Predictor-based model reference adaptive roll and yaw control of a quad-tiltrotor UAV

An attempt is made to apply modern control technology to the roll and yaw control of a rudderless quad-tiltrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the latter part of the flight mode transition, where aerodynamic forces on the tiltrotor’s wings start to take effect. A predictor-based adaptive roll and yaw controller is designed to compensate for system uncertainties and parameter changes. A dynamics model of the tiltrotor is built. A Radial-Basis Function (RBF) neural network and offline adaptation method are used to reduce flight controller workload and cope with the nonlinearities in the controls. Simulations are conducted to verify the reference model response tracking and yaw-roll control decoupling ability of the adaptive controller, as well as the validity of the offline adaptation method. Flight tests are conducted to confirm the ability of the adaptive controller to track different roll and yaw reference model responses. The decoupling of roll and yaw controls is also tested in flight via coordinated turn maneuvers with different rotor tilt angles.     

Variable structure robust flight control system for the F-14

In this paper, a flight control law for a simplified F-14 aircraft model is designed based on variable structure control (VSC) theory. For m-input, q-output linear uncertain systems (q相似文献   

Aerodynamic Interactions Between Contralateral Wings and Between Wings and Body of a Model Insect at Hovering and Small Speed Motions

In this paper, we study the aerodynamic interactions between the contralateral wings and between the body and wings of a model insect, when the insect is hovering and has various translational and rotational motions, using the method numerically solving the Navier-Stokes equations over moving overset grids. The aerodynamic interactional effects are identified by compar-ing the results of a complete model insect, the corresponding wing pair, single wing and body without the wings. Horizontal, vertical and lateral translations and roll, pitch and yaw rotations at small speeds are considered. The results indicate that for the motions considered, both the interaction between the contralateral wings and the interaction between the body and wings are weak. The changes in the forces and moments of a wing due to the contralateral wing interaction, of the wings due to the pres-ence of the body, and of the body due to the presence of the wings are generally less than 4.5%. Results show that aerodynamic forces of wings and body can be measured or computed separately in the analysis of flight stability and control of hovering in-sects.     

压电驱动器的气动弹性应用

 随着压电智能材料与结构的发展,压电驱动器在气动弹性控制领域占据重要地位。使用压电驱动器控制翼面变形,利用而不是抵抗气动弹性效应可以控制升力、力矩以及它们的分布。采用基本相同的智能结构翼面控制系统,根据不同的控制目标需求,使用压电智能材料驱动器可以达到多种目的,包括静态的形状控制与动态的颤振抑制、抖振控制与阵风响应控制。静态控制方面例如改变翼面形状获得附加空气动力以增加升力、提供横滚力矩、改变升力分布以减小诱导阻力或减小翼根弯矩等;动态控制例如利用改变翼面形状产生的附加空气动力作为控制载荷,改变气动弹性系统的耦合程度,根据控制效果要求可作为气动阻尼、气动刚度或气动质量。这种控制方法可以减轻结构重量,提高操纵效率,扩大飞行包线,提高材料利用率,已成为可变形飞行器的重要研究内容。本文主要阐述压电驱动器气动弹性应用的动机与机理、发展与成就以及问题与展望。     

Novel roll effector based on zero-mass-flux dual synthetic jets and its flight test

The autonomous and controllable Dual Synthetic Jet Actuator (DSJA) is firstly integrated into the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and flight tests without the deflection of rudders are carried out to verify the viability of DSJA to control the attitudes of UAV during cruising. DSJA is improved into an actuator with two diaphragms and three cavities, which has higher energy levels. Actuators, differentially distributed on both sides of the wings, are installed on the trailing edge close to the wing tips. Flight tests, containing Differential Circulation Control (DCC) using double-side actuators, Positive Circulation Control (PCC) using left-side actuators and Negative Circulation Control (NCC) using right-side actuators, are implemented at cruising speed of 25 m/s. Results show that roll attitude control without rudders could be realized by DSJAs. DCC and NCC can generate the rightward roll and yaw angular velocity, prompting UAV to turn right. The stronger controlling ability can be achieved by DCC, with the maximum roll angular velocity of 15.62 (°)/s. PCC can generate a rightward roll moment, but a leftward yaw moment will be produced at the same time. Leftward yaw induces the leftward rolling moment, which weakens the roll control effect, making UAV keep to yaw to the left with a small slope.     

