航天员受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量计算

在近地空间(LEO)和深空探测中,航天员遭受的辐射风险主要来自于银河宇宙线(GCR)照射.银河宇宙线的辐射剂量是航天员辐射风险评价的基础.国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)于2013年提出了新的航天员空间辐射剂量估算方法,以更准确给出空间重离子辐射的剂量.基于此方法,开发了宇宙线粒子在物质中输运的蒙特卡罗程序,并在程序中实现用中国成年男性人体数字模型来仿真航天员.采用该程序计算了粒子(Z=1~92)各向同性照射航天员时器官的通量-器官剂量转换因数,并估算出航天员在近地轨道空间受银河宇宙线辐射的剂量.     

大气中子实时计算模式

为实时评估0~100km高度范围内的大气中子全球分布,对宇宙线在地磁场和大气中的传输过程进行了分析.利用蒙特卡罗方法工具包Geant4,预先计算不同能量的粒子在大气层中产生的次级粒子能谱分布,形成大气次级粒子数据库,并与相关模型进行对比,验证了该数据库的有效性和可靠性.以实测或预报的空间环境参数作为输入,计算同步轨道银河宇宙线和太阳质子事件能谱以及100km高度上的地磁垂直截止刚度,最终得到大气层顶上的粒子能谱.通过对大气次级粒子数据库的线性插值,实现1h分辨率的大气中子能谱和辐射剂量全球分布的实时计算.      

临近空间中子辐射环境分析及其引起的单粒子效应预计研究

使用Space Radiation 7.0工具分析临近空间中子辐射环境，研究其与海拔高度、太阳活动和经纬度的关系及内在原因.在此基础上，提出了一种基于蒙特卡罗方法的大气中子实时错误率预计方法，并以航空电子系统关键集成电路FPGA为例，预计其单粒子翻转敏感模块包括配置存储器、块存储器和用户触发器，单粒子功能中断敏感模块包括上电复位电路、SelectMAP接口等的实时飞行错误率.结果表明，配置存储器中发生的单粒子翻转达到总单粒子翻转率的77%，而上电复位电路和SelectMAP接口中发生的单粒子功能中断各占总单粒子功能中断率的36%.根据RTCA DO-254对飞行系统失效等级的划分，该FPGA器件不可用于航空电子系统关键位置.      

基于TCAD和Geant 4的SRAM单粒子效应评估

基于Geant4和TCAD (Technology-Computer Aided-Design)建立了一套评估静态存储器(SRAM)单粒子效应的方法. 该方法利用TCAD软件模拟半导体存储单元对粒子能量沉积的响应, 获得SRAM的重离子单粒子翻转截面, 并应用蒙特卡罗工具包Geant 4计算质子与硅材料的核反应以及次级粒子在灵敏体积内的能量沉积, 进而获得质子的单粒子翻转率. 利用该方法, 计算了TSMC 0.18 μm未加固SRAM的重离子和质子翻转率, 通过与同工艺SRAM的重离子实验结果进行比较, 初步验证了该方法的有效性. 该方法不依赖于地面模拟实验, 可以用来评估处于设计阶段的抗辐射加固器件.      

电离总剂量复合屏蔽模拟仿真及验证试验

空间环境中辐射粒子的电离总剂量效应对卫星电子器件危害严重,需要采用合适的材料进行屏蔽防护.本文采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟材料对电子的屏蔽,将双层复合屏蔽方法与单质屏蔽方法进行对比,结果表明对电子而言,复合屏蔽在屏蔽厚度足够大时比单质屏蔽效果更好.利用90Sr-90Y电子放射源进行了复合屏蔽效果的验证试验,试验结果与模拟结果规律相符,研究结果可为辐射防护的优化设计提供参考.      

GEANT程序在空间粒子探测器优化设计中的应用

在众多的蒙特卡罗模拟程序中,介绍了其中的一种程序——GEANT程序．首先对蒙特卡罗方法的产生和基本思想作了解释,对GEANT程序的主要模块和基本结构以及粒子在程序中的传输过程作了描述．在程序中,GEANT程序应用了先进的ZEBRA存储管理器,使各个模块之间的联系更为方便．在空间粒子探测中,利用GEANT程序,可以计算空间粒子在探测器中的能量损失,在不同材料中的射程以及产生的次级粒子的数量,最后利用GEANT程序可以模拟出各种粒子在不同材料中的LET值,本文还进一步表明了蒙特卡罗方法对空间粒子探测的重要意义．     

DSMC方法的边界采样与统计技术

研究了适合在三维直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC,Direct Simulation Monte Carlo)方法计算中根据入口边界条件合理地布置进入计算区域内粒子参数的边界采样技术.提出了一种根据穿越入口边界、出口边界以及撞击壁面边界的粒子统计数据获取边界位置处宏观流场参数的新型边界统计技术,弥补了DSMC计算中传统统计技术仅能够获取流场内部参数,不能够获取界面处流场参数的不足.这种界面统计技术具有普遍的适用性,不仅限于DSMC方法.以无穷远来流圆球绕流为例进行计算,验证了DSMC方法的边界采样与统计技术的有效性.     

