Na_3AlF_6对微米铝粉在CO_2气氛中着火燃烧特性的影响

为了改善铝粉在二氧化碳气氛中的着火特性和燃烧效率,采用自行设计的管式炉研究了六氟铝酸钠对铝/二氧化碳着火燃烧特性的影响。采用高速摄影系统记录了样品着火燃烧现象,同时收集反应后的产物通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜技术、化学分析方法对其成分、产物形貌和燃烧效率进行了分析。研究结果表明,六氟铝酸钠能够显著降低铝粉的点火延迟时间,与未添加六氟铝酸钠的样品相比,加入六氟铝酸钠后,样品的点火延迟时间降低了18s左右;六氟铝酸钠的加入还能抑制燃烧产物凝聚并提高铝粉的燃烧效率,随六氟铝酸钠添加量增加,燃烧效率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,添加了六氟铝酸钠的样品的最高燃烧效率为71.82%,与未添加六氟铝酸钠的样品相比提升了21.1%。     

铝颗粒云燃烧研究进展

为探究铝颗粒云燃烧特性,把握其研究进展,并为后续研究工作提供参考,本文首先简述了铝颗粒点火、燃烧过程,总结了铝颗粒燃烧机理;其次,综述了铝颗粒云燃烧的实验、理论和模拟研究进展,从不同维度分析了影响颗粒云火焰速度的关键参数,并提出颗粒云燃烧的研究方向,包括提升颗粒云燃烧实验颗粒分散均匀性与表征精度、降低火焰传播速度等实验结果散差、改善颗粒云燃烧理论预测模型精度及构建实用的颗粒云燃烧模拟CFD模型。     

Numerical study on combustion efficiency of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor

The combustion of aluminum particles in solid rocket motor plays an important role in energy release of propellants. However, due to the limited residence time, aluminum particles may not be burned completely, thus hindering the improvement of specific impulse. This study aims to explore the characteristics of aluminum combustion efficiency and its influencing factors by experiments and numerical simulations, providing a guideline for engine performance improvement. As an input of simulation, the initial agglomerate size was measured by a high pressure system. Meanwhile, the size distribution of the particles in plume was measured by ground firing test to validate the numerical model. Then, a two-phase flow model coupling combustion of micro aluminum particle was developed, by which the detailed effects of particle size, detaching position and nozzle convergent section structure on aluminum combustion efficiency were explored. The results suggest that the average combustion temperature in the chamber drops with increasing initial particle size, while the maximum temperature increases slightly. In the tested motors, the aluminum particle burns completely as its diameter is smaller than 50 μm, and beyond 50 μm the combustion efficiency decreases obviously with the increase of initial size. As the diameter approaches to 75 μm, the combustion efficiency becomes more sensitive to particle size. The combustion efficiency of aluminum particle escaping from end-burning surfaces is significantly higher than that from internal burning surface, where the particle combustion efficiency decreases during approaching the convergent section. Furthermore, the combustion efficiency decreases slightly with increasing nozzle convergent section angle. And theoretically it is feasible to improve combustion efficiency of aluminum particles by designing the convergent profile of nozzle.     

Combustion mechanism of fluorinated organic compound-modified nano-aluminum composite particles: Towards experimental and theoretical investigations

Fluorinated Organic Compounds (FOCs) are commonly used as modifiers for Aluminum (Al) powder to improve its ignition, combustion, and agglomeration characteristics. However, the effects of FOCs on combustion and inhibition mechanisms of agglomeration of Al powder are not well understood. In this paper, based on the experimental study of Fluorinated Graphite (FG)-modified Al matrix composite particles, the combustion and aggregation inhibition mechanisms of FOCs on Al particles were studied by the quantum chemical calculation at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,P) and G3//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) levels. The flame behavior and single particle burning behavior of FG-modified samples were compared through ignition experiments, and the characteristic spectra of Al related oxides of different samples in the initial ignition stage were captured. It is found that FG increases the burning intensity of Al composite samples significantly, while it decreases the emission intensity of Al secondary oxides. Quantum chemical calculation results show that the thermal decomposition intermediates of FOCs, namely C₂F₄, can react with AlO and Al₂O, which weakens the characteristic emission intensity of AlO and Al₂O in the sample, and thus inhibits the formation of Al₂O₃ in the combustion process. These results contribute to enriching the combustion dynamics model of Al-FOCs reaction system.     

