Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

超音速燃烧室凹槽流动特性研究

对超音速燃烧室内各种构型的凹槽流场进行了数值模拟,研究了凹槽的后壁面斜角、凹槽长高比及凹槽前后壁面高度比等参数对凹槽流场的影响,计算了各种构型凹槽的阻力、停留时间等。研究结果对定量认识凹槽流场、优化凹槽构型、设计高效率的火焰稳定器具有一定借鉴作用。     

某固体火箭发动机点火启动过程三维流场一体化仿真

以某固体发动机的燃烧室和喷管为一体化研究对象,采用三维流场控制方程,应用有限体积法计算了发动机点火启动过程中燃烧室和喷管内燃气的流场特性。发动机药柱上的着火点最初出现在药柱星角尖上,然后向四周扩展;在药柱点火初期,燃气压力波先于火焰峰到达喷管;随着燃烧室内燃气压力升高,压力沿轴向分布逐渐平缓;当喷管进口压力与出口背压比达到某一值时,喷管扩张段内出现一道激波,随着压力比的升高,激波最终移出喷管,燃气流速在喷管出口处达到最大值。     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

火箭垂直回收中发动机布局与喷流壁面效应影响研究

针对重复使用火箭垂直着陆过程的喷流流场问题开展研究,利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方法研究了壁面效应和发动机布局对超声速喷流的影响。研究表明,着陆距离(L)在2.24D～11.2D(D为喷管出口的直径)的范围内,地面效应对喷管出口中心处的温度分布影响较小;在当前计算条件下,当L<2.24D时,超声速喷流撞击地面会形成强烈的激波,随着离地高度的降低,该激波位置往喉部方向移动,由于壁面效应,喷管内部形成斜激波,导致中心喷管壁面处的温度升高;中心喷管相对外侧喷管往外突出增大了壁面流动速度,导致外侧喷管出口的温度降低;研究还表明子级火箭底部端面的喷管数量增加后,会导致喷管的温度升高。研究结果将为火箭发射及回收方案选取提供参考。     

Recent Advances in the Theoretical and Applied Study on Compressible Turbulent Flow over Aerospace Vehicles

This paper focused on the fundamental and applied research of turbulent flows encountered in the hypersonic flight of aerospace vehicles,which take place in the boundary layer and mixing layer.As to the plate boundary layer,LES approach has been used to simulate the flows over compression corners and incident shock waves,revealing that turbulent flows would significantly inhibit the boundary layer separation caused by shock wave-boundary layer interaction(SWBLI).The boundary layer transition over a circular cone has been analyzed through stability analysis and wind-tunnel test,by which the angle-of-attack effect in case of small angle of attack has been studied.Non-linear evolution process and secondary instability structure in the supersonic mixing layer(Mc=0.5) were initially figured out through the study of mixing layer,and knowledge of the flow control mechanism of the boundary layer and mixing enhancement mechanism of the mixing layer has been obtained through this research.Artificial boundary-layer transition technique based on subharmonic resonance has been proposed and applied to the flow control in a scramjet inlet,inhibiting the flow separation of the boundary layer while improving the inlet performance.To guarantee the mixing of kerosene and supersonic airflow in the scramjet combustor,the mixing enhancement method based on subharmonic resonance has been adopted and a concept of combustor with smooth wall and low internal drag has been proposed for ignition and stable combustion.Finally,future turbulence research and technological development of aerospace vehicles is predicted.     

Shock waves in water foams

Propagation of shock waves in tubes filled with water foams is studied using pressure gauges. Low amplitude shock waves consist of a precursor which propagates at a velocity slightly less than the acoustic velocity in the gas, and of a main compression wave which propagates slower than the precursor. Stronger shock waves have a single front. Maximum pressure rise in the incident and reflected shock waves cannot be calculated using one-dimensional conservation equations at the shock front. It is suggested that the flow of the liquid in foam cells has to be taken into account in order to predict the behavior of shock waves in foams. The nature of the gas which fills the cells is shown to have a strong effect on the quenching of blast waves in foams.     

