期望状态序列导向的深空探测器规划修复方法

Aiming at the challenges caused by the persistence, concurrency and energy consumption of probe actions, a plan repair method of deep space probe based on the expected state sequence is proposed. In this method, the expected state sequence is formed of the expected effect of the unfinished action and the expected precondition of the unexecuted action in the pre designed plan, according to the execution status of the action. The expected state sequence is an ordered set of states with mixed logic and energy, providing subgoals for plan repair and also transforming the plan repair problem into the state transition path searching problem. During the search, the plan repair strategy with energy supply priority is proposed, which separates the logic repair from energy repair to reduce the difficulty of solving the problem. And this method enables the probe to recover from plan failure autonomously. Finally, the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method are verified through simulation by taking the Mars Orbiter as an example.     

Superconducting magnets and mission strategies for protection from ionizing radiation in interplanetary manned missions and interplanetary habitats

First order evaluations for active shielding based on superconducting magnetic lenses were made in the past in ESA supported studies. The present increasing interest of permanent space complexes, to be considered in the far future as ‘bases’ rather than ‘stations’, located in ‘deep’ space (as it has been proposed for the L1 libration’s point between Earth and Moon, or for Stations in orbit around Mars), requires that this preliminary activity continues, envisaging the problem of the protection from cosmic ray (CR) action at a scale allowing long permanence in ‘deep’ space, not only for a relatively small number of dedicated astronauts but also to citizens conducting there ‘normal’ activities.Part of the personnel of such a ‘deep space base’ should stay and work there for a long period of time. It is proposed that the activities and life of these personnel will be concentrated in a sector protected from Galactic CR (GCR) during the whole duration of their mission. In the exceptional case of an intense flux of Solar Energetic Protons (SEP), this sector could be of use as a shelter for all the other personnel normally located in other sectors of the Space Base.The realization of the magnetic protection of the long permanence sector by well-established current materials and techniques is in principle possible, but not workable in practice for the huge required mass of the superconductor, the too low operating temperature (10–15 K) and the corresponding required cooling power and thermal shielding.However the fast progress in the production of reliable High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) or MgB₂ cables and of cryocoolers suitable for space operation opens the perspective of practicable solutions. In fact these cables, when used at relatively low temperature, but in any case higher than for NbTi and Nb₃Sn, show a thermodynamically much better behavior. Quantitative evaluations for the protection of the sector of the ‘Space Base’ to be protected from GCRs (and therefore from SEPs also) are presented.For possible large outer radius solutions it must in the meantime solve the problem of the assembling or deploying in space the conductors for returning the electric current.     

空间机械臂非完整运动规划的遗传算法研究

带空间机械臂航天器系统在无外力矩作用时，系统相对于总质心的动量矩守恒而变为非完整系统。由于非完整约束的不可积性，非完整系统的运动规划与控制比一般系统要困难得多。现利用非完整特性研究了自由漂浮空间机械臂的三维姿态运动控制问题。首先导出带空间机械臂的航天器三维姿态运动数学模型，并将系统的控制问题转化为无漂移系统的非完整运动规划问题。在运动规划中，根据最优控制原理和优化理论，提出基于遗传算法的最优运动规划数值算法。通过数值仿真，表明该方法对空间机械臂及航天器三维姿态运动的非完整运动规划是有效的。     

Astronautics and psychology: recommendations for the psychological training of astronauts

The methods presently applied in the psychological training of astronauts are based on the principle of ensuring maximum performance of astronauts during missions. The shortcomings are obvious since those undergoing training provide nothing but the best ability to cope with Earth problem situations and add simply an experience of space problem situations as they are presently conceived. Earth attitudes and Earth behaviour remain and are simply modified. Through the utilization of interdisciplinary space knowledge a much higher degree of problem anticipation could be achieved and the astronaut be psychologically transformed into a space-being. This would at the same time stimulate interdisciplinary space research. The interdisciplinary space knowledge already available suggests that space requires not only physical and mental adjustments, but a profoundly new relationship with life.     

