空间绳网有控展开方法及优化

针对影响空间绳网展开性能的绳网回弹现象，提出了一种基于拖曳绳张力控制的绳网展开控制方法。首先，使用质心追逐描述绳网的回弹现象，并针对追逐过程提出了使用拖曳绳控制的绳网展开方法。其次，以有效展开位移为优化目标，提出了一种基于遗传算法的最佳控制力优化策略。最后，基于弹簧质点法建立了绳网的动力学模型，并通过数值仿真对比了无控、恒力和变力控制下绳网的展开性能。结果表明，控制力优化策略可以成功优化出所需控制力曲线，提出的有控展开方法可以大幅提高绳网的有效展开位移，提升绳网的展开性能。     

一种承力式表面张力贮箱

卫星平台总体结构的要求是自身重量轻,承载能力强,与推进剂燃料贮箱是相同的,如果能把推进剂燃料贮箱作为卫星平台的结构承力件使用,无疑会使卫星平台的结构重量减轻.为此,提出一种卫星平台承力结构件的表面张力贮箱方案.针对采用承力式表面张力贮箱的卫星平台承力结构方案进行了基本的受力分析.通过实例计算证明了承力式表面张力贮箱的适用性.     

大厚度比窄焊缝不锈钢薄板缝焊工艺研究

采用电阻缝焊方法对航天推进剂贮箱用0.086 mm厚不锈钢网片(022Cr17Ni12Mo2)和1 mm厚不锈钢支板(1Cr18Ni9Ti)进行搭接缝焊工艺试验,通过控制不锈钢支板变形量和网片变形张力,检查焊缝外观质量、密封性和内部质量,解决了接头组合材料厚度比大于10:1和焊缝宽度1~1.2 mm的不锈钢薄板缝焊难题。研究结果表明,采用合适工艺参数可以避免缝焊过程焊缝成型不良等问题,保证了焊缝密封性;采用专用工装对缝焊过程不锈钢支板变形进行控制和焊后校形处理,可有效控制不锈钢薄板焊接变形;通过缝焊过程网片表面张力的调节,达到了控制网片性能的目的。     

柔性绳网动力学建模与天地差异性分析

采用有限元模型研究了柔性绳网系统的动力学特性。针对空间绳网直接弹射展开方式,首先将绳网离散为若干单元,各单元处理为非线性“半阻尼弹簧”模型,然后分别计算各单元所受气动力和重力,最终建立绳网系统多柔体动力学模型。基于所建立的动力学模型分别对柔性绳网在地面和太空展开的动力学过程进行了仿真分析,研究了绳网在展开面积、空间位形和飞行距离等方面的天地差异性及其动力学机理,为未来空间绳网系统的分析设计提供理论参考。     

Structure design and mechanical measurement of inflatable antenna

This paper deals with the initial shape analysis, cutting-pattern analysis, surface accuracy measurement and modal testing of high-precision inflatable antennas reflectors that are intended for spaceflight applications. The initial shape analysis method, formulated on the basis of membrane theory and elastic mechanics, determines the required as-manufactured shape of the reflective surface of the antenna reflector. On the other hand, the cutting-pattern analysis method, with its formulation based on spring-mass representations, numerically calculates the required cutting pattern of the planar membrane gores that are to be assembled to form the 3-dimensional reflective surface. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed analysis methods, a 3.2-m antenna reflector model was designed, manufactured, and assembled for ground demonstration and testing. The reflective surface accuracy of this demonstration reflector model was measured by a photogrammetric measuring system. Shape adjustments of the reflective surface were performed by systematically adjusting the tension in the cables that were used to mount the reflector to its support structure. It was found that the reflective surface accuracy of the reflector model, as defined by its RMS error from a best-fit parabolic shape, was less than 1 mm. In addition, dynamic and RF tests were also performed on the demonstration reflector model. The test results indicated that the first-mode frequency of the reflector model agreed well with the corresponding analytical prediction, and its radiation pattern was also well focused.     

在地面上用磁性液体制造流体的超重、失重和微重力环境

磁力和重力均为非接触的力，当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相同时，磁性液体处于超重状态；当作用于磁性液体上的磁力和重力方向相反时，磁性液体处于失重状态；当作用于磁性液体上磁力和重力相互抵消，磁性液体呈饱和磁化状态且处在均匀梯度磁场区域中时，磁性液体被表面张力约束成球体，磁性液体处于微重力状态。这一发现使我们在地面上能经济的、方便的、长时间的制造流体的小区域微重力环境，为研究微重力状态下的流体科学、生命科学，材料加工和器件开发等提供了新的方法。     

Motion sickness susceptibility during rotation at 30 rpm in free-fall parabolic flight

