Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

圆形燃烧室支板火箭超燃冲压发动机数值模拟

为了提高大尺寸超燃冲压发动机的掺混燃烧和火焰稳定能力,提出了以中心主支板和支板火箭进行点火和火焰稳定的超燃冲压发动机基本结构,采用轴对称的圆形燃烧室以及小支板和凹腔等混合增强方式,通过包含多步简化动力学的数值模拟方法,研究了支板、凹腔结构与圆形燃烧室的不同匹配关系.结果表明,隔离段中心主支板能有效提高燃料与空气的掺混度...     

固体燃料超燃冲压发动机燃烧室掺混燃烧数值研究

根据国外研究机构的直连式试验数据,设计了固体燃料超音速燃烧室模型,建立了超音速燃烧数值计算的数学模型,通过数值模拟获得了超音速燃烧室流场内的气体状态参数分布。结果表明,超音速燃烧室静压随轴向距离的增加而逐渐降低;流场中心区域为混合超音速流动,而后向台阶的圆周区域为亚音速流动;燃烧效率随轴向距离的增加而增加。     

超燃冲压发动机全流道反应流场仿真分析

采用计算流体力学方法开展了超燃冲压发动机流场二维及三维数值仿真,获得了发动机流场结构及流动细节.探讨了二维简化计算的适用性及不足.通过对发动机各部件受力的分析,得到了发动机初步性能,并就支板及凹腔的减阻设计提供了一些参考.     

单模块超燃冲压发动机一体化流场数值计算

采用数值计算方法求解了单模块超燃冲压发动机内外流一体化流场，得到了流场详细结构和单模块发动机的性能参数，并对不同工况下的发动机性能进行了对比研究，探讨了发动机在有、无进气道侧压情况下的性能差异，分析了其中的原因。计算结果表明，研究工作中所发展的数值计算软件可以用于超燃冲压发动机的一体化流场计算，正确给出发动机的各项性能。计算结果还显示了发动机设计模型中存在的不足。     

蒸发式火焰稳定器冷态流场计算

采用k-ε模型对二元管道中的蒸发式火焰稳定器冷态流场进行了数值模拟,研究了稳定器几何参数对回流区结构的影响,结果表明槽宽是影响回流区特性的主要因素,槽宽增大,回流区增长,但总压损失增大,而且稳定器边缘速度增大,不利于火焰稳定,所以应选择合适的槽宽使稳定器性能最佳。     

Numerical investigation on the shock wave transition in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator

The scramjet isolator, which is used to prevent the hypersonic inlet from disturbances that arise from the pressure rise in the scramjet combustor due to the intense turbulent combustion, is one of the most critical components in hypersonic airbreathing propulsion systems. Any engineering error that is possible in the design and manufacturing procedure of the experimental model, and the intense heat release in the scramjet combustor, may cause the performance of the isolator to decrease, leading to its lack of capability in supporting the back pressure. The coupled implicit Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the two-equation standard k?ε turbulent model have been employed to numerically simulate the flow fields in a three-dimensional scramjet isolator. The effects of the divergent angle and the back pressure on the shock wave transition and the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train have been estimated and discussed. The obtained results show that the present numerical results are in very good agreement with the available experimental shadow-pictures, and the numerical method is more suitable for capturing the shock wave train and predicting the location of the leading edge of the shock wave train in the scramjet isolator than the present two-dimensional numerical methods. This is due to the small width-to-height ratio of the isolator and the intense three-dimensional flow structures. On increasing the divergent angle of the scramjet isolator, the static pressure along the central symmetrical line of the isolator decreases sharply. This is due to the strong expansion wave generated at the entrance of the isolator, and when the divergent angle of the isolator is sufficiently large, namely 1.5°, a zone of negative pressure is formed just ahead of the leading edge of the shock wave train. At the same time, the shock wave train varies from being oblique to being normal, and then back to oblique. With an increase in the prescribed back pressure at the exit of the scramjet isolator, the leading edge of the shock wave train moves forward towards the entrance of the isolator, and when the back pressure is sufficiently large, unstart conditions in the hypersonic inlet can take place if the shock train reaches the inlet.     

凹腔超声速燃烧室氢气燃烧流场数值模拟

对带长深比为10的凹腔结构的燃烧室二维氢燃烧流场进行数值模拟,燃料喷注方式采用凹腔上游喷注加辅加凹腔前壁、底壁、后壁喷注。采用三阶MUSCL格式求解二维含组分守恒N-S方程组,湍流模型采用剪切修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型,对喷氢燃烧工况进行了计算研究,并分别分析了凹腔中不同燃料喷注方式对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：凹腔是火焰驻留的主要区域;凹腔上游喷注氢,可以使燃料在凹腔中混合燃烧,辅加凹腔中喷氢的三种方式对燃烧状况产生一定的影响。在凹腔前壁、底面辅加喷氢,没有增强凹腔的稳焰特性,对整个燃烧状态影响不大;在凹腔后壁喷氢,能够增加凹腔中的燃料含量,加强了回流效果,对燃烧状态影响较大。三种喷注方式都没有从根本上改变凹腔燃烧流场的特性。     

双模态冲压发动机燃烧室流场数值模拟研究

在三维、粘性、湍流及有化学反应的Navier-Stokes方程基础上，通过有限化学反应速率／涡扩散模型模化湍流燃烧，对以H2为燃料的双模态冲压发动机燃烧室流场进行了研究，分析了空燃比、燃料入射角、飞行马赫数对燃烧室工作模态的影响，并分析了燃烧室隔离段的作用。     

