连续旋转爆轰发动机外流场三维数值模拟

为研究连续旋转爆轰发动机(CRDE)内外流场的变化特性,采用氢气-空气单步有限速率化学反应模型,对内径为40 mm、外径为60 mm、长度为50 mm的连续旋转爆轰发动机进行三维数值模拟,获得了CRDE内外流场结构特征和旋转爆轰波相关参数的变化特性,分析了不同进气总压条件对流场结构和发动机性能的影响。结果表明:爆轰产物在燃烧室出口附近膨胀加速,压力和温度大幅降低,在流场下游产生激波使压力回升,且随进气总压的升高,激波距燃烧室出口距离增加;出口附近羽流中心形成低压高温区域,中心平面上的平均压力低于环境压力,给发动机推力带来了副作用;羽流外围的空气受出口处斜激波的扰动,压力呈现出周期性变化;发动机推力随进气总压的升高而呈线性增加,进气总压为0.55MPa时,发动机推力达到了1160 N。计算仿真结果对掌握连续旋转爆轰发动机外流场特性具有一定的参考价值。     

连续旋转爆轰波传播过程试验研究

为研究连续旋转爆轰波的传播过程,采用充填H2/O2混气的切向预爆轰管起爆,开展了H2/Air连续旋转爆轰发动机试验研究。在当量比为0.76的工况下,试验成功起爆并实现了旋转爆轰波的自持传播,获得的连续旋转爆轰波传播主频为5211.25 Hz,传播波速为1439.97 m/s。分析了连续旋转爆轰波的起爆、传播和熄爆过程,发现在连续旋转爆轰波的起爆过程中,预爆轰管产生的初始爆轰波进入连续旋转爆轰发动机后,并未直接转变为连续旋转爆轰波,而是经历了一个爆燃转爆轰的过程。在此过程中,激波压力峰值的分布由疏到密,激波强度不断增大,说明连续旋转爆轰发动机内压缩波系逐渐汇合增强,形成前导激波,不断诱导引爆可燃混气,最终形成爆轰波。在旋转爆轰波的熄爆过程中,切断燃料供给之后,爆轰波并没有立即解耦,而是在旋转数周之后,才完全解耦为爆轰产物。     

喷管对连续旋转爆轰发动机性能影响数值研究

为研究尾喷管构型对连续旋转爆轰发动机性能的影响,采用内径40 mm,外径60 mm,长度50 mm的环形燃烧室,空气为氧化剂,氢气为燃料,对安装等直喷管、收敛喷管、扩张喷管和拉瓦尔喷管的连续旋转爆轰发动机的内外流场进行数值模拟。获得了不同尾喷管条件下爆轰波的传播特性和流场结构,分析了喷管构型对发动机内外流场结构和推进性能的影响。计算结果表明,不同尾喷管条件下,燃烧室内均能形成稳定传播的爆轰波;与等直喷管相比,收敛喷管和拉瓦尔喷管对燃烧室内的爆轰波的压力和传播速度具有明显提升作用,但波头高度则明显降低,安装扩张喷管条件爆轰波压力和传播速度略微有所降低,波头高度却增加。收敛喷管和拉瓦尔喷管对发动机尾部火焰具有一定的约束作用;在给定的发动机模型下,收敛喷管对发动机的推力性能提升最为显著,其推力和比冲分别为259.4 N和120.3 s,扩张喷管则降低了发动机的推力性能。     

以铝粉为燃料的脉冲爆轰发动机数值研究

研究了采用固体粉末为燃料的脉冲爆轰发动机的流场情况。运用CE/SE方法与四阶龙格-库塔法相结合,构造了以铝粉为燃料的脉冲爆轰发动机二维两相内流场的数值计算格式。数值模拟了PDE管内轴线上压力、速度随时间的变化情况,轴截面上的压力分布云图,管内固体燃料颗粒粒径随时间的变化,以及不同情况下PDE的瞬时推力和总冲量等。由此分析了固体燃料PDE管内爆轰波的传播特性,讨论了燃烧产物的物理特征、环境温度和环境压力的变化对PDE推力性能的影响。结果表明,采用铝粉作为PDE的燃料能够提供有效的推力。数值计算结果对固体燃料脉冲爆轰发动机的研究具有重要的理论指导意义。     