基于在高原机场降落的喷气运输机QAR数据的飞行特性分析(英文)

Flight data of a twin-jet transport aircraft in revenue flight are analyzed for potential safety problems.Data from the quick access recorder (QAR) are first filtered through the kinematic compatibilit...     

高机动导弹气动／运动／控制耦合的风洞虚拟飞行试验技术

解决先进飞行器大迎角高机动飞行时的气动／运动非线性耦合问题,需要发展基于非线性理论的风洞试验技术,即风洞虚拟飞行试验技术。该试验能够实现较为逼真的模拟飞行器机动运动过程,气动和运动参数的实时同步测量,以及飞行控制律的集成验证与优化,从而达到探索气动／运动耦合特性和机理的目的。本文介绍了风洞虚拟飞行试验的模拟方法、关键技术及其解决措施,并针对典型导弹模型开展了虚拟飞行验证试验。试验结果表明：目前已经初步具备适用于导弹模型跨声速气动／运动／飞行控制一体化研究的风洞虚拟飞行试验能力。     

空气动力迟滞引起飞机横航向极限环振荡的一种近似解法

 本文给出近似解析公式,确定空气动力迟滞引起的飞机横航向极限环振荡特性。计算表明,它与文献[1、2]中提出的数值迭代法求得的结果相当一致,并消除了该文中求出的滚转迟滞引起的滚转速率极限环振荡振幅不是最大幅值的缺陷。     

窄条翼导弹俯仰机动中滚转失稳及其控制过程

窄条翼布局导弹通常具有复杂的横向气动特性,在大迎角飞行及快速机动中很容易诱发出现滚转非指令偏离和连续振荡,可能导致飞行失控,影响落点精度。为了研究窄条翼导弹俯仰快速机动对滚转失稳的诱发过程及滚转失稳对俯仰机动控制效果的影响,并验证三通道解耦控制方法的有效性,针对典型俯仰机动过程,分别利用2.4 m跨声速风洞虚拟飞行试验平台和耦合气动/运动/控制的一体化数值计算方法开展了相关研究。结果表明,风洞试验和数值模拟均成功预测了俯仰拉起和保持过程中的滚转自激失稳运动及其引起的纵、横向耦合运动,针对该机动过程,三通道解耦控制方法能够有效抑制滚转运动,保持姿态稳定。     

70°迎角定常飞行数值仿真

建立了带俯仰－偏航－滚转推力矢量高性能战斗机的非线性数学模型,利用该模型和Ｆ－１６飞机的气动数据,针对典型的大迎角定常飞行过失速机动的特点,结合逆方法和试凑法获得了各个操纵面的操纵规律,对其进行了数值仿真。结果表明,带俯仰－偏航－滚转推力矢量控制下,该飞机在过载为１,７０°迎角定常飞行时具有较好的操纵性和稳定性。     

Numerical simulation of the lateral aerodynamics of an orbital stage at stage separation flow conditions

The unsteady flow of an idealized two-stage hypersonic vehicle during the separation process is investigated. In particular, the aerodynamic characteristics of the orbital stage performing yaw and roll oscillations with defined frequencies at a certain distance above the lower stage are addressed. The numerical simulations of the flowfield are based on an explicit finite-volume method for solutions of the three-dimensional unsteady Euler equations. The discretization of the computational domain around the entire configuration is performed using a flexible multiblock grid generator. The results focus on the flowfields and the pressure distributions as well as on the aerodynamic coefficients. The latter provide an essential mean for the stability and control evaluations for lateral motion in hypersonic flight. The analysis show that unsteadiness cannot be neglected.     

