后向台阶湍流边界层分离、再附及发展

应用激光测速仪对后向台阶湍流边界层分离、再附及发展进行了测量,得到时均流速、流向湍流度、平坦系数和偏斜系数等沿程分布。依据时均流速分布特性,得到分离区边界及再附点位置ｘ＿ｒ＝５．２ｈ＿ｓ（ｈ＿ｓ为台阶高度）,再附后湍流边界层恢复速度型相似的位置ｘ＿Ｔ＝１３．５ｈ＿ｓ。在详细分析湍流边界层区域时均及紊动特性的基础上,与光滑平板湍流边界层进行了比较。结果表明,除流速分布对数公式中积分常数较大外,无其它差别。此外,湍流边界层区存在尾流律,尾流参数π＝０．２９。     

激波/湍流边界层干扰物面剪切应力统计特性

为了揭示激波/湍流边界层干扰区内物面剪切应力统计特性的演化规律,采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9、12°激波角的入射激波与平板湍流边界层相互作用问题进行了研究。通过与风洞试验数据的比较分析,验证了计算结果的可靠性。系统地探究了干扰区内物面剪切应力的典型特征,如预乘谱、概率密度分布和相干结构等。研究结果表明,分离激波的低频振荡运动对流向及展向分量的预乘谱均没有实质影响,其脉动仍以高频特征为主,低频能量变化较小。干扰区内流向剪切应力概率密度函数分布变化剧烈,分离泡内对数正态分布规律不再适用,而展向剪切应力在干扰区内与正态分布较为接近。相较于上游湍流边界层,分离泡内物面剪切应力矢量夹角与幅值的联合概率密度变化显著,峰值概率降低,峰值范围增大。此外,流向剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,主能量模态与分离激波的低频振荡以及下游再附边界层内的Görtler-like流向涡结构密切相关。     

局地热源上大气边界层及其与自由大气相互作用的理论研究

本文利用二维高阶矩湍流闭合的中尺度数值模式,模拟了局地加热源上大气边界层的湍流结构,讨论了大气边界层与自由大气之间的相互作用,并由此亦使人们在海风消失时常常观测到的“风通（ｂｏｒｅ）”现象得到解释。     

激波/平板湍流边界层干扰的数值模拟

采用理性GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型,模拟了激波/平板湍流边界层干扰现象,结果表明:计算所得到的壁面压力分布、摩阻系数分布和速度型分布均与实验值吻合很好,并且比较准确地预报出了入射斜激波与平板湍流边界层干扰所引起的边界层分离点和再附点等流动特性.由此表明GAO-YONG可压缩湍流模型能够准确地用来模拟激波/平板湍流边界层的干扰流动.      

电弧加热流场湍流度对尖锥边界层转捩影响的研究

电弧加热流场的热环境特性直接影响热防护系统的地面试验数据,由于电弧加热器高温气流和参数波动的原因,直接测量湍流度非常困难。为研究电弧加热流场湍流度对于边界层转捩的影响,采用红外热图热像仪,在电弧加热流场中进行了5°尖锥模型边界层转捩研究。结合数值计算,将试验结果与常规风洞的尖锥边界层转捩结果进行了比较。结果表明：马赫数影响的雷诺数转捩判别准则可以用于计算电弧加热流场的转捩雷诺数;电弧加热流场的尖锥边界层转捩雷诺数显著小于常规风洞的转捩雷诺数,表明在该试验条件下,电弧加热流场的湍流度显著大于常规风洞。     

较低湍流度范围湍流度对风洞实验结果的影响

变湍流变试验结果表明，湍流度对诸如洞壁边界层、平板边界层，各类翼型边界层和尾流的时均特性，湍流特性，转捩情况以及对翼型和旋成体压力分布等气动特性有显著影响。这种影响有一定规律，量值较大，不能忽视。     

翼型尾缘噪声源空间分布与辐射特性关系

详细研究了翼型湍流边界层尾缘宽频噪声源空间分布与辐射特性的关系.采用基于雷诺平均流场的翼型尾缘宽频预测方法研究了NACA0012翼型湍流边界层尾缘宽频噪声在4种不同工况下的噪声源空间分布与辐射特性.首先计算了NACA0012翼型湍流边界层尾缘噪声源在不同频率下的空间分布.计算结果发现:边界层中湍流是翼型湍流边界层尾缘噪声声源.随着频率的增加,噪声源强度和噪声源空间尺寸都是先增加后减小,噪声源位置不断靠近翼型尾缘.同时也计算了边界层内不同位置处的噪声源对远场噪声的辐射特性,结果表明:边界层内层区域,其噪声频谱能量集中在高频;边界层外部区域,其噪声能量集中在中低频;攻角增大或者来流速度减小,噪声能量向低频转移.      

