Doppler ambiguity resolution using multiple PRF

An algorithm for velocity ambiguity resolution in coherent pulsed Doppler radar using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) is presented. It relies on the choice of particular values for the PRFs. The folded frequency of the target signal is obtained by averaging the folded frequency estimates for each PRF, and a quasi maximum likelihood criterion is maximized for ambiguity order estimation. The fast implementation of this nonambiguous estimation procedure is based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), The proposed waveform allows full exploitation of any (even) number of PRFs, which appears to be important for estimation improvement. The effects of the waveform parameters and the folded frequency estimation variance on the performance of the ambiguity order estimation procedure are evaluated theoretically and through computer simulations. Mean square error (MSE) curves are given to assess the Doppler frequency estimation accuracy. Finally, the new method is compared with a classical technique and the implementation of the algorithm in a clutter environment is addressed.     

Multiple model particle flter track-before-detect for range ambiguous radar

The middle pulse repetition frequency（MPRF）and high pulse repetition frequency（HPRF）modes are widely adopted in airborne pulse Doppler（PD）radar systems,which results in the problem that the range measurement of targets is ambiguous.The existing data processing based range ambiguity resolving methods work well on the condition that the signal-to-noise ratio（SNR）is high enough.In this paper,a multiple model particle flter（MMPF）based track-beforedetect（TBD）method is proposed to address the problem of target detection and tracking with range ambiguous radar in low-SNR environment.By introducing a discrete variable that denotes whether a target is present or not and the discrete pulse interval number（PIN）as components of the target state vector,and modeling the incremental variable of the PIN as a three-state Markov chain,the proposed algorithm converts the problem of range ambiguity resolving into a hybrid state fltering problem.At last,the hybrid fltering problem is implemented by a MMPF-based TBD method in the Bayesian framework.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian approach can estimate target state as well as the PIN simultaneously,and succeeds in detecting and tracking weak targets with the range ambiguous radar.Simulation results also show that the performance of the proposed method is superior to that of the multiple hypothesis（MH）method in low-SNR environment.     

Nonparametric rank detectors on quantized radar video signals

Uniform randomization of ties is required for defining distribution-free ranks of independent and identically distributed quantized samples. Formulas of rank probabilities are given and applied to radar detection under quantized video samples. For some detectors, and assuming Gaussian noise, the asymptotic loss L_∞(q) is calculated versus the normalized quantization step q, and the loss L(q) is estimated by Monte Carlo simulations. Both of these resulted in monotonic functions of q (0<q<1.1) that are independent of the other parameters. Furthermore, L(q)≈L_∞(q )⩽0.45 dB, as q<0.8. The quantization step q is normalized with respect to the noise standard deviation     

Maneuvering target tracking using IMM method at high measurementfrequency

The problem of tracking a maneuvering target with a high measurement frequency is considered. The measurement noise is significantly correlated when the measurement frequency is high. A simple decorrelation process is proposed to enhance the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm to track a maneuvering target with correlated measurement noise. It is found that the decorrelation process may improve system performance significantly, especially in velocity and acceleration estimations     

WGS-84模型下时差频差半定规划定位算法

利用多颗卫星的时差频差对辐射源进行位置和速度的测量,其本质意义上是一个含有噪声项的高度非线性方程组求解问题,针对地面目标而言,可以采用基于WGS-84地球模型作为目标位置和速度约束,更进一步的增加了定位系统的复杂性。提出了一种基于半定规划(SDP)的定位解算法,将非线性方程求解问题通过适当的松弛,转化为半定优化(SDO)的问题,借助于业界较为成熟的CVX等优化软件进行定位求解,并研究了该模型条件下的克拉美罗下界(CRLB)。仿真结果表明,该算法能够较好地逼近克拉美罗下界。     

多渐消因子Kalman滤波器在SINS初始对准中的应用(英文)

针对系统模型和统计信息不能精确已知的条件下Kalman滤波无法给出最优解这一问题,单一渐消因子Kalman滤波算法对于简单的系统是有效的,但是对于复杂的多变量系统,仅仅利用单个的渐消因子是不够的。本文提出了一种多渐消因子滤波算法,通过利用开窗法计算新息序列协方差的无偏估计获得渐消因子矩阵。利用渐消因子矩阵调节一步预测均方误差矩阵k|k1P,对不同的滤波通道提供不同的渐消速率。将该方法应用于SINS的初始对准中,仿真和试验结果表明:当真实系统噪声统计特性同设定参数不一致时,对准精度明显高于其他滤波算法。其对不确定性噪声具有较低的敏感度,对系统参数具有较好的滤波效果。因而,在实际应用中具有重要的参考价值。     

适用于BOC(m,n)信号的无模糊捕获技术

针对二进制偏移载波(BOC)调制信号自相关多峰特性引起的信号捕获模糊性问题,提出了一种子相关相乘边峰消除技术(CMSCT)。根据BOC子相关函数的特性,通过将不同子相关函数相乘获得边峰消除能力,并且为了充分利用接收信号,进一步提高捕获性能,提出了相应的优化算法。分析对比了提出算法的实现复杂度和基于恒虚警率准则的峰值发现概率,对Galileo E1C中频采样信号的处理结果表明:提出的边峰消除方法有效解决了捕获模糊性问题。     

