Prospects of autotrophic link functioning in biological life-support systems based on cell biology studies

On the basis of using of modern methods of cytological analysis the cell growth peculiarities, reproduction and structure of plant cells of different level organisation (unicellular algae, mosses, angiosperms, cell cultures of higher factors--weightlessness, hypogravity, magnetic fields of various intensity, vibration and acceleration were cleared. It is shown that many discovered biological effects of space flight are connected with the degree of complexity of the object organisation and intensified with the increasing duration of influence.     

Mineralization of wastes of human vital activity and plants to be used in a Life Support System

Available methods for mineralizing wastes of human activity and inedible biomass of plants used in this country and abroad are divided into two types: dry mineralization at high temperatures up to 1270 K with subsequent partial dissolution of the ash and the other--wet oxidation by acids. In this case mineralization is performed at a temperature of 470-460 K and a pressure of 220-270 atmospheres in pure oxygen with the output of mineral solution and dissoluble sediments in the form of scale. The drawback of the first method is the formation of dioxins, CO, SO2, NO2 and other toxic compounds. The latter method is too sophisticated and is presently confined to bench testing. The here proposed method to mineralize the wastes is in mid-position between the thermal and physical chemical methods. At a temperature of 80-90 degrees C the mixture was exposed to a controlled electromagnetic field at normal atmospheric pressure. The method merits simplicity, reliability, produces no dissoluble sediment or emissions noxious for human and plants. The basic difference from the above said methods is to employ as an oxidizer atomic oxygen, its active forms including OH-radicals with hydrogen peroxide as the source. Hydrogen peroxide can be produced with electric power from water inside the Life Support System (LSS).     

Assessment of the possibility of establishing material cycling in an experimental model of the bio-technical life support system with plant and human wastes included in mass exchange

A pilot model of a bio-technical life support system (BTLSS) including human and plant wastes has been developed at the Institute of Biophysics SB RAS (Krasnoyarsk, Russia). This paper describes the structure of the photosynthesizing unit of the system, which includes wheat, chufa and vegetables. The study substantiates the simultaneous use of neutral and biological substrates for cultivating plants. A novel physicochemical method for the involvement of human wastes in the cycling has been employed, which enables the use of recycled products as nutrients for plants. Inedible plant biomass was subjected to biological combustion in the soil-like substrate (SLS) and was thus involved in the system mass exchange; NaCl contained in native urine was returned to the human through the consumption of Salicornia europaea, an edible salt-concentrating plant. Mass transfer processes in the studied BLSS have been examined for different chemical components.     

Physical-chemical treatment of wastes: a way to close turnover of elements in LSS.

"Man-plants-physical-chemical unit" system designed for space stations or terrestrial ecohabitats to close steady-state mineral, water and gas exchange is proposed. The physical-chemical unit is to mineralize all inedible plant wastes and physiological human wastes (feces, urine, gray water) by electromagnetically activated hydrogen peroxide in an oxidation reactor. The final product is a mineralized solution containing all elements balanced for plants' requirements. The solution has been successfully used in experiments to grow wheat, beans and radish. The solution was reusable: the evaporated moisture was replenished by the phytotron condensate. Sodium salination of plants was precluded by evaporating reactor-mineralized urine to sodium saturation concentration to crystallize out NaCl which can be used as food for the crew. The remaining mineralized product was brought back for nutrition of plants. The gas composition of the reactor comprises O2, N2, CO2, NH3, H2. At the reactor's output hydrogen and oxygen were catalyzed into water, NH3 was converted in a water trap into NH4 and used for nutrition of plants. A special accessory at the reactor's output may produce hydrogen peroxide from intrasystem water and gas which makes possible to close gas loops between LSS components.     

Synthesis of a combined system for precise stabilization of the Spektr UF observatory. I

The paper presents the first part of results of basic research for development of a combined system of high-precision stabilization of the optical telescope for the international observatory Speckr UF (currently under design) planned to study emission of stars in the UV waveband. A new direct method used in these studies for calculating program controls is described. The results of numerical experiments are presented.     

