Radar measurement extraction in the presence of sea-surface multipath

In the presence of sea-surface multipath monopulse radar signals from a low elevation target have three alternative paths in addition to the direct (radar-to-target) path due to reflections from the sea surface. The specular reflection causes significant signal fading. The diffuse reflection causes an approximately constant bias to the in-phase component of the monopulse ratio, which is the standard extractor of the direction of arrival (DOA) in the monopulse processing. The diffuse reflection also causes higher standard deviation to the in-phase component of the monopulse ratio. We propose a maximum likelihood (ML) angle extraction technique for low elevation targets of known average signal strength having a Rayleigh fluctuation. The results show that this method reduces the error of the estimated angle compared with the conventional monopulse ratio estimator. Subsequently, the ML angle extractor is modified for the unknown average signal strength case. This modified angle extractor has only a small performance degradation compared with the known average signal strength case, but it performs much better than the monopulse ratio based estimator. An algorithm to calculate the accuracy of the estimated angle (or height) is also presented. This angle extractor reduces the root-mean-square error (RMSE) by more than 50% in the signal processing stage when used in a low flying target tracking scenario. The same algorithm can be used to track sea skimmers.     

基于模拟器的单脉冲雷达幅相修正方法研究

以某型单脉冲测量雷达为研究对象,深入分析研究幅相一致性修正的必要性和修正原理,通过理论分析与公式推导,经过大量的试验验证,提出一种基于目标模拟的单脉冲测量雷达无塔幅相修正方法。该方法实现后,已成功应用于该型单脉冲测量雷达,解决了传统幅相修正方法受外界因素影响大的技术难题,同时降低了建造成本和维护难度,取得了良好的军事和经济效益。     

基于粒子群算法的涡扇发动机气路性能修正

针对由于建模过程中条件简化及发动机零部件的差异性导致的发动机数学模型计算结果与整机性能实测数据偏差较大的问题,提出基于粒子群算法(PSO)的发动机模型修正方法,运用修正因子提高模型计算精度。将修正后发动机模型的计算结果与实测数据对比,结果表明:运用PSO算法对模型进行的修正能够显著提高模型的精度,修正前模型计算值与实测值的最大误差达4.85%,修正后最大误差只有0.97%,修正效果良好,且涡轮等后端部件比压气机等前端部件精度提高更为明显。     

Frequency-Agility Processing to Reduce Radar Glint Pointing Error

A technique to reduce radar pointing errors due to glint using frequency agility and amplitude weighting is presented. The reduction in rms tracking error is developed into an equation dependent upon the original glint tracking error, ?g, and the number of returns weighted, N. The rms tracking error is thereby reduced approximately by a factor of N. Finally, the equation formulated allows one to evaluate the reduction in glint error versus the number of frequencies chosen for frequency agility.     

Monopulse Radars Excited by Gaussian Signals

This paper presents the theoretical probability densities of the outputs of both an amplitude-comparison monopulse radar and a phase-comparison monopulse radar when the monopulse radars are excited by Gaussian signals plus Gaussian noises. These probability densities are useful for studying the responses of monopulse radars to noise excitations. For example: Noise excitations arise when the monopulse radars are ?viewing? a noise source or a radar target consisting of randomly moving scatterers. The probability densities also serve as useful approximations for characterizing the outputs of monopulse radars when sinusoidal signals plus Gaussian noises excite the monopulse radars. Some special cases of the probability densities are presented in graphs.     

Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for Secondary Surveillance Radar

In modern secondary surveillance radar (SSR) the monopulse technique is currently introduced for the measurement of the azimuth of the targets. The monopulse technique is based on a suitable processing of signals received by a multiple antenna. In SSR the signals are generated by a transponder on the aircraft as replies to interrogations from ground equipment, and consist of trains of pulses. The monopulse measurements can be carried out on the basis of a single pulse from each train, so that it provides a great number of azimuth estimates. Many monopulse measurement devices exist, corresponding to different processing techniques. From the point of view of accuracy and precision, their behaviors differ with respect to the sources of errors, both internal (noise and imperfect calibrations) and external (interference and propagation effects). The four main types of monopulse receivers are analyzed here with respect to the effects of the internal error sources on the resulting measurement accuracy. After an introductory discussion of the performances of the receivers, a detailed analysis is carried out on the basis of a general mathematical model. The results are given in an analytical form and in some comprehensive diagrams.     