Free fall per se whether in parabolic or orbital flight may be regarded as a "partial" motion environment with respect to eliciting motion sickness, requiring an additional component to render this environment "complete" or stressful. Parabolic flight in toto falls in the category of a "complete" motion environment in that some persons became motion sick with head fixed and eyes closed. In the present experiment we selected subjects who were symptom free or nearly symptom free in the KC-135 with head fixed. All tests were conducted with the subject rotating at 30 rpm in a rotating litter chair, and comparisons were made between head-fixed and head-moving conditions (right-left) in the free-fall phase of parabolic flight and under simulated free-fall phases in the laboratory. With head fixed most subjects were insusceptible; with head moving left-right susceptibility was slightly higher in the laboratory than aloft. An additional comparison was made correlating susceptibility in the free-fall phases of parabolic flight with susceptibility to experimental motion sickness in Skylab. In both situations cross-coupled angular accelerations were generated by executing head and body movements out of the plane of rotation. In parabolic flight 9 of 15 subjects reached an endpoint just short of frank motion sickness. In the Skylab workshop all eight of the astronauts tested were symptom free at the end of the test. The explanation for the difference in susceptibility rests in two factors: (1) Basic susceptibility in free fall is lower than on the ground, and (2) in Skylab the astronauts who needed to adapt had achieved this goal prior to the first test on Mission-Day 8.     

Working and walking on small asteroids with circumferential ropes

The low gravity of a small asteroid would present a challenge for an astronaut attempting to work on its surface. Extravehicular activities (EVAs) of the sophistication of the Apollo Moon missions are not likely to be possible if astronauts attempt to walk freely on the asteroid, hover above its surface, or anchor locally into the regolith. Manipulating large rocks, drilling, and excavating at multiple locations is a high priority science objective, but would be difficult without a hold-down mechanism. If the asteroid has even a small rotation rate, maneuvering precisely over its surface could be cumbersome. A plausible means of conducting complex EVAs is to tie ropes entirely around the asteroid, under which the astronaut is pushed downward onto the asteroid surface by the tension in the rope. The downward force provides an artificial gravity that permits the astronaut to drill, excavate, hammer, and carefully document materials on the surface without the worry of being thrown from the asteroid. An astronaut could also use the ropes as handholds or guides to maneuver freely over the surface.     

Working and walking on small asteroids with circumferential ropes

The low gravity of a small asteroid would present a challenge for an astronaut attempting to work on its surface. Extravehicular activities (EVAs) of the sophistication of the Apollo Moon missions are not likely to be possible if astronauts attempt to walk freely on the asteroid, hover above its surface, or anchor locally into the regolith. Manipulating large rocks, drilling, and excavating at multiple locations is a high priority science objective, but would be difficult without a hold-down mechanism. If the asteroid has even a small rotation rate, maneuvering precisely over its surface could be cumbersome. A plausible means of conducting complex EVAs is to tie ropes entirely around the asteroid, under which the astronaut is pushed downward onto the asteroid surface by the tension in the rope. The downward force provides an artificial gravity that permits the astronaut to drill, excavate, hammer, and carefully document materials on the surface without the worry of being thrown from the asteroid. An astronaut could also use the ropes as handholds or guides to maneuver freely over the surface.     

基于润滑的楔形螺纹紧固件扭拉性能试验研究

楔形螺纹连接结构固有的螺栓齿顶与楔形螺纹斜面线接触模式,存在无润滑状态下线面接触磨损大等现象。为有效提升反复使用工况下楔形螺纹结构连接的可靠性,开展螺栓表面涂润滑脂、螺母表面涂MoS2、螺栓表面仅螺纹涂MoS2与螺栓表面整体涂MoS2等4种润滑方式下的扭拉性能试验,对不同润滑条件下的扭拉系数、预紧力和螺纹磨损等进行试验研究。试验结果可有效提升楔形螺纹连接结构的可靠性和连接质量。     

Problems related to non-linear variations of surface tension

Generally, the tension at a liquid/gas interface is decreasing with temperature. For aqueous solution of alcohol, alkylammonium chloride in water, some binary metallic alloys and nematic liquid crystals the surface tension presents an extremum as a function of temperature. The influence of this property on the hydrodynamic stability and on the surface tension induced flows is studied as well theoretically as experimentally.     

微重力环境模拟作业训练机器人碰撞力反馈控制

针对航天员在地球表面进行微重力环境中操作训练时微重力环境模拟作业训练机器人存在的碰撞力反馈控制问题,建立碰撞力反馈模型、提出单个柔索驱动单元控制策略和机器人系统碰撞力反馈控制策略。利用Matlab/Simulink软件对碰撞力反馈模型和控制策略进行仿真验证,该模型和控制策略可以实现机器人碰撞力反馈,且具有计算量小、实时性好、不需要额外增加传感器等优势;结合提出的柔索驱动单元复合控制策略和机器人系统碰撞力反馈控制策略进行机器人碰撞力反馈控制实验,提高机器人控制的准确性和实时性。结果表明,基于干扰观测器的柔索驱动单元复合控制策略将柔索驱动单元主动控制精度提升11%,被动控制多余力消除率达到81.82%;机器人碰撞力反馈控制策略可以有效提升航天员作业训练时碰撞力临场感体验。     

Antenna radiation effects on the orbits of GPS and INTELSAT satellites

A large number of disturbances add to the main force exerted by Earth's gravitational field and affect the actual orbital trajectory of artificial satellites. They possess antennas with specific purposes, such as telecommunication systems operating at specific ranges of frequencies and radiated power. For instance, the antennas used in the GPS and INTELSAT satellites are quadrifilar helix and parabolic reflectors respectively. The radiation emitted by the antennas produces a radiation reaction force on the satellite making its orbital elements deviate from their expected values. Using a mathematical model for the radiation reaction force caused by the antenna, derived from the electromagnetic theory and the energy-momentum conservation law, the perturbation effects on the orbits of the GPS and INTELSAT satellites were studied. The numerical integrator used to solve the satellite equations of motion is based on the Runge–Kutta method of fourth and fifth orders. The theoretical model of antenna radiation reaction takes into account the satellite mass, antenna radiated power and maximum gain of the antenna.     