多目标非线性控制分配方法研究

 提出了一种新的多目标非线性规划控制分配方法,对其理论基础、建模与求解过程进行了详尽描述, 并给出了多目标非线性控制分配的解的评价指标及评价方法。该方法不依赖于伪控制指令与广义操纵面偏转角度之间呈线性关系这一假设,直接处理非线性控制分配问题,并充分利用冗余操纵面,实现不同飞行条件和任务下对多种目标的综合权衡分配。仿真结果表明该方法具有较高的精度,能很好地处理故障情况下的控制分配问题,为控制重构提供了算法保证。     

超音速旋转弹翼式“X-X”型导弹弹翼部分的诱导滚转力矩

本文研究的对象是以小迎角、小侧滑角和一般超音速飞行的旋转弹翼式“X-X”型导弹。当它偏转弹翼进行俯仰和偏航控制时,弹翼部分的不对称绕流会在弹翼上产生不对称载荷分布,从而诱导出滚转力矩。本文主要依据空气动力学中的细长体理论;在这个理论关于厚度问题、迎角问题和侧滑角问题的基础上,著重对两对弹翼偏转一定角度后,因气动干扰而在弹翼上产生的各种气动载荷进行了研究,并由此得出了弹翼部分诱导滚转力矩的计算公式。可以看到,它的大小与导弹的飞行条件、气动外形和操纵情况有关,一般情况下它是不大的。     

一种微型仿昆扑翼飞行器扑翼操控机制

提出了一种扑翼操控机制,用于解决微型仿昆扑翼飞行器悬停飞行的飞行动力问题。通过对扑翼运动参数对气动力及空气动力矩的作用进行理论和仿真分析,设计了一种采用可变幅值的周期函数调节扑翼运动的扑打角和旋转角变化的方法,实现对气动力和气动力矩进行独立控制的操控机制。仿真结果验证了此操控机制可以较好地解决仅一对翼的仿昆扑翼飞行器飞行动力问题。     

飞翼布局组合舵面航向控制特性综合研究

寻求高效实用的航向控制措施一直是飞翼布局飞行器设计的难点。提出了一种由外翼上翼面嵌入式阻力舵和其相对应的后缘副翼组成的组合舵航向控制措施,通过CFD方法、风洞试验和模型飞行试验3种研究手段,综合研究了单独部件和组合舵在低速、亚声速时的航向控制特性。结果表明：单独阻力舵的航向控制能力比较强,但与纵横向力矩耦合严重,需与其他舵组合使用;单独副翼的航向控制能力很弱,且与纵横向力矩耦合非常严重,建议不单独作为航向控制措施使用;组合舵的航向控制能力强,选取阻力舵与副翼的舵偏角角度差在0°~5°范围的组合舵方案,可以大幅度削弱与纵横向的力矩耦合程度,实现操纵舵面解耦设计;无论单独部件,还是组合舵,舵偏角为0°~6°范围的力矩变化规律较差,建议通过预置舵偏角等方式避开此角度区域。     

Review of state of the art in smart rotor control research for wind turbines

This article presents a review of the state of the art and present status of active aeroelastic rotor control research for wind turbines. Using advanced control concepts to reduce loads on the rotor can offer great reduction to the total cost of wind turbines. With the increasing size of wind turbine blades, the need for more sophisticated load control techniques has induced the interest for locally distributed aerodynamic control systems with build-in intelligence on the blades. Such concepts are often named in popular terms ‘smart structures’ or ‘smart rotor control’. The review covers the full span of the subject, starting from the need for more advanced control systems emerging from the operating conditions of modern wind turbines and current load reduction control capabilities. An overview of available knowledge and up-to date progress in application of active aerodynamic control is provided, starting from concepts, methods and achieved results in aerospace and helicopter research. Moreover, a thorough analysis on different concepts for smart rotor control applications for wind turbines is performed, evaluating available options for aerodynamic control surfaces, actuators (including smart materials), sensors and control techniques. Next, feasibility studies for wind turbine applications, preliminary performance evaluation and novel computational and experimental research approaches are reviewed. The potential of load reduction using smart rotor control concepts is shown and key issues are discussed. Finally, existing knowledge and future requirements on modeling issues of smart wind turbine rotors are discussed. This study provides an overview of smart rotor control for wind turbines, discusses feasibility of future implementation, quantifies key parameters and shows the challenges associated with such an approach.     