有机凝胶偏二甲肼液滴着火燃烧特性及影响因素实验研究

针对自燃推进剂接触就能着火燃烧的特点,设计实现了高压飞滴及常压挂滴两套单液滴燃烧实验系统,并开展了有机凝胶偏二甲肼（UDMH）液滴在四氧化二氮（NTO）氧化剂环境中着火燃烧的实验研究,深入分析了其着火燃烧特性及NTO氧化剂浓度、温度、压力、对流速度、液滴初始尺寸的影响。结果表明：有机凝胶UDMH液滴表面液体燃料耗尽后会形成弹性胶凝剂膜,促使液滴内部出现沸腾蒸发及非稳态蒸汽喷射,导致燃烧火焰出现剧烈扰动。NTO浓度升高,增大了扩散燃烧火焰范围,加速液滴表面燃料蒸汽分解燃烧,有利于提高燃烧速率。NTO温度越低,着火延迟时间越长,并容易导致熄火。NTO对流速度越大,也会增加着火延迟时间,且更容易形成脱体火焰,使其燃烧速率降低。凝胶液滴尺寸越大,其着火延迟时间受对流速度的影响明显减小。NTO压力升高会抑制燃料蒸汽喷射强度,形成更稳定且更靠近液滴表面的双火焰结构。     

Experimental studies on the burning of coated and uncoated micro and nano-sized aluminium particles

Two different approaches are used in this work to reduce the burning times of aluminium particles with the ultimate goal to improve the performances of solid propellants. One method is to coat the micro-sized particles by nickel, and the second is to decrease the particle sizes to nano-metric scales.A thin coating of Ni on the surface of Al particles can prevent their agglomeration and at the same time facilitates their ignition, thus increasing the efficiency of aluminized propellants. In this work, ignition and burning of single Ni-coated Al particles are investigated using an electrodynamic levitation setup and laser heating of the particles. The levitation experiments are used to measure the particle ignition delay time and burning time at different Ni contents in the particles.Decreasing the size of Al particles increases their specific surface, and hence decreases the burning time of the same mass of particles. In this investigation, a cloud of Al nano-particles formed in a combustion tube is ignited by an electric spark. The cloud experiments are used to measure comparative flame front propagation velocities for different Al particle sizes with and without organic coating.The results and their analysis show that both methods reduce the Al burning time. Ni coating reduces significantly the ignition time of micro-sized Al particles and hence the total burning time compared to non-coated particles. Nano-sized particle clouds burn faster than micro-sized Al particle clouds.     

超临界环境下煤油替代物液滴燃烧特性数值研究

为研究液氧/煤油火箭发动机燃烧室内经喷注形成的煤油液滴的燃烧过程,基于实际气体状态方程、高压热物性修正、高压气液平衡和详细化学反应动力学,建立一维的全瞬态液滴燃烧模型,对超临界环境下两组分煤油替代物液滴的燃烧特性及液滴初始直径的影响进行仿真研究。结果表明,在超临界环境下,相比于煤油液滴纯蒸发过程,煤油液滴燃烧过程的迁移时刻大大提前;煤油液滴着火之后很快进入超临界燃烧阶段,此时液滴燃烧过程可以看成中心附近的燃料高浓度区与外侧氧气高浓度区之间的扩散燃烧过程;煤油液滴的火焰半径先增大,达到最大值之后开始减小,并减小为零,火焰温度在着火之后快速上升至最大值,并基本保持不变,在火焰半径减小为零之后开始降低;随着液滴初始直径的增大,火焰特性以及液滴中心参数变化曲线趋势不变、整体延迟,着火时间、迁移时间和液滴寿命增大。     