Reliability analysis and utilization of PEMs in space application

More and more plastic encapsulated microcircuits (PEMs) are used in space missions to achieve high performance. Since PEMs are designed for use in terrestrial operating conditions, the successful usage of PEMs in space harsh environment is closely related to reliability issues, which should be considered firstly. However, there is no ready-made methodology for PEMs in space applications. This paper discusses the reliability for the usage of PEMs in space. This reliability analysis can be divided into five categories: radiation test, radiation hardness, screening test, reliability calculation and reliability assessment. One case study is also presented to illuminate the details of the process, in which a PEM part is used in a joint space program Double-Star Project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and China. The influence of environmental constrains including radiation, humidity, temperature and mechanics on the PEM part has been considered. Both Double-Star Project satellites are still running well in space now.     

Development of a high-precision selenodetic coordinate system for the physical surface of the Moon based on LED beacons on its surface

The paper presents a mathematical algorithm for processing an array of angular measurements of light beacons on images of the lunar surface onboard a polar artificial lunar satellite (PALS) during the Luna–Glob mission and coordinate–time referencing of the PALS for the development of reference selenocentric coordinate systems. The algorithm makes it possible to obtain angular positions of point light beacons located on the surface of the Moon in selenocentric celestial coordinates. The operation of measurement systems that determine the position and orientation of the PALS during its active existence have been numerically simulated. Recommendations have been made for the optimal use of different types of measurements, including ground radio trajectory measurements, navigational star sensors based on the onboard star catalog, gyroscopic orientation systems, and space videos of the lunar surface.     

Interaction between exercising humans and growing plants in a Closed Ecological Life Support System

The purpose of this study was to quantify the gas exchange between plants growing in a Closed Environmental Life Support System (CELSS) and the metabolism of human subjects undergoing various levels of physical exercise, and subsequently determine the buffer characteristics in relation to the carbon exchange established for plants in this closed loop life support system. Two men (ages 42 and 45 yr) exercised on a cycle ergometer at three different work intensities, each on a separate day. The CELSS, a 113 m³ chamber, was sized to meet the needs of one human. The plants, consisting of 20 m² of potato, provided oxygen to the human during an artificially lighted photosynthesis phase and the human provided CO₂ to the plants. The average rates of exchange for the subjects were 0.88, 1.69, and 2.47 liters O₂/min and 0.77, 1.47, and 2.21 liters CO₂/min at approximately 25%, 50%, and 75% of their maximal aerobic capacity, respectively. The photosynthetic rate for the CELSS was 0.95 liters/ min. A balance between human CO₂ production and plant utilization was noted at approximately the 50% VO_2max level. The oxygen balance and changes were not within detectable limits of the CELSS instrumentation for the durations of these exercise exposures. If a CELSS environment is the methodology selected for long term spaceflight, it will be important to select plants that efficiently grow at the available light and nutrient levels while balancing the needs for the human crew at their levels of physical activity.     

The motion of a synchronous satellite in a system similar to the earth-moon system

The stationary motions of a synchronous axisymmetric satellite are studied in the field of attraction by the Earth and a third body whose parameters are close to those of the Moon. Equations of motion are written in canonical variables that take into account the resonance character of the problem. The plots characterizing the dependence of the rotation parameters of the satellite relative to the center of mass on the elements of satellite’s translational motion are presented. A picture is given that represents the initial configuration of the system for implementing stationary motions.     

Solution to the problem of joint evaluation of the nonstationary model of GSP drift and the state vector of a navigation system

The solution to the problem of evaluation in real time of nonstationary coefficients of the polynomial model of drift of a gyro-stabilized platform (GSP) is considered. In order to solve this problem, the estimating equations for the state vector of the navigation system (NS) are derived taking into account correlations between the equations of the object and the observer. Evaluation of the coefficients of the model of the GSP drift is realized based on minimization of nonlinear probabilistic criteria.     