一种适合单频GPS动态求解整周模糊度的方法

对于高精度测量和导航,GPS载波相位整周模糊度的快速求解仍然是一个难点,尤其对于单频接收机。本文提出一种动态快速求解整周模糊度的方法,其基本思想先对系数阵进行QR分解,然后通过矩阵变换使模糊度参数和位置参数分离,从而降低矩阵的维数,满足实时动态求解的要求,最后应用LAMBDA方法搜索模糊度。为验证该算法,我们用单频GPS接收机进行了两种实验(静态和动态),利用本文方法解算,静态误差小于1．5cm,动态误差小于4cm。实验结果表明：对于动态用户,该方法是快速和有效的。该方法可应用于高精度的导航和定位。     

Data association for deghosting in Y-shaped passive linear array sonars

This paper deals with data association using three sets of passive linear array sonars (PLAS) geometrically positioned in a Y-shaped configuration, fixed in an underwater environment. The data association problem is directly transformed into a 3D assignment, which is known to be NP hard. For generic passive sensors, it can be solved using conventional algorithms, while in PLAS, it becomes a formidable task due to the presence of bearing ambiguity. Thus, the central issue of the problem in PLAS is how to eliminate the bearing ambiguity without increasing tracking error. To solve this problem, the 3D assignment algorithm used the likelihood value of only those observed bearing measurements is modified by incorporating frequency information in consecutive time-aligned scans. The region of possible ghost targets is first established by the geometrical relation of PLAS with respect to target. The ghost targets are then confirmed and eliminated by generating multiple observations in consecutive scans. Representative simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

异常值和未知观测噪声鲁棒的非线性滤波器

针对含异常观测值的非线性系统滤波问题,以Huber损失函数替代推导滤波器最大后验准则中观测误差的l₂范数,构造出了一种新的优化准则函数,从而给出了一种对异常值鲁棒的非线性后验线性化滤波器。分析表明：由于Huber损失函数兼具l₁和l₂范数的性质,从而使得由这个新准则推导出的滤波器,不仅具有l₂范数的低误差拟合性,也具备l₁范数对异常值的鲁棒性。而当观测噪声的分布未知时,通过引入箱线图法检测异常值,并对噪声统计分布的参数进行估计,进一步提出了对异常值和未知观测噪声分布鲁棒的非线性后验线性化滤波器。仿真实验验证了分析结果的有效性,并表明本文算法的性能优于现有文献报道的非线性滤波算法。     

A Logarithmic Frequency Allocation Algorithm for Wideband Discrete Frequency Pulse Trains

It is shown that signal waveforms utilizing discrete frequency modulation (DFM) which are generated using a narrowband or frequency shift algorithm have ambiguity sidelobe distortion which is caused by the approximation of time compression by frequency shift. A logarithmic frequency allocation algorithm is presented which couches the signal design problem in terms of band and step ratios, rather than in terms of bandwidth and frequency steps, and is consistent with the wideband formulation of the ambiguity function. The algorithm makes use of the same basic code generating sequence used for narrowband frequency allocation, but the resulting signal will have invariant ambiguity sidelobe positions for any receiver realization in the delay-time compression plane.     

一种宽带阵列幅相与互耦误差联合校正算法

宽带数字阵列雷达接收通道中存在随频率变化的幅相误差和互耦误差,会严重影响雷达性能。针对这一问题,提出了一种宽带数字阵列幅相与互耦误差联合校正算法。首先选取通带内多个离散频点,对于每个频点,将幅相误差和互耦误差作为一个整体,采用基于子空间原理的窄带校正算法估计其阵列失真参数,并计算校正矩阵;然后将其组合起来,构成频域离散校正矩阵;最后基于最小二乘准则,设计了宽带有限长脉冲响应(FIR)校正滤波器矩阵。利用该矩阵,可实现通带范围内任意带宽入射信号的校正。计算机仿真实验验证了该算法的有效性。对实测数据的处理结果表明该算法在宽带数字阵列雷达系统中具有实用价值。     

A noise insensitive solution to an ambiguity problem in spectralestimation

The instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) receiver is capable of measuring the center frequency of single frequency pulses over a wide range (bandwidth) of center frequencies. Because of various constraints, the frequency resolution requirement results in long correlator delay times that reduce the single correlator bandwidth. A large bandwidth can be achieved only if two or more correlators are used. The problem of estimating frequency is then reduced to the simultaneous congruence problem of number theory. A design procedure is presented for solving the congruence problem for a given amount of noise protection, a stated frequency resolution, a minimum bandwidth, and a fixed level of precision (bits) in the IFM receiver     

