靶场紫外辐射测量应用前景研究

对天空背景紫外辐射、导弹紫外辐射以及导弹紫外辐射在大气中传输特性进行了分析,对在靶场应用紫外辐射测量的可行性进行了讨论。     

空间用聚四氟乙烯材料的原子氧、温度、紫外辐射效应的试验研究

在 IFM原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟设备中对空间常用材料聚四氟乙烯进行了原子氧剥蚀效应试验,试样温度升高对原子氧效应的影响以及原子氧与紫外辐射复合效应试验,对试验前后试样的质量及表面形貌进行了比较,得出了材料在设备中的反应特点以及温度升高、紫外辐射对材料的原子氧效应的影响规律。对原子氧与材料的反应机理也做了相应的分析。同时还测量比较了原子氧暴露试验前后、原子氧与紫外辐射复合作用前后试样的反射率、透射率等光学性质。     

紫外辐射对T300/QY8911中心孔板压-压疲劳寿命的影响

为研究紫外辐射对T300/QY8911抗疲劳性能的影响,开展了T300/QY8911含中心孔层压板疲劳试验.试验中分别采用无紫外无涂层试件、紫外无涂层试件、紫外有涂层试件测试其压-压疲劳寿命,并对试验结果进行了分析.     

空间聚四氟乙烯的真空紫外辐射及其与原子氧的复合效应研究

聚四氟乙烯是航天器上常用的一种聚合物材料。在空间环境效应地面模拟试验设备中 ,对这种材料开展了真空紫外辐射、真空紫外辐射与原子氧复合效应的试验研究 ,总结和分析了试验前后试样外观、质量、光学参数和表面成分等方面的变化规律 ,并对真空紫外辐射及其与原子氧复合作用的过程和反应机理做了初步的分析。得出结论 :真空紫外辐射作用下试样表面积累了碳而发生暗化 ,原子氧又将其漂白 ,这两种因素的复合作用 ,可能会使Teflon材料产生更为严重的剥蚀。     

氢氧火箭发动机羽烟紫外辐射参数反演研究

针对氢氧火箭发动机羽烟紫外辐射特性参数分析,提出一种基于紫外CCD(change coupled device)相机采集的单幅辐射图像,同时反演羽烟内紫外辐射源项和吸收系数的方法.该方法将羽烟简化为发射-吸收轴对称介质,通过对辐射图像数据进行Able变换得到三维介质内辐射强度分布,利用最小二乘法将反演问题转化为使计算得到的与Abel变换得到的辐射强度误差最小的最优化问题,然后利用共轭梯度法求解该最优化问题.通过在求解正问题得到的准确值的基础上添加随机噪声,模拟辐射图像数据,分析了测量误差对算法反演精度的影响.结果表明:该算法对测量误差不敏感,能够准确的重建羽烟内的辐射源项和吸收系数分布.      

空间环境分子污染对航天器的影响

空间环境分子污染对航天器的影响,是目前高可靠性、长寿命航天器在设计时非常重要的问题之一。通过对国外航天器在轨飞行过程中所发生的分子污染现象的总结,从分子污染的来源、形成过程、与原子氧和紫外辐射等其他空间环境因素间的反应、对航天器敏感表面特性的影响等方面,对分子污染效应做了详细的介绍。并指出,材料的真空放气产物和原子氧剥蚀产物在航天器表面的沉积,是分子污染的主要来源。而在原子氧和紫外辐射的作用下,污染层会发生氧化、固结、暗化等现象,使其外观和成分发生了不同程度的变化,从而对航天器敏感表面的光、电、热控等性能带来了很大程度的影响。     

TiO2基紫外探测器的制备及退火工艺对光电性能的影响

采用磁控溅射方法,通过不同工艺的退火处理,制备了光电性能优良的TiO2基紫外探测器.通过紫外光电性能测试、扫描电子显微镜( SEM)观察及X射线衍射(XRD)分析,研究了退火工艺对探测器光电性能的影响规律.结果表明:随着退火温度的增加,TiO2晶粒尺寸显著增大,晶界和缺陷数量的变化是导致TiO2基紫外探测器的光电性能随退火工艺变化的根本原因.经500℃/2h退火后,紫外探测器的光电流高出暗电流近2.5个数量级,紫外波段的光响应高出可见光波段近2个数量级,所制备紫外探测器达到了高辐射灵敏度和可见盲特性的要求.     

原子氧与真空紫外线协同效应对有机涂层的降解作用

为研究真空紫外与原子氧的协同作用,进行了环氧树脂和有机硅树脂的原子氧/真空紫外交互的地面模拟实验,结果表明:在交互作用中,对有机涂层破坏的主导因素是原子氧,真空紫外线起到协同作用,在切断有机高分子材料化学键的同时,为原子氧提供了反应基,加速了原子氧的反应速率.对比真空紫外辐照和原子氧/真空紫外交互实验结果分析中可以发现,有机硅树脂是较好的耐真空紫外辐射和原子氧侵蚀的有机涂层材料.     