An Analysis of Wide-Band Microwave Monopulse Direction-Finding Techniques

This paper presents the concept, theory of operation, characteris tic equations, and error analysis of four wide-band monopulse techniques. The basic techniques described, which include pure amplitude monopulse, phase and amplitude monopulse (two-and three-channel configurations), and pure phase monopulse interferometer, are particularly applicable to monopulse direction finding systems that require frequency coverage over several octaves and open-loop angle bearing of several degrees. Sufficient detail and working formulas are included to permit a trade-off analysis to be made between the direction-finding techniques for selection in specific hardware applications.     

Multiple Gaussian Targets: The Track-on-Jam Problem

When a radar with amplitude comparison monopulse arithmetic encounters signals from multiple Gaussian sources it will "point" to the centroid of the incident radiation. The probability density function (pdf) of the monopulse ratio when N independent samples of difference and sum signals are processed in a maximum likelihood receiver is derived. For finite jam-to-noise ratio the estimate has a bias which is independent of N. The variance in the estimate does however depend upon N. Central moments of order less than or equal 2N - 2 exist and are given by a simple formula. Plots of the pdf and its bias and variance for various jam-to-noise ratios, locations of the centroid with respect to the boresight direction, and number of samples processed are presented in the accompanying figures.     

On Conopulse Radar Theoretical Angle Tracking Accuracy

The Cramer-Rao analysis method is applied to a conopulse radar to determine a lower bound on the variance of angle tracking error. The analysis allows the calculation of the variance independent of the form of the signal processor attached to the antenna. Under reasonable assumptions it is found that angle error variance is larger than that of a similar monopulse system by a factor of 2.     

Noise Angle Accuracy of Several Monopulse Architectures

Rigorous analysis of four monopulse radar architectures has been conducted to develop the practical angle-tracking accuracy of the systems due to noise. The word ?practical? is used to imply that the systems may have range gates of arbitrary duration and may transmit pulses with arbitrarily shaped envelopes. The accuracy measure used is the mean-squared error (variance) in angle tracking. The four systems considered differ from each other according to the locations of the range gates and ?matched filters? in their architectures.     

增广状态反馈在雷达伺服控制系统中的设计实现

在航路捷径附近,靶场单脉冲测量雷达的伺服控制器使用传统PID（比例积分微分）角误差控制方法跟踪飞行目标时,会产生较大的动态滞后误差。针对这种情况,提出采用带状态观测的增广状态反馈控制方法,通过实时观测系统内部状态信息（状态变量）并及时根据状态进行系统调节的控制方式,可以实现对高速目标的快速稳定跟踪。经过仿真和系统试验,证明这种控制方法可以较大地提高系统的动态响应速度并减小航路捷径附近的动态滞后误差。     

Maximum likelihood angle extractor for two closely spaced targets

In a scenario of closely spaced targets special attention has to be paid to radar signal processing. We present an advanced processing technique, which uses the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion to extract from a monopulse radar separate angle measurements for unresolved targets. This processing results in a significant improvement, in terms of measurement error standard deviations, over angle estimators using the monopulse ratio. Algorithms are developed for Swerling I as well as Swerling III models of radar cross section (RCS) fluctuations. The accuracy of the results is compared with the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) and also to the monopulse ratio technique. A novel technique to detect the presence of two unresolved targets is also discussed. The performance of the ML estimator was evaluated in a benchmark scenario of closely spaced targets - closer than half power beamwidth of a monopulse radar. The interacting multiple model probabilistic data association (IMMPDA) track estimator was used in conjunction with the ML angle extractor     

Bias compensation and tracking with monopulse radars in the presence of multi path

The problem of tracking targets in the presence of reflections from sea or ground is addressed. Both types of reflections (specular and diffuse) are considered. Specular reflection causes large peak errors followed by an approximately constant bias in the monopulse ratio, while diffuse reflection has random variations which on the average generate a bias in the monopulse ratio. Expressions for the average error (bias) in the monopulse ratio due to specular and diffuse reflections and the corresponding variance in the presence of noise in the radar channels are derived. A maximum maneuver-based filter and a multiple model estimator are used for tracking. Simulation results for five scenarios, typical of sea skimmers, with Swerling III fluctuating radar cross sections (RCSs) indicate the significance and efficiency of the technique developed in this paper-a 65% reduction of the rms error in the target height estimate.     