一种时间传递系统中调制器时延的数字标定算法

针对传统示波器观察法测量BPSK（Binary phase shift keying,二进制相移键控）调制器时延时存在整码元模糊、噪声敏感、载波初相要求苛刻及标定精度低的缺点,利用软件无线电的相关处理技术,提出一种精密的BPSK调制器时延标定算法.通过高速数字示波器对BPSK调制器的输入基带信号和输出载波调制信号进行双通道同步过采样,对输出信号与输入信号采样值进行循环相关,根据相关峰值对应的样本点序号以及连接电缆的校准时延,计算得到BPSK调制器时延.仿真和试验验证表明：提出的算法不受载波初始相位影响,时延标定上限可达1个伪随机码周期,而且低载噪比情况下也能得到准确结果.数字示波器的通道采样率为10 GSa/s时,采用提出的算法进行BPSK调制器时延标定,标定结果的不确定度可以达到0.2 ns.     

基于改进型UDVT分解的单频整周模糊度快速解算

 基于全球定位系统(GPS)快速定位中观测矩阵的病态性特点和Tikhonov正则化原理,研究了单频整周模糊度快速解算的改进方法.基于奇异值扰动理论,研究了改进型UDVT分解算法,即利用病态观测矩阵构造新的矩阵,然后化为上Hessenberg形式的三对角矩阵,利用移位QR算法得到精确的奇异值,避免了因较小奇异值发生较大抖动而使正则化矩阵出现不稳定的情况;在分析法矩阵病态性特点的基础上,设计了改善正则化矩阵的构造方法.实验结果表明,与传统最小二乘降相关平差(LAMBDA)算法和Tikhonov正则化-LAMBDA法相比,新算法能更有效地改善法矩阵的病态性,只利用3～5个历元即能实现模糊度浮点解的快速解算及其固定,且结果可靠,浮点值更加接近真实值.     

高轨导航接收机的时钟辅助定位算法

针对高轨卫星导航接收机接收信号弱、可用卫星少及定位精度差的问题,提出利用恒温晶振的频率稳定性抑制观测噪声,进一步改善定位精度的时钟辅助定位算法。通过区分星历星钟误差和用户测距误差在本算法中的不同传递路径,在理论上给出了算法的定位精度与星座几何构形之间的关系,并指出本算法在高轨场景下具有显著的精度优势,在低轨和地面场景下没有精度优势。仿真试验证实了算法的有效性,在典型的高轨场景下,本算法的单点定位误差仅是标准算法的1/10。     

基于恒模特性的QPSK-DSSS信号扩频序列估计

 针对非合作低信噪比条件下的QPSK-DSSS信号,提出一种基于恒模特性的扩频序列估计算法。该算法首先将单用户QPSK-DSSS信号等效为两用户的BPSK-DSSS信号,其次通过对信号协方差矩阵进行特征分解,估计出由同相与正交两路扩频序列张成的二维信号子空间,最后利用扩频序列的恒模特性消除特征分解带来的酉阵模糊问题,实现扩频序列的精确估计。本文提出算法实现简单,相对目前现有传统算法具有较低的计算复杂度,而且计算机仿真表明:本文提出算法在低信噪比条件下具有优良的估计性能。     

Reduction of aliasing ambiguities through phase relations

A method for digital determination of a single frequency from a sine wave sampled at less than the Nyquist rate is discussed. The method makes use of phase shift information to eliminate the aliasing ambiguity. Multiple sampled data are required to eliminate ambiguity completely. Computer modeling using simulated data corrupted by uncorrelated Gaussian noise was used to verify the approach. The results demonstrate that the frequency of an input sine wave can be correctly identified. This approach can be applied to electronic warfare (EW) receivers to increase their input bandwidth     

A Velocity Estimation Algorithm of Moving Targets using Single Antenna SAR

A new algorithm is proposed for velocity estimation of moving targets in single antenna synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Based on the fact that different velocity vectors cause different geometrical figures of the two-dimensional (2-D) signature in the range-Doppler (RD) domain, this algorithm estimates the azimuth and range velocities by a 2-D search such that the range cell migration correction (RCMC) and the second range compression (SRC) are correctly performed. It is shown that, using the proposed algorithm, the Doppler ambiguity problem can be avoided and satisfactory accurate velocity estimation can be obtained in high signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) scenarios.     

Passive localization by a single moving observer using TOA only with unknown SRI: Observability analysis and algorithm

Passive localization by a single moving observer using Time of Arrival (TOA) only with an unknown Signal Repetition Interval (SRI) is investigated in this paper. Observability analysis is performed first. The observability condition for uniquely determining the emitter position and SRI is derived. The conditional Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is also analyzed. It is found that the ambiguity of the SRI integer of the first TOA does not affect the theoretical estimation precision of the emitter position and SRI. A Reference-Fixed Differential TOA (RFDTOA)-based Iterative Maximum Likelihood Estimator (IMLE) is proposed, which only needs O(M) computational operations. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the Mean Square Error (MSE) of the proposed algorithm could attain the CRLB with moderate Gaussian measurement noise.