空气节流对煤油燃料超燃燃烧室燃烧性能影响

采用非定常数值模拟方法研究了空气节流对煤油燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧性能的影响,并研究了节流流量和节流撤去时间对节流效果的影响。在发动机入口马赫数2.0、静温656.5K、静压0.125MPa的条件下,无空气节流时发动机下壁面稳焰失败,壁面压力较低;有空气节流时发动机下壁面燃料稳定燃烧,壁面压力较高。空气节流可以有效地提高发动机的推力性能,可以改变发动机的燃烧模态。随着节流流量和节流撤去时间的增加,燃烧越来越剧烈,壁面压力逐渐升高,可能影响进气道的起动。节流可能促使流场产生振荡现象,通过改变节流流量也可以消除振荡现象。     

“人字形小肋”对激波/边界层干扰的影响研究

在曼彻斯特大学跨声速风洞开展激波/边界层干扰及“人字形小肋”对其影响的实验研究。在马赫数1.85流场条件下,应用高速纹影、油流、皮托压力测量和基于压敏漆的壁面压力测量技术,研究“人字形小肋”流动控制方法对激波/边界层干扰的流动分离结构与尺寸、压力分布特性与波系特征等影响。结果显示激波/边界层干扰诱发流动分离,分离区呈现三维特征,在“人字形小肋”的作用下,分离线呈现“波浪”形且整体向上游移动,干扰区流向尺寸增大,分离区高度减小且长度略增大,再附区的压力极值降低,这些特征与叶片、尖楔等微涡发生器的影响趋势相反。下一步工作中,拟针对“人字形小肋”开展参数优化研究,“人字形小肋”可能成为降低激波/边界层干扰诱发的高热流载荷的有效方法。     

发动机点火过程中压强振荡对人工脱粘的冲击分析

针对固体火箭发动机点火过程,采用流固耦合的方法数值模拟了点火过程中发动机内流场以及药柱人工脱粘附近应力应变的变化情况.计算表明,点火初期发动机内部出现激波,并在药柱通道内振荡传播,随时间减弱为压强振荡.压强波动时人工脱粘缝隙的冲击会影响脱粘缝内流场的分布和应力应变,人工脱粘层尖端应力变化与升压梯度变化存在对应关系.激波对人工脱粘缝隙的冲击会引起装药明显变形,但是不会使缝隙增大.     

Uniform solution for the flow past a slender body with an attached shock wave in radiative magnetogasdynamics

A systematic perturbation scheme is used to study the propagation of a weak shock wave attached to a slender body in a supersonic flow of plasma with thermal radiation and investigate as to how the coupling between the radiative transfer and magneto-hydrodynamic phenomena affects the flow field. The analytical solution of the flow field has been presented up to the second order of ε. The shape of the shock wave attached to the slender body of revolution is obtained, which however can be expressed explicitly in terms of known functions when the radiative decay length is of the same order as the typical body length. Also, the shock angle at the tip of the projectile is obtained.     

凹腔结构对圆形超燃冲压发动机燃烧室阻力特性影响

凹腔作为促进燃烧室中燃料与来流混合和稳定燃烧的有效手段之一,其研究已引起人们的广泛关注.采用数值模拟方法,探索了圆形超燃冲压发动机燃烧室阻力特性随凹腔结构参数的变化趋势,同时初步考察了飞行攻角对凹腔阻力特性的影响.研究发现,凹腔摩阻相比压阻很小,凹腔时燃烧室的阻力特性主要体现在其压阻上;随着后掠角的增大,热试和冷流状态...     

超燃冲压发动机推阻力特性研究综述

超燃冲压发动机由进气道、燃烧室和尾喷管等部件构成,推阻力是其最重要的特性参数。回顾了超燃冲压发动机部件级推阻力特性和整体推阻力特性研究现状,介绍了超燃冲压发动机推阻力特性研究方法和测量技术。建议今后研究过程中关注以下几个问题：研究精确的自由射流试验测量技术,研究流场均匀性对发动机性能的影响,开发高精度仿真平台。     