MSM结构ZnO紫外探测器的制备及光电性能研究

采用磁控溅射方法,在石英衬底上制备了光电性能优良的ZnO紫外探测器。通过紫外光电性能测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察及X射线衍射(XRD)分析,研究了ZnO紫外探测器的光电特性。结果表明:探测器的光电流高出暗电流近3个数量级,紫外波段的光响应高出可见光波段近2个数量级,所制备ZnO紫外探测器达到了高辐射灵敏度和可见盲特性的要求。     

高超声速再入飞行器头部辐射加热特性研究

高超声速再入飞行器的热环境特性是热防护设计的重要基础。它主要包括辐射加热和对流加热,一般情况辐射加热较小可以忽略,但部分再入飞行器在低空还具有极高的速度,辐射加热不能忽略。本文针对高超声速再入飞行器驻点的辐射加热特性开展了研究,采用高温空气辐射加热的四光谱带模型,同时计算方法中考虑了非平衡辐射加热及其"截断效应"。计算结果表明,在低空高速再入阶段,辐射加热比较明显,热防护设计需要考虑辐射加热。辐射加热主要由可见连续光谱辐射构成,红外线谱和紫外线谱的辐射加热也比较明显,紫外连续谱辐射以及非平衡辐射效应均不明显。辐射加热沿球头驻点至球头外边缘逐渐减小,影响辐射加热的主要因素有头部半径、飞行高度和飞行速度。     

Ulysses' race to the pole: Symposium Summary

This paper reproduces the Symposium Summary presentation at the 28th ESLAB Symposium on The High Latitude Heliosphere. The summary is not comprehensive but with considerable latitude covers the highlights of the conference. Featured are the observations of the high-speed wind from the growing southern polar coronal hole, new measurements of the interstellar gas and pickup ions, new measurements of cosmic ray modulation at high latitude, and our growing awareness of the three-dimensional heliosphere.     

Global Processes that Determine Cosmic Ray Modulation

The global processes that determine cosmic ray modulation are reviewed. The essential elements of the theory which describes cosmic ray behavior in the heliosphere are summarized, and a series of discussions is presented which compare the expectations of this theory with observations of the spatial and temporal behavior of both galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component; the behavior of cosmic ray electrons and ions; and the 26-day variations in cosmic rays as a function of heliographic latitude. The general conclusion is that the current theory is essentially correct. There is clear evidence, in solar minimum conditions, that the cosmic rays and the anomalous component behave as is expected from theory, with strong effects of gradient and curvature drifts. There is strong evidence of considerable latitude transport of the cosmic rays, at all energies, but the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Despite the apparent success of the theory, there is no single choice for the parameters which describe cosmic ray behavior, which can account for all of the observed temporal and spatial variations, spectra, and electron vs. ion behavior.     

A Cosmic Ray Signature of Equatorial Coronal Holes

The evolution of open field regions on the Sun over the last cycle is illustrated by observations of coronal holes in SOHO EIT images. The development of a large equatorial coronal hole near solar minimum is discussed, indicating the processes which led to the appearance of open field regions at low latitude. The observed cosmic ray signature is presented and interpreted in terms of the passage of the Earth through the streamer belt, which at this time had become distorted by the coronal hole and associated active region. The times when such equatorial coronal holes might be expected to directly influence cosmic ray counts in this way are seen to be limited to the approach to solar minimum, around minimum and the approach to maximum. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Possible Experiments for Manned Orbiting Laboratory

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) will provide the opportunity for space experiments and an assessment of man's ability to perform at zero gravity. The experiments discussed (nine in all) are designed to provide astrophysical and terrestrial information on ultraviolet, airglow, upper atmosphere chemistry, solar corona investigations, observation of objects at or near the sun's limb, cosmic ray investigations, planetary astronomy, and ionospheric investigations including plasmas.     

Satellite Navigation Systems for Land Vehicles

Today's motorists often must confirm their route by referring to a roadmap. Looking at a map while driving creates a poor traffic situation, one even more acute for drivers of emergency service vehicles. To address this problem, development engineers at the General Motors Technical Cener and Delco Electronics integrated an experimental GPS receiver into a GM Buick Park Avenue. The receiver is designed to acquire and sequentially track signals from four satellites. The vehicle's precise latitude, longitude, and altitude are determined and presented on a color cathode ray tube (CRT) map display in the car's instrument panel.     