基于大涡模拟的压缩拐角激波/边界层干扰研究

为了提高对激波/边界层相互干扰的基本理解,采用大涡模拟(LES)对来流马赫数Ma=2.9,转角为24°的压缩拐角激波与湍流边界层相互干扰进行了研究。采用回收/调节方法作为入口湍流生成技术,并在超声速平板湍流边界层上进行了验证。采用涡识别方法和数值纹影图等流动显示方法,研究了干扰区内激波与边界层相互干扰的结构变化特征。通过对比分析湍动能和雷诺正应力在不同流向位置的分布规律,研究表明:经过激波干扰后湍动能主要集中在边界层的外层,并在拐角附近形成一个低湍动能区;雷诺正应力流向分量和法向分量在边界层内的分布呈现为单峰结构,而展向分量呈现为双峰结构。运用间歇因子对分离激波的大尺度流向运动进行研究,发现激波围绕着平均分离点作前后运动,运动的尺度等于进口湍流边界层厚度的72%。证实了拐角下游G?rtler流向涡对的存在,并对其展向分布和空间演化特性进行了详细研究。     

进口总压不均匀性对燃气透平端壁气热特性影响的研究

为了研究非均匀进口总压引起的燃气透平内部流动特性变化对静、动叶端壁传热的影响机制,针对GE-E3透平第一级叶片在均匀、湍流边界层及航空发动机燃烧室出口实测得到的"C"型总压三种进口条件下进行了非定常数值计算。研究表明:非均匀进口总压相对均匀进口条件对静叶端壁附近流速和入口三角区传热产生了显著影响;湍流边界层总压相对均匀总压增强了前缘马蹄涡强度,从而使静、动叶端壁前缘传热系数分别增加100%和30%;"C"型总压使静叶端壁分离线下游和动叶端壁前缘局部传热系数降低;静叶内被湍流边界层总压增强的通道涡和由"C"型总压诱导产生的对转涡均会出现在动叶上下端壁附近;残余通道涡削弱了动叶端壁横向流动并使对应位置传热系数最大降低了12%,残余对转涡则增强了动叶端壁横向流动并使端壁传热系数最大增加了38%。     

平板边界层转捩的数值模拟

对于自由湍流引起的压力梯度为零的平板边界层转捩过程的数值模拟,本文提出了一个单方程湍流模型 (VL M模型),对湍流粘性系数和湍流长度尺度都进行了修正以正确引入低雷诺数效应。数值计算表明,该模型在自由来流湍流度为 0.03～8%的大范围内能正确模拟边界层转捩全过程,包括转捩区起点位置和转捩区长度、边界层内的平均及脉动参数分布等。本文还提出了上述转捩过程的时均化五阶段模型。      

沟槽面湍流边界层近壁区拟序结构实验研究

应用氢气泡流动显示技术,对沟槽面湍流边界层近壁区带条结构进行了研究。通过分析流动显示结果,发现沟槽面的带条比较平坦,低速带条有较好的直线性,说明沟槽限制了流体的横向流动,增强了流动的稳定性。通过统计分析发现沟槽板湍流边界层中无量纲低速带条间距及无量纲高速带条间距均符合对数正态分布。对同种沟槽板而言,两种带条的分布特性无明显差别。沟槽板的平均无量纲低速带条间距比光滑板的要小,最多小30%,且沟槽尺寸对平均无量纲低速带条间距亦有影响。对同一种沟槽板同一位置而言,平均无量纲低速带条间距随离开壁面的无量纲距离的减小而减小,但最可几概率增大,表明沟槽板对近壁流动影响最为强烈。另外,还对低速带条与减阻特性的关系做了初步探讨,得到的沟槽无量纲高度和间距为15～18的沟槽板有较好的减阻效果。     

周期性扰动对平板湍流边界层统计性质的影响

用IFA300热线风速仪和X形二分量热线探针精细测量了平板湍流边界层在施加不同频率的周期性吹吸扰动前后不同法向位置的瞬时流向、法向速度分量的时间序列信号.在平板湍流边界层的固壁表面沿展向切割一条5 mm宽的窄缝, 在平板底部用扬声器从壁面向平板湍流边界层内施加不同频率的周期性吹吸扰动, 研究不同频率的周期性扰动在平板湍流边界层内发展演化的规律及对平板湍流边界层统计性质的影响.      