基于快速仿射模板匹配的AMCL算法

自主定位是移动机器人的重要任务，机器人绑架问题是定位技术中的难点。基于粒子滤波的自适应蒙特卡罗定位(AMCL)算法能够解决机器人绑架问题，但其在定位恢复过程中需要在全局地图中放入新粒子，恢复效率低。通过对自适应蒙特卡罗定位算法的研究，结合图像学中模板匹配思想，提出了一种基于快速仿射模板匹配的自适应蒙特卡罗定位(AMCL-FM)算法。该算法利用全局代价地图与局部代价地图估计出机器人的真实位置，并在估计出的位置放置新的粒子，提高定位恢复能力。与传统的自适应蒙特卡罗定位算法相比，所提算法定位精度提升了61.13%，定位恢复效率提升了69.23%。     

LND两年月表辐射剂量测量结果

月球表面的辐射剂量是影响航天员安全和月表驻留时间的重要参数,通过对月表的粒子辐射测量可以为航天员的辐射安全防护提供重要依据.利用嫦娥四号着陆器上搭载的月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪二年的观测数据得到:月表粒子辐射在硅中的平均总吸收剂量率为12.66±0.45μGy·h-1,中性粒子吸收剂量率为2.67±0.16μGy·h-1.辐射剂量率随时间出现缓慢的下降,LET谱的变化则很小.同时观测到了2020年12月太阳活动末期由于银河宇宙线福布斯下降导致的辐射剂量率降低.      

卫星舱内两类剂量计测量结果的比较

本文利用1994年和1996年两次返回式卫星的搭载条件对舱内辐射剂量进行了对比测量．通过对比测量,研究不同掺杂、不同厚度LiF剂量计测量空间辐射剂量的特点;研究GM计数管计数和LiF剂量间的转换系数以及转换系数随屏蔽状况的变化;由剂量和GM计数研究粒子平均碰撞阻止本领的估计方法．结果表明,不同掺杂、不同厚度的LiF剂量计测量结果间无显著差异,而转换系数几乎不受舱内位置和屏蔽状态的影响．不同厚度LiF剂量计,不同屏蔽状态的GM计数管计数和剂量—计数转换系数的比较研究以及对粒子平均碰撞阻止本领的估计表明,舱内辐射剂量起决定作用的是高能粒子成分,其平均碰撞阻止本领估计约为5MeV／cm．     

Comparisons of several transport models in their predictions in typical space radiation environments

We have used several transport codes to calculate dose and dose equivalent values as well as the particle spectra behind a slab or inside a spherical shell shielding in typical space radiation environments. Two deterministic codes, HZETRN and UPROP, and two Monte Carlo codes, FLUKA and Geant4, are included. A soft solar particle event, a hard solar particle event, and a solar minimum galactic cosmic rays environment are considered; and the shielding material is either aluminum or polyethylene. We find that the dose values and particle spectra from HZETRN are in general rather consistent with Geant4 except for neutrons. The dose equivalent values from HZETRN and Geant4 are not far from each other, but the HZETRN values behind shielding are often lower than the Geant4 values. Results from FLUKA and Geant4 are mostly consistent for considered cases. However, results from the legacy code UPROP are often quite different from the other transport codes, partly due to its non-consideration of neutrons. Comparisons for the spherical shell geometry exhibit the same qualitative features as for the slab geometry. In addition, results from both deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes show that the dose equivalent inside the spherical shell decreases from the center to the inner surface and this decrease is large for solar particle events; consistent with an earlier study based on deterministic radiation transport results. This study demonstrates both the consistency and inconsistency among these transport models in their typical space radiation predictions; further studies will be required to pinpoint the exact physics modules in these models that cause the differences and thus may be improved.     

基于线性回归近似替代模型的分布式卫星系统不确定性分析方法

分布式卫星系统在空间科学领域具有广泛的应用前景,同时也对概念设计阶段的分析工作提出了更高的要求.在分布式卫星系统概念设计阶段,评价不确定性参数对于最终探测效能的影响有着重要的工程应用价值.传统的不确定性分析方法存在解析困难、数值模拟计算效率低且耦合关系表征不明确的缺点.本文结合概念设计阶段不确定性分析的特点和需求,提出一种线性回归近似替代模型,将不确定性参数对于探测效能影响的结果计算降维为一个线性组合系数的求解问题.利用一个空间多点探测物理场分界面任务作为典型事例进行仿真验证,结果表明,相比传统数值模拟方法,本文方法在计算效率上具有明显优势且对关键不确定性参数有一定识别作用.      

