The legacy of Biosphere 2 for the study of biospherics and closed ecological systems.

The unprecedented challenges of creating Biosphere 2, the world's first laboratory for biospherics, the study of global ecology and long-term closed ecological system dynamics, led to breakthrough developments in many fields, and a deeper understanding of the opportunities and difficulties of material closure. This paper will review accomplishments and challenges, citing some of the key research findings and publications that have resulted from the experiments in Biosphere 2. Engineering accomplishments included development of a technique for variable volume to deal with pressure differences between the facility and outside environment, developing methods of atmospheric leak detection and sealing, while achieving new standards of closure, with an annual atmospheric leakrate of less than 10%, or less than 300 ppm per day. This degree of closure permitted detailed tracking of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and trace gases such as nitrous oxide and ethylene over the seasonal variability of two years. Full closure also necessitated developing new approaches and technologies for complete air, water, and wastewater recycle and reuse within the facility. The development of a soil-based highly productive agricultural system was a first in closed ecological systems, and much was learned about managing a wide variety of crops using non-chemical means of pest and disease control. Closed ecological systems have different temporal biogeochemical cycling and ranges of atmospheric components because of their smaller reservoirs of air, water and soil, and higher concentration of biomass, and Biosphere 2 provided detailed examination and modeling of these accelerated cycles over a period of closure which measured in years. Medical research inside Biosphere 2 included the effects on humans of lowered oxygen: the discovery that human productivity can be maintained with good health with lowered atmospheric oxygen levels could lead to major economies on the design of space stations and planetary/lunar settlements. The improved health resulting from the calorie-restricted but nutrient dense Biosphere 2 diet was the first such scientifically controlled experiment with humans. The success of Biosphere 2 in creating a diversity of terrestrial and marine environments, from rainforest to coral reef, allowed detailed studies with comprehensive measurements such that the dynamics of these complex biomic systems are now better understood. The coral reef ecosystem, the largest artificial reef ever built, catalyzed methods of study now being applied to planetary coral reef systems. Restoration ecology advanced through the creation and study of the dynamics of adaptation and self-organization of the biomes in Biosphere 2. The international interest that Biosphere 2 generated has given new impetus to the public recognition of the sciences of biospheres (biospherics), biomes and closed ecological life systems. The facility, although no longer a materially-closed ecological system, is being used as an educational facility by Columbia University as an introduction to the study of the biosphere and complex system ecology and for carbon dioxide impacts utilizing the complex ecosystems created in Biosphere '.The many lessons learned from Biosphere 2 are being used by its key team of creators in their design and operation of a laboratory-sized closed ecological system, the Laboratory Biosphere, in operation as of March 2002, and for the design of a Mars on Earth(TM) prototype life support system for manned missions to Mars and Mars surface habitats. Biosphere 2 is an important foundation for future advances in biospherics and closed ecological system research.     

基于System Generator建模的微半球陀螺数字化测控电路设计

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基于对等网络的自适应安全协作框架研究

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一种旋转导弹锥形运动稳定性分析方法研究

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飞控系统性能与可靠性一体化设计技术

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Photoinduced catalytic synthesis of biologically important metabolites from formaldehyde and ammonia under plausible “prebiotic” conditions

The article analyzes new and previously reported data on several catalytic and photochemical processes yielding biologically important molecules. UV-irradiation of formaldehyde aqueous solution yields acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde, which can serve as precursors of more complex biochemically relevant compounds. Photolysis of aqueous solution of acetaldehyde and ammonium nitrate results in formation of alanine and pyruvic acid. Dehydration of glyceraldehyde catalyzed by zeolite HZSM-5-17 yields pyruvaldehyde. Monosaccharides are formed in the course of the phosphate-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions of glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde and formaldehyde. The possibility of the direct synthesis of tetroses, keto- and aldo-pentoses from pure formaldehyde due to the combination of the photochemical production of glycolahyde and phosphate-catalyzed carbohydrate chain growth is demonstrated. Erythrulose and 3-pentulose are the main products of such combined synthesis with selectivity up to 10%. Biologically relevant aldotetroses, aldo- and ketopentoses are more resistant to the photochemical destruction owing to the stabilization in hemiacetal cyclic forms. They are formed as products of isomerization of erythrulose and 3-pentulose. The conjugation of the concerned reactions results in a plausible route to the formation of sugars, amino and organic acids from formaldehyde and ammonia under presumed ‘prebiotic’ conditions.     

