直升机/发动机系统变旋翼转速串行优化方案

提出了一种用于直升机/涡轴发动机综合控制的变旋翼转速串行优化方案.首先基于Levenberg-Marquarat(L-M)算法/一维最优搜索算法,在保证直升机飞行状态不变的情况下,寻优得到旋翼所需最小功率,再通过优化发动机操纵量,在保证发动机约束成立的条件下得到当前发动机运行最优工作点,即达到直升机巡航时油耗最小或者涡轮前温度最低.最后,在UH-60直升机/涡轴发动机综合控制仿真平台上进行了最小油耗控制模式的仿真,数字仿真结果表明了该串行优化方案的可行性.      

高温升燃烧室与双燃烧室发动机性能对比分析

采用一维定常计算方法,考虑各种部件效率的影响,在双燃烧室发动机总增压比为32,涡轮前总温为1900K时,与高温升燃烧室涡轮前总温为2400K时进行了总体性能对比,并指出了双燃烧室结构发动机2个燃烧室的热量分配方法.结果表明:温升同为1463K时,高温升燃烧室发动机比双燃烧室发动机单位推力高2.7%,耗油率低3.8%.双燃烧室结构发动机更有利克服超声速下的冲压损失, Ma大于1.5之后,增力比大于高温升燃烧室发动机.      

Fuel cell status: 1996

The technology of fuel cells is heating up. A world that, ten years ago, was unaware of the concept can now witness approximately 200 fuel cell units operating in 15 countries. Energy planners and decision makers are becoming aware that, in addition to a continual increase in installations, the reliability of early commercial units is outstanding and the cost is dropping. They have begun to ask whether fuel cells might fit into their future. While the fuel cell concept is simple, determining which type of fuel cell to consider may prove taxing. The multiplicity of fuel cells and their development programs, coupled with the amount of subject material and claims-versus-reality, may seem overwhelming. Fuel cell commercialization activities in North America are the focus of five manufacturers that are developing four types [fuel cells are typed by electrolyte: the 200°C phosphoric acid (PAFC); the 80°C proton exchange membrane (PEM); the 650°C molten carbonate (MCFC); and the 1,000°C solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells]. Each fuel cell promises the attractive combination of fairly high efficiency and superior environmental performance compared to the presently available fossil-fueled electric generation technologies. As a result, fuel cells are particularly easy to site. There are additional advantages such as: excellent availability; electrical VAR control; quick ramp rate; remote/unattended operation; and redundancy when multiple units are installed. After earlier success in space, fuel cells are being applied to the commercial sector as on-site cogeneration units mostly fueled by natural gas. They are being considered for larger distributed generators (natural gas) and for vehicular power plants (methanol)     

离心压气机温升效应对涡轴发动机起动性能的影响

介绍了涡轴发动机起动过程中部件材料温升对离心压气机效率影响的数学模型。按照某涡轴发动机起动供油规律,利用建立的数学模型计算了此发动机起动性能,并和发动机试验结果进行比较,以验证模型建立的准确性。然后,利用建立的数学模型分析部件材料温升对燃气涡轮轴发动机起动性能的影响。      

中冷回热航空涡扇发动机热力循环初步分析

中冷回热航空发动机是在常规发动机循环基础上加入了中冷和回热两个环节,有效利用了发动机排放的热量,提高了热效率,降低了耗油率,是新概念节能环保发动机.利用MATLAB平台,建立了基于部件特性的三轴分排涡扇中冷回热发动机总体性能仿真模型.利用该模型对分排涡扇中冷回热发动机进行性能仿真计算和热力循环分析.计算结果表明:在相同的循环参数和单位推力水平下中冷回热航空涡扇发动机比常规循环涡扇发动机具有更低的耗油率.      

海拔高度对转子发动机性能影响的模拟试验

随着海拔高度增加,三角转子发动机的功率会下降.为测试不同海拔高度下三角转子发动机性能,建立了三角转子发动机电控汽油喷射系统,并在发动机台架上通过模拟不同海拔高度下的进气压强,测试了不同进气压强下208 cm3排量电控汽油喷射三角转子发动机的性能,实现了发动机在空中运行时的实时监控和调节,进而提出了海拔补偿措施,为其在空中更好地运行提供了可能.      

TWA800 fuel tank flammability-an analytical investigation

The mission was to identify the conditions of atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature under which a so-called empty-fuel-tank, containing residual fuel, could contain hazardous air/fuel mixtures. The issues are limited to two applications: explosion safety concerns in gasoline fueled automotive vehicles and explosion safety in jet fueled jet aircraft. In general, we concluded that flammable mixtures, under certain conditions, may exist in an empty fuel tank containing residual fuel, at ambient temperatures ranging from -51°C (-60°F) through 93°C (200°F), at or below atmospheric pressure. However, in the case of a gasoline automotive fuel tank, at normal ambient temperatures above -18°C (0°F), it is absolutely certain that the fuel tank head space contains an over-rich mixture, which cannot explode, unless the automotive fuel tank is completely drained of liquid fuel. Further, in the case of a fixed wing jet aircraft, a combustible mixture also does not exist in a fuel tank containing JetA type fuel at ambient temperatures below 38°C (100°F) which is about the lean limit flash point for commercial jet fuel at sea level. Nevertheless, this study identified six highly unlikely, but rationally possible critical conditions which can occur in a combination which may permit a combustible mixture to exist within a jet aircraft fuel tank and pose a potential hazard. While the scope of this summary paper is limited to fixed wing jet aircraft fuels, details of the automotive vehicle gasoline fueled application are contained in the original paper     