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

Influence of periodic wakes on the development of a boundary layer

The flow in turbomachinery is strongly influenced by the rotor-stator interactions. It is known that the unsteadiness of the flow has for effect to advance the laminar-turbulent transition and to alter the heat transfer. The problem of the wake-boundary layer interaction has been studied experimentally by using a simplified geometrical configuration. The stator blade is simulated by a flat plate on which the development of the boundary layer disturbed by periodic wakes is observed. The wakes are generated by moving bars having a circular section, put upstream of the flat plate and running with a constant velocity in the wind of a low-speed tunnel. Numerical studies relating to the phenomenon of interaction are limited. Part of the experimental study has been carried out in a fully turbulent flow in order to avoid the problem of transition. These results are compared with those from a code solving the fully turbulent unsteady boundary layer equations.     

旋涡运动与湍流模型

本文力图将熟知的湍流大涡运动现象与湍流模型理论联系起来以减少模型理论中的经验关系。 在剪切流中以球的流体动力系数,分析确定了涡球的运动,并以此确定剪切流中的湍流剪应力。由此得到了一个二方程模型,方程中仅包含球的流体动力系数。 平板湍流边界层的实例计算表明,计算的速度剖面在整个边界层中都能很好地与实验符合。     

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.      

Reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction structure analysis based on large eddy simulation

In order to understand the physical phenomenon of the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a $12°$ compression ramp with inlet high Mach number of 2.9. Rescaling/recycling method is used as inflow turbulence generation technique and validated on a supersonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The flow field of recycling plane in the plate computation domain is obtained to give the inlet boundary condition for the LES computation. This paper focuses on the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction region, where the fine flow structure and instantaneous flow field are analyzed in detail. It is found that the unsteady motion of the shock wave leads to the increase of wall pressure fluctuation.     

EFFECT OF THE RIBLETS SURFACE ON THE BOUNDARY LAYER DEVELOPMENT

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Turbulent near-wake development behind a flat plate

An asymptotic analysis of the two-dimensional turbulent near-wake flow behind a flat plate with sharp trailing edge has been formulated. The feature that the near-wake, which is dominated by the mixing of the oncoming turbulent boundary layers retains, to a large extent, the memory of the turbulent structure of the upstream boundary layer has been exploited to develop the analysis. This analysis leads to two regions of the near-wake flow (the inner near-wake and the outer near-wake) for which the governing equations are derived. The matching conditions among these regions lead to a logarithmic variation in the normal direction in the overlapping region surrounding the inner near-wake. These features are validated by the available experimental data. Similarity solutions for the velocity distribution (which satisfy the required matching conditions) in the inner near-wake and outer near-wake regions have been obtained by making the appropriate eddy-viscosity assumptions. Uniformly valid solutions for velocity distribution have been constructed for the near-wake. The solutions show good agreement with available experimental data.     

微吹气对湍流平板边界层流动特性的影响及其减阻机理

微吹气技术能够改变平板湍流流场结构,减小平板表面的摩擦阻力。采用直接数值模拟方法,计算了来流马赫数0.7条件下,流场流过光滑平板和NASA-PN2多孔平板表面两种情况,通过对比这两个算例的相关流场特征,验证了微吹气控制减阻的有效性,局部最大减阻率达到了45%,并且由于微吹气控制的"记忆"功能,减阻效果在微吹气流域下游仍会持续一段距离,增加了减阻区域的流向面积。壁湍流摩擦减阻的原因在于近壁区域出现了一个低速的"湍流斑",黏性底层厚度增加,速度型曲线被抬升。但与此同时,边界层内湍流速度脉动也得到了增强。进一步对流向脉动涡演化规律分析,发现微吹气对流向脉动涡发挥着多重作用。在增加流向脉动涡强度的同时,还使得流向涡团向远离壁面抬升,这样减小了流向涡与壁面之间直接作用。此外,微吹射流产生的冲击作用会在流向涡表面留下凹痕,使得流向涡分散成相对小的涡团结构。