Drag reduction research in supersonic flow with opposing jet

A CFD study on drag reduction in supersonic flow with opposing jet has been conducted. Flowfield parameters, reattachment point position and surface pressure distributions are obtained and validated with experiments. From the analysis on the physical mechanism of drag reduction, it shows the phenomenon that, when the opposing jet blows, the high pressure region is located between the bow shock wave and the Mach disk, which makes the nose region much lower pressure. As the pressure ratio increases, the high pressure region is gradually pushed away from the surface. Larger the total pressure ratio is, the lower of the drag coefficient is. To study the effect of the intensity of opposing jet more reasonably, a new parameter R_PA has been introduced by combining the flux and the total pressure ratio. The study shows that the same shock wave position and drag coefficient can be obtained with the same R_PA with different fluxes and the total pressures, which means the new parameter could stand for the intensity of opposing jet and could be used to analyze the influence of opposing jet on flow field and aerodynamic force.     

高超声速飞行器激波控制减阻技术

针对高超声速飞行器巨大的激波阻力,采用数值方法研究了由钝头体、气动杆和侧向喷流构成的组合模型的减阻性能。侧向喷流将弓形激波推离气动杆,组合模型的再附激波明显弱于传统气动杆模型,其阻力系数比气动杆模型低了33.52%,从而验证了本文组合模型优异的减阻效率。进行了组合模型的影响因素分析,随侧向喷流总压比和气动杆的长度的增加,再附激波强度减弱,减阻效率升高,但减阻效率的变化速率逐渐减小。随喷口位置向下游移动,再附激波逐渐增强,减阻效率降低,且减阻效率的变化速率逐渐增加。此外本文还研究了以上参数对流场结构及钝头体压力峰值位置的影响。     

四喷管射流流场的数值模拟及分析

本文分析了ENO格式的特点，并应用于全NS方程的迁移项和压力项，模拟了三维射流，首先计算了四喷管射流干扰流场，给出了相应的计算结果，指出了其四股射流外部有形成类似一股射流波系的趋势，而内部四股射流始终存在并相互作用，且伴随流对内部干扰流场有重要影响；然后计算了四股射流流入圆管内的流场，给出了壁面和截面物理量的分布，分析了其拓扑结构。     

激波干扰对发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究

基于宏观表征体元(REV)的数值模拟方法开展了激波干扰对异质发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究,获得了外部激波干扰与引射气体边界层耦合相互作用流场特征.研究结果表明,不同冷却介质对于冷却效率有显著的影响,冷却介质比热容越大,相同注入率条件下的冷却效果更好;入射激波干扰会显著影响多孔材料表面的压力分布,使得多孔材料内部冷却介质会...     

火箭垂直回收中发动机布局与喷流壁面效应影响研究

针对重复使用火箭垂直着陆过程的喷流流场问题开展研究,利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方法研究了壁面效应和发动机布局对超声速喷流的影响。研究表明,着陆距离(L)在2.24D～11.2D(D为喷管出口的直径)的范围内,地面效应对喷管出口中心处的温度分布影响较小;在当前计算条件下,当L<2.24D时,超声速喷流撞击地面会形成强烈的激波,随着离地高度的降低,该激波位置往喉部方向移动,由于壁面效应,喷管内部形成斜激波,导致中心喷管壁面处的温度升高;中心喷管相对外侧喷管往外突出增大了壁面流动速度,导致外侧喷管出口的温度降低;研究还表明子级火箭底部端面的喷管数量增加后,会导致喷管的温度升高。研究结果将为火箭发射及回收方案选取提供参考。     

火箭低空级间热分离初期流场特性数值模拟

采用耦合求解轴对称非定常NS方程与一维分离动力学方程的方法,对多级火箭低空级间热分离初期过程进行数值仿真。依据仿真结果描述低空级间热分离初期流场的两种典型结构：内部为喷管扩张段流动分离以及外部为级间缝隙横向喷流与超声速外流的干扰流场;给出两种典型流场结构中位于上面级弹体表面（喷管内）的流动分离点位置以及壁面压力分布随仿真时间的变化;初步估算流动分离线偏斜时内外流动分离区域对上面级弹体的干扰力矩。通过分析数值模拟与力矩估算结果,发现在低空级间热分离内外流场中流动分离激波后方形成的高压区域是上面级所受干扰力矩的重要来源。研究结论可为级间热分离过程干扰机理研究提供理论方向,为级间热分离时序设计提供参考。     

轴对称体外部流场的有旋特征线法

轴对称体的无粘，可压缩，定常，超音速流动的外部流场，在计算时，常采用流动为无旋的假设，当头部激波弯曲较大时，会产生一定的误差。本文对绕轴对称体的这类流动，用有旋特征线理论进行了数值计算。结果与实验数据的比较表明：用有旋特征线理论对绕轴对称体的流场进行计算是完全可行的。该方法的应用对轴对称体的气动力计算具有实际应用价值。     