某型航空涡轴发动机整机吞水性能试验

为进行某型航空涡轴发动机吞水试验,设计了喷水设备及专用进气整流装置,采用大小喷水环实现对发动机进行给定水流量的喷入.进行了发动机进口吞水量为空气流量2.5%和3.5%的试验,试验结果表明:试验方法及装置的设计合理可行;均匀吞水量不高于进气流量3.5%,发动机吞水时各截面温度下降量由进口至出口依次降低;吞水试验后,发动机性能下降.      

并联混合动力齿轮传动涡扇发动机建模与性能分析

为对比探究未来大推力航空混合动力系统与传统航空发动机的优劣,本文依托某概念型齿轮传动涡扇(Geared turbofan,GTF)发动机,设计了一个并联航空油-电混合动力系统(hybrid GTF,hGTF),在Matlab /Simulink数字仿真软件中建立相匹配的电动力模型以及氮氧化物NOx排放和噪声预测等性能参数计算模型,并在稳态和飞行任务剖面下初步分析了电动力系统的引入对原基线GTF发动机的性能改变状况。稳态仿真结果表明,大推力等级的并联油-电混合动力系统中,至少需要兆瓦级的电动力系统进行匹配;当电动力系统处于电动模式时,可能会带来低压压气机喘振的隐患;当电动力系统处于再生模式时,电能源相当于经过了电能到机械能再到电能的二次效率损失,不建议采用。飞行任务剖面动态仿真结果表明,相比于传统GTF发动机,hGTF推进系统的燃油消耗率最高下降15%,总燃油消耗节省8.3%, NOx总排放量减少18.8%,各部件起飞噪声总声压级减少1.5~3.3dB。分析结果表明采用并联混合动力系统具有显著提升省油、减排效果的能力,同时也具有一定的降噪潜力。     

Fuel cells for “personal electricity”

Cars powered by fuel cells have been built and tested; however, the aerospace fuel cells could not deliver high power quickly when the driver wanted to accelerate his car. Today's hybrid electric cars carry a battery that supplies the acceleration power, and the prime power source, whether an engine or fuel cell, is not stressed with sudden load peaks. Zero air pollution becomes attainable when fuel-cells supply the prime power on a hybrid vehicle     

Efficiency optimized fuel supply strategy of aircraft engine based on air-fuel ratio control

Accurate fuel injection control of aircraft engine can optimize the energy efficiency of UAV power system while meeting the propeller speed requirement. Traditional injection control method such as open-loop calibration causes instability of fuel supply which brings the risk of power loss of UAV. Considering that the closed-loop control of AFR can ensure a stable fuel feeding, this paper proposes an AFR control based fuel supply strategy in order to improve the efficiency of fuel-powered UAV while obtaining the required engine speed. According to the optimum fuel injection results, we implement fuzzy-PID method to control the set AFR in different situations. Through simulation and experiment studies, the results indicate that, to begin with, the calibrated mathematical model of the aircraft engine is effective. Next, this fuel supply strategy based on AFR control can normally realize the engine speed regulation, and the applied control algorithm can eliminate the overshoot of AFR throughout all the working progress. What is more,the fuel supply strategy can averagely shorten the response time of the engine speed by about two seconds. In addition, compared with the open-loop calibration, in this work the power efficiency is improved by 9% to 33%. Last but not the least, the endurance can be improved by 30 min with a normal engine speed. This paper can be a reference for the optimization of UAV aircraft engine.     

液氧烃类发动机循环系统比较

本文通过理论计算得出两种循环的液氧/烃类发动机参数和性能,计算了混合比、涡轮进口温度、泵效率等参数对发动机性能的影响。利用涡轮功率平衡方程推导出发生器循环的涡轮流量与总流量比和燃烧室压力的关系;分级燃烧循环的燃料泵出口压力与燃烧室压力的关系。最后分析了两种循环的适应范围。     

某型航空涡扇发动机试车振动异常现象分析

对某型航空涡扇发动机在试车中出现的振动过大现象进行了测量和分析。在对发动机进行时域、频域和三维谱阵等分析后,发现发动机的振动与转频变化密切相关。根据发动机转子不平衡和不对中等故障的振动特征,发现不平衡振动是导致01号发动机在试车中振动异常的原因;02号发动机试车振动中不对中特征明显。所得出的结论对该型航空发动机的故障诊断有一定的参考价值。     