Moon surface radiation environment analysis for February 1956 solar event conditions

The radiation environment on the surface of the Moon presents a new source of particles resulting from the interaction of incoming solar protons and galactic cosmic rays with the lunar regolith. Here we present a study of the fluence profile of primary and secondary particles on the top 1 m layer of lunar regolith for the spectrum of one of the hardest spectrum solar event, that of February 1956. Different regolith compositions and their influence in proton and neutron production and backscattering is considered, as well as the nature of the backscattered radiation. Simple geometry Monte Carlo simulations have been used also for calculating regolith shielding properties, and it is shown that a layer of at least 50 cm regolith is needed for significantly reducing the dose levels received by astronauts in a hypothetical lunar habitat.     

Drag coefficient modeling for grace using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

Drag coefficient is a major source of uncertainty in predicting the orbit of a satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO). Computational methods like the Test Particle Monte Carlo (TPMC) and Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) are important tools in accurately computing physical drag coefficients. However, the methods are computationally expensive and cannot be employed real time. Therefore, modeling of the physical drag coefficient is required. This work presents a technique of developing parameterized drag coefficients models using the DSMC method. The technique is validated by developing a model for the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite. Results show that drag coefficients computed using the developed model for GRACE agree to within 1% with those computed using DSMC.     

A space radiation transport method development.

Improved spacecraft shield design requires early entry of radiation constraints into the design process to maximize performance and minimize costs. As a result, we have been investigating high-speed computational procedures to allow shield analysis from the preliminary design concepts to the final design. In particular, we will discuss the progress towards a full three-dimensional and computationally efficient deterministic code for which the current HZETRN evaluates the lowest-order asymptotic term. HZETRN is the first deterministic solution to the Boltzmann equation allowing field mapping within the International Space Station (ISS) in tens of minutes using standard finite element method (FEM) geometry common to engineering design practice enabling development of integrated multidisciplinary design optimization methods. A single ray trace in ISS FEM geometry requires 14 ms and severely limits application of Monte Carlo methods to such engineering models. A potential means of improving the Monte Carlo efficiency in coupling to spacecraft geometry is given in terms of re-configurable computing and could be utilized in the final design as verification of the deterministic method optimized design.     

星载观测平台的视线测量误差分配

面向光学卫星观测平台的视线测量精度需求,研究了一种基于区间分析理论的误差分配方法.基于先进的卫星、转台、相机结构,建立了惯性系下空间相机与目标间的视线矢量测量模型及测量误差模型.根据区间分析理论,给出了误差灵敏度的评价方法.根据星载观测平台的工作空间,得到了各项误差源在三个轴向上的全域最大灵敏度.以全域最大灵敏度为权重系数,建立了星载观测平台视线测量的误差分配模型,通过遗传算法将13项误差源的可行区间松弛致最大.Monte Carlo仿真验证了该误差分配方法的有效性,该方法也同样适用于机载、车载等观测平台的误差分配研究.     

现场校准试验用便携式γ射线照射装置研制

固定式环境γ辐射剂量率监测仪表是承担环境连续监测任务的主要设备,这类仪表通常不便于拆卸和安装,而且送检周期较长（一周左右）,影响了连续监测点数据的连续性。为了固定式仪表的按期校准,结合蒙卡方法研制了便携式γ射线照射装置,利用PTW剂量计对辐射场进行标定,最后利用便携式照射装置对固定式环境γ辐射剂量率监测仪表进行现场校准实验。     

单星观测条件下弹道主动段估计的误差分析

在具有先验信息条件下 ,研究了单颗卫星利用星载红外传感器的角测量对弹道主动段参数估计的误差分析问题 ,通过理论分析 ,结合MonteCarlo仿真实验 ,系统的分析了三个主要误差源对估计弹道的影响 ,并提出了相应的处理策略     

Minimum of PDOP and its applications in inter-satellite links (ISL) establishment of Walker-δ constellation

Within the next decade, there will be a number of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) available, i.e. modernized GPS, Galileo, restored GLONASS, BeiDou and many other regional GNSS augmentation systems. Thus, measurement redundancies and geometry of the satellites can be improved. GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision) and PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) are associated with the constellation geometry of satellites, and they are the geometrically determined factors that describe the effect of geometry on the relationship between measurement error and position error. GDOP and PDOP are often used as standards for selecting good satellites to meet the desired positioning precision. In this paper, the related conclusions of minimum of GDOP which was discussed are given, and it is used to study the minimum of PDOP for two cases that the receiver is on the earth’s surface and the receiver is on satellite. The corresponding theorem and constructive solutions of minimum of PDOP are given. Then, the rationality of the ISL (inter-satellite link) establishment criteria in Walker-δ constellation is discussed by using the theory of minimum of PDOP. Finally, the minimum of PDOP is calculated when the number of satellites is 4–10, and these results are verified by using Monte Carlo method.