超声速气流中液体横向射流的气液相互作用过程数值研究

采用Euler-Lagrange方法对来流马赫数为1.94的超声速气流中液体横向射流的气液相互作用过程进行数值研究。计算给出的射流穿透深度、液滴Sauter平均直径(SMD)及液滴速度分布均与实验吻合较好。仿真结果较详细地揭示液体射流喷雾与气流之间的强烈相互作用过程。受液雾影响,射流前形成较强激波,气流依次经过激波及液雾区域,气流速度存在两次下降过程。计算结果揭示,超声速来流可以与射流的液滴轨迹相交,气流经液雾前沿进入液雾区域后,流向往壁面偏折。本文首次发现并提出,由于气液相互作用诱导形成两组反向反转漩涡对,这对于理解两相混合过程具有重要意义。气液相对滑移速度的分析表明,液滴在穿透自由来流并开始转向时受气流作用最为显著,完成转向后气液相互作用逐渐减弱。     

单喷管火箭自由喷流噪声数值模拟

利用非定常燃气流场数值模拟方法，研究超声速喷流核心区及其外围亚声速区燃气流动态分布和流动特性，在此基础上利用欧拉方程条件的伽辽金有限元方法以及FWH方法，实现并完成喷流噪声传播特性、辐射特性数值模拟。喷流噪声数值模拟结果显示：燃气流推进初期，强喷流噪声区域紧随燃气流前锋；燃气流场相对稳定后，强喷流噪声区域主要位于燃气流等能区末稍，一些小尺度试验的燃气流激波系附近也存在较强喷流噪声。这些强喷流噪声主要由燃气流前锋带动的大涡动态卷吸、燃气流强湍流脉动以及激波扰动引起。受数值模拟网格分辨率影响，当前仅能保持中低频段声压级数值模拟结果与实测结果总体接近。     

数值模拟侧向超声速单喷流干扰流场特性

采用数值方法研究了平板上超/高超声速来流与超声速横向喷流相撞引起的复杂干扰流场特性。所建立的单介质冷喷流数值模拟方法,经过了表面多方位压力分布测量结果、纹影显示的激波结构以及表面油流图谱表现的表面分离范围的实验验证。根据数值模拟与实验对比的结果,合理地描述了喷流干扰流场压力分布以及表面、空间结构特性,并分析了压力比对流场结构和特性的影响。     

前向空腔的弓形激波特性研究

在FD-14A激波风洞中Ma=10流场对前向空腔构型开展试验研究,应用高速阴影技术捕捉弓形激波的平均位置及振荡幅值,利用压力传感器测量空腔底部的脉动压力。在现有无空腔钝头体激波脱体距离预测方法的基础上发展了前向空腔构型的激波脱体距离预测方法,结合国外的试验测量结果与Organ-pipe理论,验证了这种方法的有效性和适用性,且该方法对激波脱体距离的预测结果与FD-14A风洞试验结果一致。此外,基于这种方法讨论了空腔振荡频率预测方法存在的争议。最后,研究了Ma=10流场下球锥体-前向空腔构型的脱体激波振荡幅值与平均速度的规律。     

边界层内水介质在压差驱动下沿小孔向气腔射流问题研究

对边界层内小孔气水多相流场下射流问题开展数值仿真及定常水洞试验研究,建立了适用于边界层内压差驱动下小孔向气腔射流多相流场问题研究的数值仿真计算模型,针对典型孔参数及气水流场条件,对比分析了仿真试验数据,验证了数值仿真模型的正确性及模型计算精度。结合流体质点受力及运动模型及平板边界层理论,分析了气水域压力场特征及水域流动规律对小孔射流过程的作用机理及影响规律,开展了孔参数对射流多相流场特征及射流量的影响研究。获得了小孔射流量估算方法,为航行体上防水装置设计提供数据支撑。     

Hypersonic flows over slender circular cones at small angles of attack

This paper presents a perturbation theory for hypersonic flows past pointed-nose slender bodies of revolution at small angles of attack. The theory presents the counter part of other theories on two-dimensional flow, axisymmetric flow, and flow past delta wings, in the case of bodies of revolution. Further restricting the analysis to Newtonian flow, a straightforward perturbation in the angle of attack is applied to the equations obtained and the resulting equations are solved only for circular cones. A striking feature of this approach is the absence of a vortical layer and a uniformally valid solution at body surface and all over the flowfield. In spite of the yaw angle, conical streamlines at cone surface are predicted which bend around towards the leeward plane. Results obtained for the surface pressure and the shock wave of a circular cone compare very well with other approximate calculations and experiment.     