连续爆轰发动机的研究进展

连续爆轰发动机是一种基于爆轰波将推进剂的化学能转化成热能的新概念发动机,近年来受到世界各主要国家的高度关注。现已成功获得多种燃料长时间稳定的连续爆轰,较深入地认识了连续爆轰流场结构,初步测得推力和比冲,验证了连续爆轰发动机的性能优势并在火箭模态、冲压模态以及涡轮模态下都实现了稳定连续爆轰。对连续爆轰发动机的工作原理,以及近年来世界各主要国家在连续爆轰发动机的基础研究和应用研究方面取得的代表性成果进行了综述,并给出尚待解决的问题,为其进一步工程化应用提供参考。     

脉冲爆轰发动机两点点火实验研究

为研究两点点火对脉冲爆轰发动机内爆轰波起爆及传播的影响,开展了脉冲爆轰发动机两点点火实验研究。实验结果表明,两点点火能有效促进脉冲爆轰发动机内爆轰的形成,能大幅提高爆轰波的峰值压力及爆轰波传播的速度。当两点点火源距离为260 mm时,两点点火时间间隔必须大于0.47 ms,爆轰发动机内才能形成促进爆轰发生的有利条件;适当增大两点点火的时间间隔能缩短缓燃转爆轰的距离,缓燃转爆轰的距离从590 mm缩短至420 mm。     

大水深火箭发动机尾流场数值模拟

针对火箭发动机在深水环境下工作的燃气射流特性,采用VOF(Volume of Fluids)方法建立了二维轴对称两相数值计算模型,对深水长尾喷管火箭发动机点火初期的过程进行了数值模拟。模拟了长尾喷管喷管燃气射流的气泡的形成、发展及断裂过程,获得了气液两相流场中压强、马赫数、温度等参数的变化规律。计算结果表明,长尾喷管出口出现周期性的压力脉动,气液相互作用过程中形成含涡结构的边界层。水深越大时,环境压力越大,长尾喷管出口的压力、速度波动越大,射流稳定后长尾喷管轴线上的压力、速度保持不变。研究结果可为深水火箭发动机的设计提供参考。     

含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程瞬态特性

为了解含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程的瞬态机理,建立了含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机数学物理模型。采用守恒元与求解元数值计算方法,对单循环含铝凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机流场进行了数值仿真,分析了其爆轰反应过程与冲量产生过程的瞬态特征。计算结果表明,爆轰波作用下,凝胶燃料液滴变化以剥离破碎为主,燃料液滴中铝颗粒随液滴剥离弥散于爆轰管内并参与反应,累积在最后阶段反应的铝颗粒较少。凝胶燃料爆轰燃气排放过程可划分为爆轰附着膨胀、燃气"壅塞"膨胀和膨胀减弱等3个典型特征阶段。研究结果对凝胶燃料脉冲爆轰发动机的应用研究具有参考意义。     

铝粉浓度对汽油-纳米铝粉悬浮液滴多相爆轰影响的一维数值计算

采用带化学反应的一维多相流模型,运用CE/SE数值计算方法和处理源项的四阶龙格-库塔方法对爆轰管内汽油/纳米铝粉悬浮液滴、空气混合物的多相爆轰过程进行了数值模拟,讨论了悬浮液滴中纳米铝粉浓度对爆轰参数及燃烧转爆轰过程的影响。数值结果表明,添加纳米铝粉后,稳定传播的爆轰波速度变大;随着纳米铝粉浓度的增加,爆轰波压力峰值与...     

压力波对垂直管低温气液掺混冷凝的影响

为了分析高压补燃液氧煤油发动机氧泵间管内气液两相掺混冷凝及其压力波传播过程,建立了可产生压力扰动的垂直管低温气液两相掺混实验系统,以氧气/液氧为实验工质,开展压力波对垂直管内低温气液两相掺混冷凝的影响研究,获得了不同压力波频率和氧气流量工况下的掺混图像,分析结果表明:压力波会使发散流型由微弱振荡冷凝向间歇振荡冷凝转变,使椭圆流型由稳定冷凝向振荡冷凝转变;在0~52 Hz不同频率压力波作用下,发散流型最大轴向冷凝长度与掺混孔径之比在10~30之间,椭圆流型的比值在8~15之间变化;压力波对气相摆动频率起主导性和正相关性的影响。     

Cylindrical heterogeneous detonation waves

Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.     

Fluid mechanics of pulse detonation thrusters

The advantages of constant volume combustion cycle as compared to constant pressure combustion in terms of thermodynamic efficiency have focused the researches of advanced propulsion on detonation engines. The paper gives coverage of efforts undertaken during past decades in adjusting detonations for propulsion applications, and highlights new challenges in studying fluid flow dynamics relevant to onset of detonation.     