Experimental and numerical research on the aerodynamics of unsteady moving aircraft

For the experimental determination of the dynamic wind tunnel data, a new combined motion test capability was developed at the German–Dutch Wind Tunnels DNW for their 3 m Low Speed Wind Tunnel NWB in Braunschweig, Germany, using a unique six degree-of-freedom test rig called ‘Model Positioning Mechanism’ (MPM) as an improved successor to the older systems. With that cutting-edge device, several transport aircraft configurations including a blended wing body configuration were tested in different modes of oscillatory motions roll, pitch and yaw as well as delta-wing geometries like X-31 equipped with remote controlled rudders and flaps to be able to simulate realistic flight maneuvers, e.g., a Dutch Roll. This paper describes the motivation behind these tests and the test setup and in addition gives a short introduction into time accurate maneuver-testing capabilities incorporating models with remote controlled control surfaces. Furthermore, the adaptation of numerical methods for the prediction of dynamic derivatives is described and some examples with the DLR-F12 configuration will be given. The calculations are based on RANS-solution using the finite volume parallel solution algorithm with an unstructured discretization concept (DLR TAU-code).     

飞机大振幅滚转运动动态气动特性实验研究

在南航NH-2低速风洞中,对BJ-1飞机模型动态气动特性进行了实验研究.模型在不同攻角、不同振幅和不同频率时绕体轴作大振幅滚转运动,测量了模型的动态气动特性,着重分析了模型不同运动参数对模型滚转力矩和偏航力矩的影响.结果表明,模型攻角从小到大变化过程中,模型的滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼变化很大,滚转力矩和偏航力矩迟滞环变化方向发生改变.模型滚转频率对模型的滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼影响不明显,只改变力矩迟滞环的大小.随着模型振幅增加,滚转力矩和偏航力矩迟滞环从一个变成3个,出现2个交叉点,大滚转角时滚转阻尼和偏航阻尼特性与小滚转角时的相反.     

Vortical flow management techniques

‘Vortex management’ refers to the purposeful manipulation and re-ordering of stable and concentrated vortical structures (e.g., resulting from flow separations from highly-swept leading edges and slender forebodies at moderate to high angles of attack) in order to enhance the aerodynamic performance and controllability of advanced, highly-maneuverable supersonic configurations. Exploratory experiments based on this approach have been conducted on generic research models at NASA Langley Research Center during recent years, investigating practical vortex flow control concepts and devices aimed at maneuver drag reduction, high angle of attack, pitch yaw and roll control, trimmed lift enhancement for short-field landing, etc. This paper reviews a selection of results attempting to clarify the basic aerodynamics of those concepts, and to evaluate their potential for improving performance and control. The vortex management concepts discussed herein include: aerodynamic compartmentation of highly-swept leading edges for alleviation of pitch non-linearities; capturing the leading edge vortex suction on forward-sloping flap surfaces for maneuver drag reduction; vortex lift modulation with articulated leading edge extensions for pitch-down and roll control at high angles of attack; vortex lift augmentation in the wing apex region to trim trailing edge flaps allowing shorter landing; and forebody vortex manipulation to alleviate uncontrolled asymmetry and also to generate yaw control in post-stall maneuvering. The precursor studies discussed here generally substantiated the vortex control concepts; questions such as configuration-sensitivity and scale effects are under continued investigation at NASA Langley and elsewhere.     

空空导弹越肩发射侧向运动控制器设计

针对空空导弹越肩发射过程,设计了偏航及横滚运动的控制系统。首先分析了越肩发射过程中大攻角阶段的气动特性,提出了控制设计的目标,然后建立了包含未建模特性的偏航/横滚运动方程,在此基础上,利用滑模变结构理论设计了两通道的控制系统,仿真结果表明了该设计方法的有效性。