Numerical validation and parametric investigation on the cold flow field of a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor

The three-dimensional coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two equation standard k–ε turbulence model has been employed to numerically simulate the cold flow field in a typical cavity-based scramjet combustor. The numerical results show reasonable agreement with the schlieren photograph and the pressure distribution available in the open literature. The pressure distribution after the first pressure rise is under-predicted. There are five shock waves existing in the cold flow field of the referenced combustor. The first and second pressure rises on the upper wall of the combustor are predicted accurately with the medium grid. The other three shock waves occur in the core flow of the combustor. The location of the pressure rise due to these three shock waves could not be predicted accurately due to the presence of recirculation zone downstream of the small step. Further, the effect of length-to-depth ratio of the cavity and the back pressure on the wave structure in the combustor has been investigated. The obtained results show that there is an optimal length-to-depth ratio for the cavity to restrict the movement of the shock wave train in the flow field of the scramjet combustor. The low velocity region in the cavity affects the downstream flow field for low back pressure. The intensity of the shock wave generated at the exit of the isolator depends on the back pressure at the exit of the combustor and this in turn affects the pressure distribution on the upper wall of the combustor.     

超燃冲压发动机隔离段内附面层/激波串相互干扰研究

隔离段内激波串的产生和发展以及激波/附面层相互干扰现象是极为复杂的,有效地进行激波串的组织是研究隔离段的关键所在,而其性能的好坏直接影响着超燃冲压发动机的性能。采用数值模拟的方法对不同来流附面层厚度工况的二维轴对称隔离段内流场流动特性进行了数值计算,分析了附面层/激波相互作用机理和附面层对隔离段激波串及隔离段性能的影响。结构表明:压缩-膨胀-再压缩-再膨胀……的气流流动挤压过程导致激波串的形成,逆压梯度的存在构成了附面层分离;附面层厚度的增加影响着激波串起始位置和结构;随着附面层厚度的增加,出口总压恢复系数和质量平均马赫数降低,且随着反压增大,变化趋势趋于明显。     

Statistical Approach to the Evaluation of the Mean Correlation Length and the Propagation Velocity of Middle-Scale Plasma Structures in the Earth's Foreshock

Based on simultaneous measurements of ion fluxes made onboard the closely separated satellites Interball-1and Magion-4, the propagation velocity of middle-scale plasma structures in the Earth's foreshock relative to the solar wind flow is estimated. The derived value of this velocity allows these structures to be identified as a fast magnetosonic wave propagating upstream of the solar wind inflowing the Earth's bow shock. An evaluation is also made of the correlation length of these disturbances in the plane perpendicular to the Sun–Earth line. This length is approximately equal to 2R _E.     

Hydrodynamic instabilities and transverse waves in propagation mechanism of gaseous detonations

The present study examines the role of transverse waves and hydrodynamic instabilities mainly, Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) in detonation structure using two-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations of Euler equations. To compare the numerical results with those of experiments, Navier–Stokes simulations are also performed by utilizing the effect of diffusion in highly irregular detonations. Results for both moderate and low activation energy mixtures reveal that upon collision of two triple points a pair of forward and backward facing jets is formed. As the jets spread, they undergo Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. The drastic growth of the forward jet found to have profound role in re-acceleration of the detonation wave at the end of a detonation cell cycle. For irregular detonations, the transverse waves found to have substantial role in propagation mechanism of such detonations. In regular detonations, the lead shock ignites all the gases passing through it, hence, the transverse waves and hydrodynamic instabilities do not play crucial role in propagation mechanism of such regular detonations. In comparison with previous numerical simulations present simulation using single-step kinetics shows a distinct keystone-shaped region at the end of the detonation cell.     

大型分段式固体火箭发动机点火瞬态过程研究

通过建立固体火箭发动机点火瞬态数学模型,对某大型分段式固体火箭发动机工作初期小火箭式点火装置的火焰喷射方式、分段对接部位火焰传播过程以及前后翼燃面的传播过程等进行数值计算研究。计算结果表明,发动机点火过程中,燃烧室内的流动顺畅,没有出现压强异常振荡现象,点火初期的火焰冲击对分段对接部位的绝热结构影响很小,但整个后翼槽药面全部点燃用时在整个火焰传播期用时占比过大。数值计算结果与全尺寸发动机地面热试车结果对比表明,数值计算点火平衡压强、压强爬升时间以及升压速率与地面热试车结果吻合性好。     

超声速进气道及冲压发动机动态特性分析

基于小偏差线性化思想,利用超声速进气道动力学模型计算得到,进气道激波位置和波后压力的响应幅值随频率增大整体趋于减小,但在各阶纵向谐振频率上存在谐振峰。并进一步考虑了燃烧室加质燃烧,分析了冲压发动机气路动态特性,推导出适用于冲压发动机的集中燃烧模型,研究表明在燃油喷注流量的扰动下,冲压发动机幅频响应谐振峰显著。