基于音圈电机的环形桁架结构主动悬吊方法

环形桁架结构是卫星可展开天线的基本结构。文章提出一种主动悬吊方法,可在地面状态下卸载环形桁架结构的重力。该方法基于音圈电机可以同时输出安培力和大位移,通过求解悬吊系统的静态方程计算悬吊点的张力即所需安培力;然后,建立主动悬吊试验系统,令音圈电机输出等于所需安培力,即实现悬吊结构对重力的卸载。经试验验证,悬吊后的结构前两阶频率与原结构的几乎相等,且模态一致,说明该悬吊方法有效。     

Comparison of nuclear and solar power plants with turboelectric generators for application in space

The aim of the analysis is to determine and to compare the specific mass of nuclear and solar power plants for application in space depending on technological data as well as on data subject to the mission.On the basis of the known theory of Ruppe and Blumenberg[1–3], nuclear power plants with turboelectric generators as well as solar-thermal power plants with parabolic or spheric mirrors are being analysed. The following thermodynamic processes are applied: the Rankine process, the Brayton process and—as an ideal comparative process—the Carnot process. An important parameter of the analysis for nuclear power plants is the net electric power, for the solar-thermal power plant the distance to the sun is of importance.     

Fluid flow interaction with an obstacle near free surface

The two-dimensional problem of thin obstacle interaction with compressible fluid flow near free surface under microgravity was regarded. The fluid was assumed occupying infinite semi-space, gravity was neglected as compared with fluid inertia. The obtained exact solution shows that for relatively thin layer the resistance force does not depend on the layer thickness, but depend on body length and inclination angle, and surpasses twice the respective values for the infinite medium, which could be explained by additional wave resistance arising in the presence of free surface.     

任意角入射到非均匀等离子体的WKB法

用WKB法研究了以任意角入射的电磁波在非均匀非磁化等离子体中的衰减特性,给出了电磁波在非均匀非磁化等离子体中的双程衰减公式。选用抛物线型等离子体密度分布进行计算,基于等离子体共振吸收概念分析了双程衰减与入射电磁波频率、等离子体碰撞频率、等离子体最大密度和电磁波入射角等的关系。对等离子体隐身研究有一定的参考价值。     

非线性弹簧形态优化及可调节恒力装置设计

基于组合结构研究一种可调节恒力装置的设计方法,恒力装置由负刚度非线性弹簧和正刚度线性弹簧组合而成。采用B样条曲线描述非线性弹簧的形态,基于GA算法和非线性有限元法实现非线性弹簧的形态优化设计。根据恒力装置的工作原理,设计线性螺旋弹簧,并分析刚度/强度特性。组合结构的力学性能分析表明恒力装置可以实现输出恒力。为了实现自我保护、输出的恒力大小/方向可调,进行了恒力装置的部组件设计。本文的恒力装置设计方法为平面薄膜天线和太阳电池阵的工程研制提供了技术支撑。     

压紧杆式太阳翼自动化加载设备设计与验证

基于对国内外太阳翼压紧释放机构预紧实施的现状及存在问题的研究,开展设备小型化、轻量化、可视化设计,研制了一种电机驱动拉伸压紧杆的力反馈型自动化加载设备。该设备采用特制的夹紧接口,并利用凸轮原理解决了狭小空间内压紧杆的的夹紧难题;采用拉力传感器和力反馈系统等将太阳翼压紧杆预紧力施加精度控制在5%以内,有效地解决了预紧力加载的精度问题和自动预紧问题。为验证设备性能,开展了预紧力误差分析,设计了一套采用电阻应变片实时测量预紧力的方案,得出设备工作时预紧力的变化情况。试验结果表明,自动化加载设备不受人员技能水平的影响,绝对精度最大值为3.11%,单次加载时间小于1 min。     

第二代表面张力贮箱的研究与应用进展

为了对国外新型卫星推进剂贮箱的研究动态进行跟踪，对第二代表面张力贮箱的研究与应用进展做了阐述。首先对比了不同类型推进剂贮箱的特点，在此基础上，从试验研究、数值模拟和实际应用三个角度对第：二代表面张力贮箱——以板式结构为主的表面张力贮箱的发展做了综述。研究表明，国际上已经对第二代表面张力贮箱的性能做了大量的数值模拟和搭载试验，如今第二代表面张力贮箱已经成为当今国际大型卫星推进剂贮箱的主流。这为新型卫星推进剂贮箱的研究指明方向并提供有价值的参考。