带不同长度凹腔超声速燃烧数值研究

对带不同长深比凹腔的燃烧室三维燃烧流场进行数值模拟,研究了燃烧室流场结构。结果表明：液体碳氢燃料穿透深度较小;凹腔长深比对燃烧效率、总压损失影响较小,对燃烧室阻力影响显著。     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

超燃冲压发动机燃烧室碳氢燃料的点火和火焰稳定研究

在氢氧加热脉冲风洞上,对超音速燃烧室在进口2Ma、总温960~1 420 K条件下的碳氢燃料的点火和火焰稳定进行了实验研究。在直连式超音速燃烧室实验中,通过采用火花塞 氢先锋火焰、火花塞 乙烯先锋火焰的方法实现了煤油燃料的点火和火焰稳定。研究结果显示,当采用氢作为先锋火焰时,利用火花塞能够在燃烧室进口总温960 K条件下实现煤油的点火和火焰稳定;当采用乙烯作为先锋火焰时,利用火花塞,实现没有点火和火焰稳定的最低温度为1 420 K。     

粉末燃料冲压发动机燃烧室两相流数值模拟

采用颗粒轨道模型对镁粉燃料冲压发动机的两相流场进行了三维数值模拟,目的是为进一步的实验研究提供指导和参考。结合理论性能分析,提出了一种发动机构型,通过数值模拟分析了颗粒粒径、产物相态等因素对该发动机燃烧效率的影响。结果表明,粉末燃料的粒径较小时点火延迟时间短,颗粒在发动机中的滞留时间长,燃料燃烧效率较高。     

凹腔结构对圆形超燃冲压发动机燃烧室阻力特性影响

凹腔作为促进燃烧室中燃料与来流混合和稳定燃烧的有效手段之一,其研究已引起人们的广泛关注.采用数值模拟方法,探索了圆形超燃冲压发动机燃烧室阻力特性随凹腔结构参数的变化趋势,同时初步考察了飞行攻角对凹腔阻力特性的影响.研究发现,凹腔摩阻相比压阻很小,凹腔时燃烧室的阻力特性主要体现在其压阻上;随着后掠角的增大,热试和冷流状态...     

超燃冲压发动机S弯隔离段激波串数值研究

S弯隔离段可以解决进气道出口和燃烧室入口处在不同水平高度的飞行器在结构设计上的困难.为考察来流马赫数为2.0时S弯构型对隔离段流场结构和性能参数的影响,在不同边界条件下对3种不同转弯方式的S弯隔离段和等直隔离段进行数值模拟.结果表明,在流场结构方面,S弯隔离段入口拐角处出现斜激波/膨胀波的相交与反射,上、下壁面分离区交替扩大、缩小.在抗反压性能方面,中心对称型和后部转弯较急型隔离段性能稍逊于等直隔离段,前部转弯较急型隔离段性能与等直隔离段相当.在总压恢复性能方面,高反压时前部转弯较急型隔离段性能最好,但在低反压时流场存在剧烈振荡,总压恢复性能最差.因此工作在高反压条件下的隔离段推荐采用前部转弯较急型,而低反压条件下则采用另外两种比较合适.入口边界层厚度对S弯隔离段流场结构和性能的影响有限.     

Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

汽蚀管流场数值模拟

根据汽蚀管结构,采用FLUENT软件进行了汽蚀管流场数值模拟,比较了不同结构尺寸对流量的影响.结果表明：汽蚀管入口倒角对流量控制有较大影响,不倒角时流量明显减小.     

某型冲压燃烧室火焰稳定器布局数值优化研究

为了研究不同火焰稳定器布局对燃烧室流场特征和燃烧性能的影响,对某型亚燃冲压发动机燃烧室的三维湍流燃烧流场进行了数值模拟。文中采用守恒标量的PDF模型处理扩散燃烧问题,喷雾采用离散相模型,在全流场中用拉格朗日方法跟踪离散液滴的运动和输运。计算结果表明,内外圈稳定器轴向间距取1倍槽宽时出口温度分布最均匀,取2倍槽宽时温升效率最高;等槽负荷原则设计具有最优的出口温度均匀性、温升效率和流阻系数。计算结果定性合理,可用于预估不同条件下的燃烧室性能,用于燃烧室优化设计,指导燃烧试验。     

电弧推力器流场的数值计算

在流体计算软件fluent的微分方程中加入电磁项,可以计算电磁场作用下的流场。本文介绍了电弧推力器的理论模型,计算了电弧流场,并将计算结果和试验数据进行比较。分析了欧姆加热对提高工质气体比冲、降低推进剂消耗的作用,并根据流场温度分布,估计了电弧对电极的热烧蚀情况,提出了相应的解决方案。     

无喷管助推器非定常动边界内流场数值模拟

无喷管助推器依靠药柱的扩张面实现对气流的加速,燃面的线性增加及喉面的指数增加,使其内流场呈现明显的非定常性;侵蚀燃烧、压强的不均匀分布及药柱变形,使无喷管助推器的工作过程十分复杂。通过对FLUENT软件进行二次开发,建立了无喷管助推器的非定常动边界内流场数值模型,考虑了推进剂的点火过程和侵蚀燃烧,可获得各个时刻的燃面位置及内流场分布,从而可对发动机的内弹道性能进行较准确地预示。通过对某无喷管助推器的工作过程进行模拟,内弹道计算曲线与试验曲线吻合得较好。