Pulse detonation engines: Technical approaches

The paper contains analysis of the problems preventing from wide use of pulse detonation engines (PDE), and provides suggestions to overcome those problems. In particular, the results of theoretical investigations of basic operating cycle in PDE—deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) processes in combustible gaseous mixtures and transmission of detonation into large chambers—are presented. The paper investigates the effect of implosion shock waves on the onset of detonation in gases, and suggests the scheme of detonation transmission from a narrow gap into a wide chamber, which makes it possible to reduce the predetonation length thus shortening the necessary length of the engine.     

Some technical aspects of gaseous detonation

This paper briefly describes two attempts to utilize detonative combustion processes to MHD conversion of thermal energy of fuel to electrical energy and bonding of atmospheric nitrogen. For this purpose a continuous impulse detonation chamber with a frequency up to 200 cps was constructed. Using methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures the chamber was maintained in stable operation for several hundred hours. Oil was also employed as fuel.Estimates based on experimental data showed that up to 2% of chemical energy of the fuel may be converted into electrical energy. The use of an accelerating nozzle may improve this result.The concentration of nitrogen oxide in combustion products of the detonation wave was higher by 14% than that expected under usual combustion conditions.The advantages of this type of apparatus are: absence of compressors for fuel and oxidant, impulse current generation, low temperatures of chamber walls, and operation over a large range of operating conditions.Problems associated with the effect of the magnetic field on the propagation of the detonation wave are discussed and the possibility of applying the Zeldovich theory to the case of MHD interaction is described. It is shown that the detonation velocity may either increase or decrease depending on the relative orientation of the direction of magnetic field with respect to the detonation wave.     

Closed theoretical model of a detonation cell

A model for an elementary detonation cell is postulated. On its basis, the geometry of the cell pattern and the kinematics of the wave fronts forming the cells are evaluated. The cell size is determined assuming that the induction time obeys an Arrhenius relationship with temperature. Thus, it is shown that some kinetic parameters of the mixture, such as the activation energy, can be deduced from the cell size. It is also demonstrated that by combining the cell model with the experimental data on the propagation of the detonation wave in a rapidly expanding channel, the initiation energy for a cylindrical detonation wave can be estimated.     

The generation of detonation by coalescing spherical deflagration waves

The generation of a spherical detonation was verified experimentally by two coalescing deflagration waves. Numerical results of treating the three different types of deflagration of detonation transition with Hugoniot curves are in full agreement with our experimental observations.     

超声速斜爆震发动机起爆过程研究综述

对超声速斜爆震发动机的起爆方式进行了比较分析,对起爆发展和稳定特性的研究历程和发展现状进行了综述,对相关的研究方法和技术进行了概括,提出了利用先进光学测量技术,结合激光诱导荧光技术对超声速斜爆震发动机起爆过程进行实验研究的设想。     

Initiation of spherical detonation in hydrocarbon/air mixtures

Spherical detonations have been initiated by solid explosive (Tetryl) charges in well-mixed stoicheiometric air mixtures with each of the hydrocarbons, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane and ethylene at atmospheric pressure. Prior to initiation, the gases were contained in plastic bags; total gas volume and available path length were up to 1.6 m³ and 2 m, respectively. The detonations were shown to be self-sustained by continuous measurement of detonation velocity using X-band microwave interferometry. Measured detonation velocities were in all cases close to calculated C-J values.In a few experiments close to the limits of detonability, velocity and blast pressure/time records indicated that the propagating wave system is sometimes irregular. The irregularity that occurs just after initiation is characterised by a reaction front velocity very much lower than the constant detonation velocity, but subsequently attaining the latter by an acceleration process. These observations indicate the existence of a dissociated phase in which shock and reaction fronts may no longer be coupled.Because similar experimental conditions were used throughout, it was possible to establish the relative susceptibilities of the various fuel gases to detonation. Comparison is made with the Zeldovich criterion and a detonation kernel theory of Lee.     

脉冲爆震发动机旋转阀技术研究

为解决脉冲爆震发动机高频稳定连续燃烧推进剂间歇式供应难题,开展了旋转阀技术研究.通过采用伺服电机驱动二阶凸轮特殊结构设计,将电机轴的旋转运动转换为控制阀芯的直线开关运动,并放大电机旋转频率特性,实现最大200 Hz的高频控制.突破了高频响应、长寿命驱动和氧气安全性保障关键技术,完成旋转阀鉴定试验和脉冲爆震发动机地面点火试车考核.研究结果表明,与传统电磁阀相比,旋转阀能够有效提高响应频率,实现了爆震波的稳定连续输出,满足工程应用要求.