斜激波串与上游激波干扰特性试验研究

为研究斜激波串在背压条件下前移与上游激波相互干扰的流场结构和运动规律,在来流为马赫数 2.7 的直管道内设计一种等宽度斜楔,采用动态压力测量、高速纹影和粒子图像测速(PIV)技术等手段进行了试验。研究结果表明：内置斜楔在管道内产生入射激波、分离激波、膨胀波、再附激波和激波诱导分离等复杂上游激波流场,在分离区附近形成有顺压梯度和逆压梯度的区域。当增大下游压比时,斜激波串逐渐向上游激波流场移动;经过斜楔产生的分离区时,斜激波串的移动速度急剧提升,同时出现非对称分离偏转方向的切换。对比了三种长度尺寸的等楔角斜楔所产生的上游激波流场的差异性,发现在相同的斜楔前缘起始点和楔角时,随着斜楔长度的增加,上游激波流场中激波诱导的分离尺度逐渐变大。     

多级压缩锥导乘波体设计与分析

提出了多级压缩锥导乘波体的设计方法,该方法应用吻切锥理论和零攻角圆锥绕流基准流场通过流线追踪生成具有多个压缩面的乘波体。对以吸气式冲压发动机为动力的高超声速飞行器,应用多级压缩乘波前体可充分发挥前体的预压缩作用,为进气道的正常工作提供所需的均匀流场。以二级压缩乘波体为例阐述了该设计方法,设计方法通过对二级压缩基准流场进行重构,使其符合Taylor-Maccoll流动模型以获得新的二级压缩基准流场。同时编写设计程序生成了一级、二级和三级压缩乘波体,通过数值模拟结果校验设计方法的正确性,并对其压缩性、升阻比、总压恢复系数等性能进行了对比分析。     

激波干扰对发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究

基于宏观表征体元(REV)的数值模拟方法开展了激波干扰对异质发汗冷却影响的数值模拟研究,获得了外部激波干扰与引射气体边界层耦合相互作用流场特征.研究结果表明,不同冷却介质对于冷却效率有显著的影响,冷却介质比热容越大,相同注入率条件下的冷却效果更好;入射激波干扰会显著影响多孔材料表面的压力分布,使得多孔材料内部冷却介质会...     

冲压发动机燃烧引起激波运动过程一维分析

分析了冲压发动机喷油燃烧引起内流道内正激波运动的机理,采用一维激波捕捉方法,建立了燃油喷入对正激波运动位置影响的一维仿真模型。通过仿真发现:喷入燃油并逐步增大燃油-空气当量比时,正激波逐步向上游运动;燃油-空气当量比越大,正激波越接近进气道喉道;当燃油-空气当量比增大到一定程度时,正激波距离进气道喉道最近,但并未越过喉道;进一步增大燃油-空气当量比,正激波开始向下游回退进一步分析发现:冲压发动机流道及燃烧组织匹配设计直接影响到正激波在流道内的运动位置,需要在设计中格外重视。燃油-空气当量比与激波位置的关系分析可为冲压发动机设计提供一定的理论参考。     

凹腔超声速燃烧室氢气燃烧流场数值模拟

对带长深比为10的凹腔结构的燃烧室二维氢燃烧流场进行数值模拟,燃料喷注方式采用凹腔上游喷注加辅加凹腔前壁、底壁、后壁喷注。采用三阶MUSCL格式求解二维含组分守恒N-S方程组,湍流模型采用剪切修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型,对喷氢燃烧工况进行了计算研究,并分别分析了凹腔中不同燃料喷注方式对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：凹腔是火焰驻留的主要区域;凹腔上游喷注氢,可以使燃料在凹腔中混合燃烧,辅加凹腔中喷氢的三种方式对燃烧状况产生一定的影响。在凹腔前壁、底面辅加喷氢,没有增强凹腔的稳焰特性,对整个燃烧状态影响不大;在凹腔后壁喷氢,能够增加凹腔中的燃料含量,加强了回流效果,对燃烧状态影响较大。三种喷注方式都没有从根本上改变凹腔燃烧流场的特性。     

凹腔前后缘圆弧对流场干扰的数值研究

基于两方程k-ωSST模型,对不同半径前后缘圆弧凹腔构型的超声速流场进行了二维仿真,获得了相应的流场特征参数。结果表明,与直角前后缘相比,采用圆弧构型时凹腔后壁的激波得到增强;随着圆弧半径的增加,凹腔内部的速度有所增大,而温度、涡量则呈递减趋势,从稳焰、助燃的角度看,后壁上端压力增大可以促进质量交换,同时降低回流区温度。综合考虑凹腔的稳焰和助燃作用,提出了一个适当的圆弧半径范围。