Orbital and relative motion of a tethered satellite system

A simplified model for the orbital and relative motion of a tethered satellite system is presented. The tether acts as a light elastic string with small structural damping but without bending stiffness. Its mass is taken into account in the calculation of the total kinetic and potential energies of the tethered system. This formulation allows the inclusion of the complete gravity gradient influence on the dynamics of the system. The resulting three-dimensional motion is separated in the centre of mass orbital motion on the one hand and the relative motion of the end-bodies on the other. No restrictions on length of the tether or on mass ratio of the end-masses are imposed. It is found that the frequencies and amplitudes of the longitudinal tether oscillations are realistic as long as the tether mass is less than that of the subsatellite.     

一种实时系统中的信号处理实现

近年来,实时信号处理系统的要求越来越高,所用系统须具有处理大量数据的能力,这就要求系统硬件要达到很高的运算速度,并且软件处理程序也尽可能优化,以保证系统的实时性.基于某重点工程项目,介绍了一种高速数据并行处理系统,并详细说明了DSP中信号处理程序的操作流程.该系统能对输入信号的频谱进行分析,实时输出连续波频谱或脉冲波的时域频域信息,并已测试成功.     

飞船环控生保系统主要故障模型分析及飞控对策

研究了载人飞船环控生保系统主要故障模型及飞控对策，根据系统工作原理建立了影响飞行安全的主要故障模型，如舱体泄漏、气源消耗过量和CO2净化失效等，应用该类模型对飞行数据进行实时处理，判断或预测故障，同时给出飞控对策。该方法已成功应用于首次载人飞行。     

利用陕西南部MCS个例对一个概念模型的讨论和验证

引言 中尺度对流系统（MCS）是造成我国夏季暴雨的主要影响天气系统,我国学者对中国及其周边地区MCSs做了大量的研究。根据马禹等对中国及邻近地区1993～1995年三年夏季MCS的天气气候的普查和研究发现：华南西部及高原东侧、长江中下游、黄河下游都是MαCS多发区。从MaCS和MβCS散布图（图略）还可看到：陕西南部（以下简称陕南）也有少量的MCS发生,虽然数量不多,但相对西北地区,是一个高发区。由于陕南暴雨具有强度大,局地性和骤发性强,     

Challenges and perspectives of transport cargo vehicles utilization for performing research in free flight

Russian Progress transport cargo vehicles have successfully been used in different space station programs since 1978. At present time, they play an important role in the International Space Station (ISS) project. Main tasks performed by the transport cargo vehicle (TCV) in the station program are the following: refueling of the station, delivery of consumables and equipment, waste removal, station attitude control and orbit correction maneuver execution.     

雷达系统及传输系统在民航的应用

引言随着民航事业的不断发展,民航空管系统的各种技术应用也日新月异,从以往单一的设备应用逐渐向多系统、多功能综合应用的方向发展。特别是现代化的雷达系统,在空管技术体系中的地位日益重要,通过整合先进的雷达系统、     

打造民航气象技术实体 建设民航气象服务体系

2009年全国民航空管工作会上,民航局空管局《夯实持续安全基础、推进一体化建设、实现民航空管系统又好又快发展》的工作报告,以科学发展观为指导,以改革、发展和创新为主线,科学理性地提出了空管系统近期的工作目标,严谨务实地部署了空管系统2009年的工作任务。2009年空管系统的中心工作是夯实持续安全基础、推进空管一体化建设。因此气象系统要围绕空管系统的中心工作,牢固树立持续安全理念,扎扎实实打造技术实体,稳步推进气象服务体系建设。     

Development of a complex prognostic model of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere

We consider possible stages of constructing complex models of the circumterrestrial plasma including both neutral and charged components in their interaction. At the initial stage it is suggested to use as a basis the empirical models of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. These models have concentrated fundamental data about the near-Earth space (NES) accumulated for several decades of space exploration. The final goal is to construct a prognostic model which would allow one to calculate both long-periodic variations of the NES structure (they can occur over several decades of years and more) and short-period disturbances with a characteristic time of about a day. In order to predict the results of anthropogenic effects it is proposed to construct imitation mathematical models that should allow one to calculate NES variations which can proceed at various model scenarios of anthropogenic actions.