Detailed modeling of aluminum particle combustion——From single particles to cloud combustion in Bunsen flames

A numerical model for aluminum cloud combustion which includes the effects of interphase heat transfer, phase change, heterogeneous surface reactions, homogeneous combustion,oxide cap growth and radiation within the Euler–Lagrange framework is proposed. The model is validated in single particle configurations with varying particle diameters. The combustion process of a single aluminum particle is analyzed in detail and the particle consumption rates as well as the heat release rates due to the v...     

A forced ignition probability analysis method using kernel formation analysis with turbulent transport and Lagrangian flame particle tracking

A forced ignition probability analysis method is developed for turbulent combustion, in which kernel formation is analyzed with local kernel formation criteria, and flame propagation and stabilization are simulated with Lagrangian flame particle tracking. For kernel formation, the effect of turbulent scalar transport on flammability is modelled through the incorporation of turbulence-induced diffusion in a spherically outwardly propagating flame kernel model. The dependence of flammability limits on turbulent intensities is tabulated and serves as the flammability criterion for kernel formation. For Lagrangian flame particle tracking, flame particles are tracked in a structured grid with flow fields being interpolated from a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solution. The particle velocity follows a Langevin model consisting of a linear drift and an isotropic diffusion term. The Karlovitz number is employed for the extinction criterion, which compares chemical and turbulent timescales. The integration of the above two-step analysis approach with non-reacting CFD is achieved through a general interpolation interface suitable for general unstructured CFD grids. The method is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame, in which flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics are extracted from a non-reacting simulation. Results show that the computed ignition probability map agrees qualitatively with experimental results. A reduction of the ignition probability in the recirculation zone and a high ignition probability on the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface are well captured. The tools can facilitate optimization of spark placement and offer insights into ignition processes.     

影响Al2O3凝相尺寸分布的因素

用激光全息装置测量含铝复合推进剂燃烧场凝聚相的分布，分辨率为5μm。分析了滞留时间、铝粉含量（2％－16％）和燃烧室压强（0.1MPa-4MPa）对凝相粒子尺寸分布的影响，实验表明，粒子总数随滞留时间减少，粒子越大，减少的相对比例越大；粒子尺寸分布不随燃烧室压强和推进剂铝粉含量变化。     

含铝固体燃料冲压发动机工作性能分析

为探究含铝固体燃料冲压发动机的燃烧特性和工作性能，基于纳米铝颗粒和端羟基聚丁二烯（HTPB）的混合固体燃料，采用雷诺转捩模型、颗粒表面反应模型和涡概念耗散模型，建立了二维两相湍流燃烧模型；数值计算分析了含铝固体燃料冲压发动机内流场，以及不同含铝质量分数和粒径下的燃面退移速率、推力与比冲。结果表明：发动机的进气条件对颗粒相的燃烧与运动起主导作用；与纯HTPB推进剂相比，添加质量分数为5%的铝颗粒能够提高补燃室压强和温度，增大燃烧室内高温区面积，可使推进剂平均燃面退移速率提高18.53%，发动机推力提高21.37%，密度比冲提高2.38%，适当增加铝颗粒含量或减小粒径，对提高推进剂燃面退移速率、发动机推力和密度比冲具有积极作用。     

提高含硼固体燃料燃烧性能的研究

对含有用AP、KP、LiF包覆硼和镁的富燃料推进剂，采用多种技术研究了其燃烧过程，包括燃烧过程的观测与摄影记录、点火温度的测定、燃烧波的温度分布、热分解特性及残渣分析等。结果表明，AP，KP包覆可显著提高燃面温度及火焰温度；LiF包覆可有效降低推进剂的燃点及改善残渣的分散性；配方中添加镁可有效地加强硼粒子的点火及喷射。     

