运动时如果跨越的流态数目越多则流场结构的动态响应滞后现象就越显著。通过数值分析,有利于提高对双三角翼在俯仰振荡运动条件下的非定常特性和流场滞后效应等非线性现象的认识。