Solar cosmic radiation during August 1972

Low energy cosmic rays produced by the spectacular series of solar flares in August 1972 are reviewed. Satellite observations of electrons, protons and alpha particles are compared. The proton differential energy spectrum is discussed at certain key times during the events. Three energetic storm particle events were produced over the time period covered by the detailed analysis, 2–11 August. The origin of the cosmic ray square wave on 5 August is discussed. Measurements of heavy ions are available both from Pioneer 10 and from a high latitude rocket flight on 4 August.The literature survey for this review was concluded in August 1975.     

环氧乙烯基酯树脂耐环境老化性能研究

研究了环氧乙烯基酯树脂基体及其复合材料的耐环境老化性能,包括耐湿热性能、耐自然老化性能及耐紫外光老化性能。研究结果表明,环氧乙烯基酯树脂体系具有良好的力学性能、耐湿热性能,在环境老化及耐紫外光辐射老化试验中表现出一定的稳定性,且工艺操作简便,可以作为户外基础设施用复合材料。     

Muon Observations

Muon observations are complementary to neutron monitor observations but there are some important differences in the two techniques. Unlike neutron monitors, muon telescope systems use coincidence techniques to obtain directional information about the arriving particle. Neutron monitor observations require simple corrections for pressure variations to compensate for the varying mass of atmospheric absorber over a site. In contrast, muon observations require additional corrections for the positive and negative temperature effects. Muon observations commenced many years before neutron monitors were constructed. Thus, muon data over a larger number of solar cycles is available to study solar modulation on anisotropies and other cosmic ray variations. The solar diurnal and semi-diurnal variations have been studied for many years. Using the techniques of Bieber and Chen it has been possible to derive the radial gradient, parallel mean-free path and symmetric latitude gradient of cosmic rays for rigidities <200 GV. The radial gradient varies with the 11-year solar activity cycle whereas the parallel mean-free path appears to vary with the 22-year solar magnetic cycle. The symmetric latitudinal gradient reverses at each solar polarity reversal. These results are in general agreement with predictions from modulation models. In undertaking these analyses the ratio of the parallel to perpendicular mean-free path must be assumed. There is strong contention in the literature about the correct value to employ but the results are sufficiently robust for this to be, at most, a minor problem. An asymmetric latitude gradient of highly variable nature has been found. These observations do not support current modulation models. Our view of the sidereal variation has undergone a revolution in recent times. Nagashima, Fujimoto and Jacklyn proposed a narrow Tail-In source anisotropy and separate Loss-Cone anisotropy as being responsible for the observed variations. A new analysis technique, more amenable to such structures, was developed by Japanese and Australian researchers. They confirmed the existence of the two anisotropies. However, they found that the Tail-In anisotropy is asymmetric and that both anisotropies had different positions from the prediction. Most 27-day modulations are observed at neutron monitor rigidities but not so readily at higher rigidities. An exception to this is the Isotropic Intensity Wave modulation observed in the early 1980s and again in 1991. This modulation is very strongly related to the heliospheric sector structure and implies a significantly different cosmic ray density on either side of the neutral sheet. The interpretation of most cosmic ray modulation phenomena requires good latitude coverage in both hemispheres. The closure of many muon observatories is a matter of concern. In the northern hemisphere a few new instruments are being constructed and spatial coverage is barely adequate. In the southern hemisphere the situation is far worse with the possibility that within a decade only the Mawson observatory in Antarctica will still be in operation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cosmic ray Implications for Human Health

There appears to be concern among some people about the possible effects of cosmic radiation on everyday life. The amount of cosmic radiation that reaches the Earth and its environment is a function of solar cycle, altitude and latitude. The possible effect of naturally occurring cosmic radiation on airplane crews and space flight personal is a subject of current study. This paper discusses the variables controlling the cosmic ray flux in the atmosphere and describes models and software that have been developed that provide quantitative information about the cosmic radiation exposure at flight altitudes. The discussion is extended to include the cosmic radiation exposure to manned spacecraft. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Three-dimensional Solar Modulation of Cosmic Ray and Anomalous Components in the Inner Heliosphere

Our picture of modulation in the inner heliosphere has been greatly affected by observations from the Ulysses mission, which since 1992 has provided the first comprehensive exploration of modulation as a function of latitude from 80° S to 80° N heliographic latitude. Among the principal findings for the inner heliosphere are: a) the cosmic ray intensity depends only weakly on heliographic latitude; b) for the nuclear components, and especially for the anomalous components, the intensity increases towards the poles, qualitatively consistent with predictions of drift models for the current sign of the solar magnetic dipole; c) no change in the level of modulation was observed across the shear layer separating fast polar from slow equatorial solar wind near 1 AU; d) 26-day recurrent variations in the intensity persist to the highest latitudes, even in the absence of clearly correlated signatures in the solar wind and magnetic field; e) the surface of symmetry of the modulation in 1994-95 was offset about 10° south of the heliographic equator; f) the intensity of electrons and of low energy (< 100 MeV) protons showed essentially no dependence on heliographic latitude.