涡轴发动机整机吞砂试验及性能退化评估

为系统掌握砂尘侵蚀对涡轴发动机整机和零部件的影响,分析了国内外整机吞砂试验条款的差异及适用性,开展了某涡轴发动机整机吞砂试验研究。依据气动热力过程约束方程和发动机整机匹配约束条件,建立了涡轴发动机试验数据快速评估模型,完成了整机及各部件性能退化评估,并利用公开文献数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：功率和耗油率随吞砂时间呈二次函数规律退化,吞砂10 h功率损失10.2%,耗油率升高3.2%;吞砂造成压气机一级叶片弦长变短0.7%～3.4%、厚度减薄1.0%～3.0%,压气机流量下降4.1%、效率下降3.1%、增压比下降4.5%;燃气涡轮冷却气膜孔存在轻微堵塞和表面烧蚀,冷气量减少1.5%,效率下降0.5%;而动力涡轮效率因叶片表面光洁度提高有小幅提升。     

提高二冲程煤油发动机抗爆性措施研究

为解决某二冲程航空活塞发动机采用航空煤油后爆震极限功率严重下降的问题,进行了一维发动机性能仿真分析,提出了提高发动机爆震极限功率的技术措施。在发动机额定工况下,油耗率和排气温度不发生恶化的前提下,添加抗爆添加剂、降低压缩比和推迟点火提前角以抑制采用煤油后的发动机爆震倾向,扩大缸径和降低空燃比以助于恢复发动机的爆震极限功率。结果表明:经过优化,发动机输出功率可达到原型机的96%,油耗率增加了19%,排气温度升高了57K。研究结果可为二冲程煤油发动机的性能优化和提高工作的可靠性提供依据。      

微型定容多次燃油喷射系统高速响应特性仿真

针对小排量发动机转速范围大、工作循环喷油量小的特点,提出了一种微型定容多次燃油喷射系统结构,建立了系统电、磁、液、机耦合模型,仿真计算了从输入电压到喷射输出的动态响应特性,分析了影响系统高速特性的关键因素.结果表明:该喷射系统响应频率可达到1000Hz,响应时间可以满足小排量发动机最高转速要求,具备工程可实现性.      

某型涡轴发动机数控系统的机械液压备份控制方案研究

综合国内外涡轴发动机控制系统的发展趋势及成熟度的基础上,提出了一种带机械液压备份功能的控制系统方案,该方案的机械液压备份功能模块能跟随数字控制功能模块,并能够在数字控制失效后平稳切换到机械液压备份控制,具有在包线范围内实现发动机的燃油和导叶机械液压备份控制功能,保证涡轴发动机安全工作和直升机的安全返航.该方案通过工程设计、试制,开展了半物理试验和台架试验验证,验证结果表明:该备份控制方案的动力涡轮转速控制精度优于±0.5%,导叶控制精度优于4°,具有良好的工程应用性.      

涡喷发动机尾气静电监测及气路故障特征

利用涡喷发动机试车台和新研制的小型涡喷发动机完成了一系列静电监测实验,获取了涡喷发动机尾气静电信号特性,并通过分析静电信号特征证实了尾气静电监测技术对发动机气路部件机械故障的监测.研究发现发动机尾气静电信号的细微变化与发动机工况相关,通过分析第102试车阶段的静电信号发现活动率水平出现了与发动机工况同步变化的情况,验证了活动率水平是一种可作为表征尾气中微小颗粒的带电情况的特征参数;在102～108试车阶段中,发动机出现了燃烧室内壁积炭、燃烧室内壁轻微烧蚀和气路润滑油泄漏故障,根据静电信号的统计分析以及大时间尺度的趋势分析,发现活动率水平、正(负)事件率可作为预警参数来反映因这些故障而导致尾气静电整体水平的变化.      

某涡轴发动机起动不成功分析

对某型发动机外场起动不成功试验数据进行分析,并通过燃油喷嘴低油压雾化试验及整机起动时的温度场测量验证,确认燃油喷嘴喷口积炭后,燃油喷嘴喷雾锥角减少,燃油雾化质量恶化,直接影响到发动机起动时火焰联焰的可靠性,对发动机起动性能产生较大影响.涡流器插入深度对涡流器出口喷雾的部件研究试验结果显示:插入深度对涡流器出口喷雾无影响;整机模拟外场使用结果表明:发动机在不大于30%功率的低状态长期使用,离心式燃油喷嘴容易出现积炭.      

某型涡轴发动机高低温起动性能试验与分析

开展了采用RP-3燃油和RP-5燃油的涡轴发动机高低温起动性能对比试验。分析了不同环境温度下转子的阻力矩和电动机扭矩的变化规律,指出了当前计算方法的局限性;对比了环境温度、燃油种类、燃油流量对发动机起动性能的影响,摸索出了该型发动机低温起动极限温度。试验结果表明:随着温度降低,滑油黏度增大,转子阻力矩增大,发动机带转转速和转子自转时间显著降低;在极限低温条件下,两种燃油对涡轴发动机起动性能影响非常大,而在高温条件下,采用上述两种燃油,发动机起动性能基本一致;该型发动机采用RP-3燃油能在-40 ℃环境下成功起动,而采用RP-5燃油,经过调油等措施最终只能在-20 ℃环境下成功起动;在一定范围内,增加燃油流量,能改善发动机采用RP-5燃油的起动能力。研究结论为同类发动机高低温试验提供了参考。