基于稀疏信号表示的空间碎片成像

地基雷达一直是空间碎片监测的有力工具,研究如何利用它们对尺寸小于距离分辨率的目标进行成像具有重要意义。基于空间碎片通常会围绕它的主轴进行简单的自旋转运动这一事实,通过对目标回波模型的分析,本文提出了一种基于稀疏信号表示的空间碎片成像方法。该方法将成像问题转化为稀疏信号分解问题,首先以各个散射点的散射特性作为元素构建字典,然后通过采用现有的方法对单个距离单元横向回波数据的稀疏信号表示进行求解,最后对求解的结果重新排列以得到目标的二维高分辨图像。仿真实验结果表明了本方法的正确性。     

对地面军事电磁信息的天际防护系统

针对当前空间电子侦察、空间对抗的严峻形势,提出对地面军事电磁信息的天际防护系统。即针对有大量侦察卫星对地面防御系统所有电磁辐射信号进行侦收的现实,采取有效的反侦察措施,以适应太空作战制信息权任务的需求。明确了天际防护系统的作战使命以及应具备的主要功能,给出了系统的简要组成框图,具体分析了对地面电磁辐射信息的天际防护的相关问题,也提出了防护星组的布局问题等。最后,归纳了天际防护系统所应该专门研究的几个主要问题。     

Manned exploration and exploitation of solar system: Passive and active shielding for protecting astronauts from ionizing radiation—A short overview

In deep space manned missions for the exploration and exploitation of celestial bodies of Solar System astronauts are not shielded by the terrestrial magnetic field and must be protected against the action of Solar Cosmic Rays (SCRs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs). SCRs are sporadically emitted, and in very rare but possible events, their fluence can be so high to be lethal to a unprotected crew. Their relatively low energy allows us to conceive fully passive shields, also if active systems can somewhat reduce the needed mass penalty. GCRs continuously flow without intensity peaks, and are dangerous to the health and operability of the crew in long duration (>1year) missions. Their very high energy excludes the possible use of passive systems, so that recourse must be made to electromagnetic fields for preventing ionizing particles to reach the habitat where astronauts spend most of their living and working time. A short overview is presented of the many ideas developed in last decades of last century; ideas are mainly based on very intense electrostatic shields, flowing plasma bubbles, or enormous superconducting coil systems for producing high magnetic fields. In the first decade of this century the problem began to be afforded in more realistic scenarios, taking into account the present and foreseeable possibilities of launchers (payload mass, diameter and length of the shroud of the rocket, etc.) and of assembling and/or inflating structures in space. Driving parameters are the volume of the habitat to be protected and the level of mitigation of the radiation dose to be guaranteed to the crew. Superconducting magnet systems based on multi-solenoid complexes or on one huge magnetic torus surrounding the habitat are being evaluated for defining the needed parameters: masses, mechanical structures for supporting the huge magnetic forces, needed equipments and safety systems. Technological tests are in preparation or planned for improving density of the current, lightness and stability, to increase working temperature of superconducting cables, and for finding light supporting structures and suitable safety architectures, delineating a possible development program for affording this difficult problem.     

影响大型环模设备液氮系统启动的关键因素及在设计中采取的对策

大型空间环境模拟试验设备的液氮系统能否顺利启动是决定液氮系统设计成败的一个关键的问题.文章提出了影响单相密闭循环液氮系统启动的两个关键因素,以及如何在液氮系统设计中加以解决.通过初步调试证明,液氮系统能够很好地解决大型空间环境模拟设备液氮系统启动困难的问题.     

Application of the method of potentials in problems of fracture mechanics

The theory of generalized elastic potentials is used for solving the problem of a space with cracks of arbitrary shape. Two solutions are proposed. In the first case, the solution is represented by a double-layer potential and a functional equation for determination of the unknown density is constructed in which difficulties stipulated by high polarity of the integrand may be eliminated. The other method consists of an analysis of a space with a thin smooth cavity and the solution of corresponding singular integral equations.Methods to improve the convergence of successive approximations used in solution of the equations are described and some particular cases of three-dimensional solids are considered. A special function is introduced on the external surface of the solid, which allows consideration of a whole space with cracks having fictitious stresses on their edges; this solution has some bearing on the main problem and also provides an integral equation for the auxiliary function. Another approach consists of the elimination of cracks by introduction of corresponding potentials and solution of the auxiliary problem for a continuous solid with special boundary conditions.     