反向交叉眼对单脉冲雷达干扰效果分析及仿真验证

交叉眼干扰被认为是对单脉冲雷达干扰最有效的方式之一。基于雷达方程建立了隔离平台回波下的两点源反向交叉眼干扰模型，推导了交叉眼干扰欺骗角一般性公式，研究了干扰机发射天线间距、干扰平台旋转角和干扰机相对雷达之间距离等参数变化对角度欺骗效果的影响，并依据单脉冲雷达接收机获取角度的信息处理流程，建立了单脉冲雷达接收机仿真模型，对交叉眼数学模型的正确性和局限性进行了分析。研究结果表明：单脉冲雷达越靠近两点源交叉眼干扰机中心线、干扰机两发射天线间距越大、与干扰机距离越近时，角度欺骗效果越好；单脉冲雷达的欺骗角度随着与干扰机距离的接近呈指数式增大；数学模型和仿真模型计算的单脉冲雷达角度误差最大值随干扰机天线与雷达天线中心连线的夹角的增大呈指数化增长。研究可为交叉眼干扰工程设计作参考。     

Comment on "Performance Analysis of Monopulse Receivers for Secondary Surveillance Radar"

The increase in estimation error near boresight with a sum and difference amplitude comparison monopulse receiver can be prevented by using an adequate maximum likelihood estimator.     

箭载GPS信号传播误差改正模型的选优

误差修正模型是影响箭载GPS定位精度的关键问题之一。针对几种常用的GPS信号传播误差改正模型,探讨了各模型伪距延迟修正量的计算方法,分析和比较了各模型之间的差异,给出了组合误差修正模型的选优标准。实测数据计算结果表明,选优后的误差修正模型可有效提高目标定位精度。     

Diversity methods in phase monopulse tracking-a new approach

A novel approach relating target glint (difference between the phase-front gradient of the scattered field and the true target direction vector) to the analytic properties of the overall field is used to suggest a method by which the error in conventional (single frequency) phase monopulse trackers can be reduced. The approximate relationship between glint and amplitude is briefly developed, and an improved glint reduction scheme appropriate for single frequency data is described. The effectiveness in reducing direction angle error is demonstrated with simulated data. It is shown how techniques devised for multiple frequency data sets can be applied to multiple aspect data sets.<>     

Monopulse Resolution of Interferometric Ambiguities

Ambiguities in interferometers with high angular accuracy must be resolved to achieve a practical system design. A new technique for ambiguity resolution is described and is based on monopulse circuitry used with the interferometric elements. The overall angular accuracy of the system is achieved by the interferometer; the angular accuracy of the monopulse subsystem is used to resolve interferometric ambiguities. An expression for the probability of correct ambiguity resolution is derived as a function of element size and monopulse accuracy which indicates that high probability of ambiguity resolution results when the size of the interferometric elements are a fraction of the interferometric baseline. Finally, a comparison between conventional monopulse and interferometric system designs is made for the three principal parameters, signal sensitivity, angular accuracy, and field of view, that dictate the appropriate choice for a particular application. Interferometric systems are more appropriate than monopulse systems for those applications in which angular accuracy and field of view are more important than signal sensitivity.     

燃气轮机排气系统整机环境部件特性修正方法

为了探究外界环境条件对燃气轮机排气的影响,以船舶燃气轮机排气系统和船舶整机系统为研究对象,采用合适的物理模型对船用燃气轮机排气部件进行阻力特性、流场分布的仿真分析,进一步提出燃气轮机排气系统的修正方法。对国内外相关的研究现状进行了调研,引出研究内容和研究意义,建立船舶燃气轮机排气系统和整机系统的模型,对模型进行了网格划分,利用数值仿真技术开展不同工况点和风速风向下燃气轮机排气系统的流场特性仿真计算分析。结果表明：得到不同风速风向下排气系统的阻力特性,即总压以及总压损失,温度特性以及引射特性。以整机仿真和部件仿真所得到的数据为基准,建立了燃气轮机排气系统在整机环境从无风到有风的变化条件下的工作特性修正模型。