旋转爆震发动机液态燃料预爆器设计及爆震燃烧特性研究

为了解决液态燃料旋转爆震发动机点火起爆困难和结构紧凑等问题,进行了以液态航空煤油为燃料的预爆器设计,包括离心/预膜复合燃油雾化喷嘴、点火/传焰凹腔、三枝管预爆室等结构。以液态航空煤油/氧气为工作介质,进行了离心/预膜复合燃油雾化喷嘴雾化特性和预爆器爆震燃烧特性试验研究,获得了离心/预膜复合燃油雾化喷嘴雾化粒径变化规律,以及预爆器内爆震波压力、传播速度等变化规律。研究表明:离心/预膜复合燃油雾化喷嘴的雾化效果随气流流量和油压增加而改善,预爆器接近出口位置(PCB5处)爆震波峰值压力可超过3.80MPa,爆震波传播速度可达1800m/s;随着当量比增加,预爆器内过驱爆震位置提前,有利于缩短预爆器的长度。     

Modelling ignition probability with pairwise mixing-reaction model for flame particle tracking

Reduced order models for ignition analysis can offer insights into ignition processes and facilitate the combustor optimization. In this study, a Pairwise Mixing-Reaction (PMR) model is formulated to model the interaction between the flame particle and the surrounding cell mixture during Lagrangian flame particle tracking. Specifically, the model accounts for the two-way coupling of mass and energy between the flame particle and the surrounding shell layer by modelling the corresponding turbulent mixing, chemical reaction and evaporation process if present. The state of a flame particle, e.g., burnt, hot gas or extinguished, is determined based on particle temperature. This model can properly describe the ignition process with a spark kernel being initiated in a nonflammable region, which is of practical importance in certain turbine engines and has not been rigorously accounted for by the existing models based on the estimation of local Karlovitz number. The model is integrated into an ignition probability analysis platform and is demonstrated for a methane/air bluff-body flame with the flow and fuel/air mixing characteristics being extracted from a non-reacting simulation. The results show that for the spark location being at the extreme fuel-lean outer shear layer of the recirculation zone, PMR can yield ignition events with a significant number of active flame particles. The mechanisms for the survival of the initial flame particles and the entrainment of the survived flame particles into the recirculation zone are analyzed. The results also show that the ignition probability map from PMR agrees well with the experimental observation: a high ignition probability in the shear layer of the recirculation zone near the mean stoichiometric surface, and low ignition probabilities inside the recirculation zone and the top stagnation region of the recirculation zone. The parametric study shows that the predicted shape of the ignition progress factor and ignition probability is in general insensitive to the model parameters and the model is adequate for quantifying the regions with high ignition probabilities.     

双级配的氧化剂粒度对推进剂中铝燃烧的影响

本文通过实验研究,从凝聚程度的大小和燃烧完全性两方面,证实了氧化剂AP粒度是影响推进剂中铝燃烧的重要因素,实验结果支持了Cohen,N.S.提出的“口袋模型”。本文对双级配的AP粒度的影响进行了较为详细的讨论,提出在实际配方中较为合适的氧化剂级配比例范围。      

固体燃料冲压发动机旋流燃烧特性试验

为研究固体燃料冲压发动机旋流燃烧特性,进行了直流与旋流对比直连式试验。固体装药内径40mm,长180 mm,成分为HTPB中加入65%的金属粉末。试验发动机采用火炬式点火器点火,空气由燃烧补氧式空气加热器加热至690 K,热空气流量300 g/s。试验测量了压力、推力等参数,使用监控录像对发动机尾焰进行拍摄,通过测量试验前后装药质量差获得固体燃料平均燃速。旋流试验未将旋流器伸入燃烧室即实现了火焰稳定,且旋流燃烧比直流燃烧表现出更好的稳定性,平均燃速较直流提高近50%。旋流燃烧尾焰存在明显的径向扩张,表明尾焰仍有切向动量,损失了部分推力。     