Cost reduction potential in space program management

The barrier to low cost space programs has been identified, and we are it. Principal among the causes for escalation of space program costs is the ‘system’ which has evolved to control programs. The ‘system’ includes not only the procedures and documents that constitute the flow of paper, the reviews and approvals necessary to initiate actions, and the entire methodology of the decision-making and approval processes but, necessarily, the people, including political as well as industrial counterparts, who populate these environments. This complex ‘system’ has proliferated so that it now promotes time-taking routines, obstructs prompt action, inhibits decisions, extends schedules and escalates costs. Designed to aid and abet management by supplying information necessary to maintain cognizance of program status the ‘system’ has taken over the role of management. Problems and their solutions must now be addressed to the ‘system’ as aided and abetted by management.Most of the evident causes of program cost problems have long since been recognized. Attacking them will produce second-order effects until management is willing to face up to the internal cost driver.     

航天器反应式碎片规避动作规划方法

提出一种航天器反应式碎片规避动作规划方法，首先以扰动流体动态系统(IFDS)算法作为动作规划的基础算法，通过其中的总和扰动矩阵对航天器的轨道速度矢量进行修正，实现轨道机动规避；然后，建立基于双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(TD3)深度强化学习算法的反应式动作规划方法，通过TD3在线优化IFDS规划参数，实现对碎片群的“状态-动作”最优、快速规避决策。在此基础上，将优先级经验回放和渐进式学习策略引入该方法中，提升训练效率。最后，仿真结果表明，所提方法可使航天器安全规避多发、突发、动态且形状各异的空间碎片群，且具有较好的实时性。     

自由漂浮空间机器人多约束混合整数预测控制

针对空间机器人完成任务时需要躲避障碍物的问题,提出一种自由漂浮空间机器人的混合整数预测控制方法。首先,在模型预测控制方法框架下,机械臂关节的物理限制,躲避障碍物的要求被统一描述为最优控制问题下的不等式约束,可以得到自由漂浮空间机器人具有线性二次规划形式的最优控制律。其次,基于命题逻辑建立控制问题中各约束的优先级,保证在最大程度地满足约束的情形下得到控制问题的解,有效弥补了模型预测控制方法用于空间机器人控制时,多约束可能导致最优控制问题不可行的不足。最后,仿真结果校验了所设计控制律的有效性。     

一种多普勒域走动校正的斜视SAR成像算法

为了解决时域校正走动带来的方位空变性问题,提出了一种在方位多普勒域走动校正的斜视合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像算法。文中利用级数反演理论,将斜距公式展开至三次项,推导出SAR回波信号的两维频谱表达式。再从两维频谱出发,提出了基于两维频谱匹配滤波的斜视SAR成像算法。该算法考虑到距离空变性问题,提出先在两维频域进行走动校正和相位预滤波,接着在距离多普勒域进行线性频率变标的处理方法,经过距离脉压和方位脉压能够得到聚焦良好的SAR图像。此外,该方法与距离徙动（RMA）算法相比可以有效地降低需要处理的数据量。最后,临近空间SAR仿真实验证明本文提出方法的可行性和有效性。     

浅析载人航天工程中的人机与环境工程问题

回顾了国外载人航天工程中遇到的人机与环境工程问题及国外人机与环境工程在航天领域的发展过程,指出在我国载人航天领域急需加强人机与环境工程的研究工作,对国内有关研究单位的工作作了回顾总结,提出了一些有待开展的研究课题。     

敏捷成像卫星调度的改进量子遗传算法

针对敏捷成像卫星调度问题中解空间大,选择任务的搜索空间和确定任务观测时间的搜索空间分别是离散域和连续域的难题。建立了多种决策变量混合的敏捷成像卫星调度模型,提出一种改进的量子遗传算法对其求解,改进的量子遗传算法采用二进制与实数杂合的编码方式,降低染色体的基因位编码数目,提高了搜索效率,有效适应了敏捷成像卫星调度问题中离散与连续混合的解空间;以杂合编码为基础,设计对应的观测函数将敏捷成像卫星调度问题的解映射到相位空间,从而将量子优化机制引入敏捷成像卫星调度问题中,利用量子遗传算法在相位空间搜索的特性解决敏捷成像卫星解空间大、解空间离散与连续并存的问题。最后,通过不同规模的仿真校验对算法的调度效果进行测试和分析。结果表明,所提改进的量子遗传算法在收敛速度和方案收益方面都有较好的表现,能够满足敏捷成像卫星调度的需要。     