机械装备失效分析诊断技术

回顾和总结近10年来我国在机电装备失效分析诊断预测预防实践和学术方面的现状和发展;从失效模式诊断、失效原因诊断和失效机理诊断3个方面对失效分析诊断技术进行归纳、分析、整理.     

无人机仿真测试系统设计应用研究

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飞机协同研制中数字化产品模型的支持方法

产品数据在研制过程中的有效性和一致性是实现协同研制模式的前提.数字化产品模型作为产品研制数据和信息的载体,它的有效性直接影响协同研制的效果.通过借鉴波音和空客的相关思想,从协同研制模式来明确数字化产品模型的基本定义并强调其重要性.阐述了构型项与基线2个基本概念,提出了适用性、可用性、有效性3个新概念.研究了构型项和基线的评审机制,建立起在构型管理条件下,将基线和数字化产品模型版本的演化与产品研制生命周期结合起来,保证数字化产品模型有效性的方法.最后,给出了定义模型的实例来验证这种方法的有效性.      

基于深度学习的非合作目标感知研究进展

近年来随着卷积神经网络的发展,基于深度学习的图像感知技术取得了巨大进展。深度学习算法不依赖于人工辅助设计标记、泛化能力强、检测精度高,在空间非合作目标智能感知领域引起了国内外学者的关注。本文分析了应用深度学习方法进行非合作目标智能感知的研究现状,并对他们进行分类介绍与总结。首先,总结了空间非合作目标感知的在轨应用情况和任务阶段规划,接着分析了非合作目标的结构特性和表面光照特性;其次梳理总结了建立非合作目标数据集的三种方法,分类归纳了非合作目标识别与非合作目标位姿检测的国内外研究进展;最后,分析了基于深度学习的非合作目标智能感知方法的关键问题与难点,并给出了后续研究的思路。     

一种小型化高同步性伺服作动系统研究

介绍了一种小型化高同步性伺服作动系统,针对发动机动力调节装置狭小的空间和特殊高温环境的严苛要求,对液压作动器进行了耐高温、小型化设计,采用液压作动器与控制阀组分体式结构设计和非对称活塞杆结构设计,实现了大运动行程,降低了截面尺寸和轴向长度;采用位置初始同步+位置同步控制+非对称位置控制的全域控制参数动态调整的控制策略,实现了三路作动器的运动平稳控制和全行程范围内的高位置同步性。通过理论计算和带载试验验证,该伺服作动系统实现了环境和空间的技术要求,并具有较好的位置同步控制性能。     

中国首次火星探测任务地面应用系统

中国首次火星探测任务(HX-1)计划2020年通过一次发射实现火星环绕和着陆巡视,对火星开展全球性、综合性的环绕探测,在火星表面开展区域巡视探测。地面应用系统是首次火星探测任务工程五大系统之一,主要负责科学探测计划制定,有效载荷运行管理,探测数据的接收、处理、解译和管理,组织开展科学数据的应用和研究等任务。在分析国外类似系统和火星探测地面应用系统的特点和难点基础上,从系统的主要任务和技术指标出发,介绍了系统总体布局、分系统主要功能、组成和设计。     

Eddy diffusion coefficient and atmospheric models

Since the importance of the coupling mechanisms between the mesosphere and the thermosphere has increasingly been recognized, the structure and variation of turbulence has become one of the subjects of extended investigations and discussions. In spite of the fundamental role of turbulence, theoretical difficulties and lack of observational information restrict its applicability to atmospheric modeling. In the following paper the basic ideas of the parameterization of turbulence and the most important observational techniques and results are reviewed. The comparison of observations with theoretical model calculations shows the difficulties which underly current investigations and indicates the trends of future research.     

一种基于天体观测的月球车位置姿态确定方法

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基于贝叶斯网络的航空灾害成因机理探析

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交会对接光学成像敏感器的LD照明系统

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航天器大尺度部件折叠展开原理分析及应用

围绕航天器向大尺度、远距离发展所涉及的大尺度部件在轨展开技术中新工艺、新材料、新结构等，对现有航天器大尺度部件的折展机构进行了统计与分析，系统梳理了在轨航天器折展机构的技术参数、结构与组成等。介绍了折纸艺术、自回弹材料与记忆合金等新工艺、新材料在航天器太阳帆板、天线等大尺度部件上的应用。重点分析并梳理了新型结构的特性及其工作原理，包括：充气展开式、单轴旋转式、径向扩展式、单元重构式、延长伸展式等。最后，结合即将开展的载人登月与月球基地建设、太阳系探测等深空探测任务，对在轨航天器大尺度部件的折展结构与机构的发展趋势进行了展望。     

北斗长河组合导航伪时差测量与ASF修正

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