主燃级旋流数影响三级旋流燃烧室流动与燃烧特性试验

为了研究主燃级旋流数对三级旋流燃烧室内的流动、燃烧特性,设计了两种不同主燃级旋流数的旋流器,通过粒子图像测速仪(PIV)与火焰自发辐射手段得到了燃烧室的流场和火焰结构。研究结果表明:主燃级旋流数的改变对出口流动以及点熄火极限油气比影响较大,主燃级旋流数增加使回流涡心位置向中心和上游靠近,中心回流区高度增加,出口涡量强度降低,下游中心回流区内侧的回流速度,湍流强度增加,火焰结构对称,成功点火时间减少,主燃级旋流数为0.8的点火极限油气比较主燃级旋流数为0.7在进口流量为200、250、300、350 m3/h各工况对应增加了48%、41%、26%、24%,熄火极限油气比各工况均增加30%以上。燃烧时,火焰呈一定的“V”型张角向外燃烧。点火时,火焰沿着中心回流区边界向内侧发展。      

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室绝热层烧蚀试验方法

基于自主研发的氧-煤油烧蚀试验系统,发展了一种用于固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室热结构及材料烧蚀研究的试验方法。采用该方法开展了某型室温硫化硅橡胶基绝热材料的烧蚀试验,试验分别在含氧化铝粒子侵蚀和无粒子侵蚀条件下进行,并根据SEM图对比分析了粒子对材料表面微观形貌的侵蚀效应。结果表明:无粒子侵蚀条件下的试样经烧蚀后膨胀并分层,其平均线烧蚀率为-0.025mm/s;而粒子侵蚀条件下的试样平均线烧蚀率为1.901mm/s,试样中心区域的陶瓷层被粒子完全破坏,只留下极薄的热解层和裸露的碳纤维端部,碳纤维周围的基体主胶、颗粒填料及芳纶纤维均被高速焰流氧化剥离,充分说明粒子对绝热层材料的强剥蚀破坏效应;同时也验证了该方法能较好地模拟固冲发动机补燃室内的烧蚀热环境,可用于材料配方的筛选和耐烧蚀性能测试。      

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON SWIRLING AND RECIRCULATING TWO-PHASE FLOW FIELD IN A COLD MODEL OF DUAL-INLET SUDDEN-EXPANSION COMBUSTOR

The axial and tangential velocities of gas and particle phases and particle concentration for turbulent swirling and recirculating gas-particle (simulating gas-droplet) flows in a cold model of a dual-inlet sudden-expansion combustor with partially tangential central tubes, proposed by the present authors, were measured by using a 2-D LDV system and a laser optic fiber system combined with a sampling probe. The results show that there are both gas and particle strongly reverse flows and swirling flows in the head part of the combustor. The velocity slip between gas and particle phases is remarkable. The particle concentration is higher near the wall and lower near the axis. There are two peaks in the concentration profiles near the inlet tubes. The above-obtained flow characteristics are favorable to ignition, flame stabilization and combustion. The results can also be used to validate the numerical modeling.     

平面激光诱导荧光技术在超声速燃烧中的应用

使用283.553nm的紫外激光激发对温度不敏感的氢氧基Q1(8)线,拍摄代表氢氧基浓度分布的受激荧光发射图像,以此来分析超声速燃烧火焰的结构。用这种方法研究了不同凹腔长深比、凹腔后缘倾角和不同燃料喷注方案对超声速燃烧火焰结构的影响。观察到了凹腔与激波对点火和火焰稳定的作用,凹腔长深比和后缘倾角对燃料穿透、混合和燃烧的不同扰动作用,以及火焰中存在明显的湍流结构和分区燃烧现象,并进行了简要分析。结果显示PLIF是超声速燃烧研究的有力工具。