Needs in space education for the 21st century

There is increasingly broad concern in the USA today about the quality, vibrancy and appeal of science and technical education in general and space education in particular. There needs to be a robust link between the educational community (i.e. the primary and secondary schools as well as colleges and universities) and a well-defined space research and exploration agenda that is strongly supported by the space industry, NASA and other relevant US governmental agencies. Without such a renewal of mission and new goals it will be difficult to re-invigorate and expand quality space education programs. A workshop was therefore convened in 2003 to analyze the problem, discuss new initiatives, organize a survey inviting suggestions from a range of relevant players and draw conclusions on what the USA needs to do to improve space education in the 21st century. Although the focus of this workshop was on space education in the USA the international dimensions of this problem were also addressed and the firm conclusion was reached that similar issues and concerns apply in Europe, Canada, Japan and other spacefaring nations. This article is an edited version of a White Paper subsequently produced to highlight the problem, summarize the proceedings of the workshop and present the results of the survey. Greater clarity in the definition of national space goals, the upgrading of teachers’ skills and an increase in technical scholarships are among the steps recommended.     

Space Debris at the United Nations

Rules for activities in outer space are agreed upon in the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space of the United Nations. Several international treaties have been adopted in the 1970s, that is, at a time before space debris became a concern for the international community. In the years 1979–1988 numerous documents were prepared by the UN Secretariat on space debris, but no official discussions of the problem were initiated by states members of the COPUOS. First proposals for introducing the matter to the UN appeared around 1988, after important studies on the subject were published by states and leading intergovernmental organizations. Also the International Telecommunication Union became concerned about the proliferation of space debris in the geostationary orbit and adopted in 1993 a recommendation to restrict the generation of debris and to re-orbit satellites approaching the end of their active lives into disposal orbits beyond the belt populated by active satellites. In 1994, the UN started discussing scientific and technical aspects of space debris. In the following years, with the assistance of experts from prominent space agencies, it elaborated a Technical Report on space debris. Legal aspects of the problem have not yet begun being discussed because the necessary consensus among states members of the COPUOS has not yet been achieved. Very recently, the UN received first information on a wider subject, space traffic management.     

Space,Language and Ontology: A Response to Davis

Abstract

Ernest Davis' article “Qualititative Spatial Reasoning in Interpreting Text and Narrative” discusses challenges that the interpretation of natural language appears to raise for the formalization of commonsense spatial reasoning. Davis finds these to be of “surprising logical complexity,” but also “erratic” in that they do not show a logical structuring of the problem space that could guide productive research. In this response I argue that much of the apparent lack of structure Davis laments is due to the very style of formal modeling he pursues. By augmenting logical considerations with substantial input from other disciplines and by adopting a heterogeneous and modular approach to formalization, I suggest that the problem space is by no means as ill-structured as Davis presents it.     

空间飞行器展开与驱动机构研究进展

空间飞行器展开与驱动机构是空间飞行器机构领域的一个重要组成部分。随着我国航天技术的发展，该项技术有了长足进步，对其设计方法和具体工程问题的研究也日渐深入。本文概述了空间飞行器机构的分类与构成，对展开与驱动机构的国内外研究概况进行了分析。结合工程应用，提出了在系统任务分析与设计中的力矩（力）裕度、精度分配、机构非线性、阻尼控制、热匹配、空间润滑、可靠性分析与试验七个典型工程问题。对这些问题逐一分析了其性质、作用及其对系统的影响，探讨了其研究内容和研究方向。展望了我国空间飞行器展开与驱动机构的发展前景。     

U.S. manned space flight: the first twenty years, a biomedical status report.

In the last 20 years, the biomedical problems facing man in space have been brought into sharper focus. Space motion sickness is presently our most serious problem. Its etiology remains obscure, but the "sensory conflict" theory appears most plausible. No valid predictive tests of susceptibility exist and presently we must rely on medication for prevention or mitigation of symptoms. Adaptation/biofeedback techniques may prove useful. Cardiovascular "deconditioning" may be effectively attenuated by use of anti-g suits or plasma expanding techniques. Recent bedrest simulation studies would seem to indicate that concerns about chronically elevated central venous pressure during space flight are unfounded. The loss of red cell mass in space flight appears to be self-limited, independent of mission duration, and not of clinical concern, based on recent Soviet experiences. And finally, clodronate, a new diphosphonate effective in preventing hypercalciuria and negative calcium balance in normal human bedrested subjects, may prove effective in preventing or lessening skeletal mineral loss in space.