America's Abundant Electricity and the ASME Boiler Code

The building of great steam power plants with utmost consideration for public safety has created today's American miracle of abundant electricity. Behind this great achievement stand the mechanical engineers who have designed and built these power plants under their ethical responsibilities for public safety, in full compliance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler Code and under the strict disciplines imposed by a specialist insurance company willing to write 100 percent insurance coverage against boiler explosions. The historical origin of this great achievement dates back to the days of the Civil War and a small group of men with exceptional vision and a profound concern for public safety. They saw the opportunity to apply their talents and sense of responsibility to solving the problem of steam boiler explosions and the terrible losses of human lives. These early leaders have earned the esteem and honor of our present and future generations, but who remembers them? Today, in the scientific revolution of this century, there is a critical need for similar new leaders of exceptional integrity, responsibility, and initiative, both in engineering and in industry.     

Mid-Continent LORAN-C Expansion

The Coast Guard is extending the Continental United States (CONUS) LORAN-C coverage as part of the Federal Aviation Administration project to incorporate LORAN-C into the National Airspace System. The increased coverage will expand the number of airports approved for LORAN-C non-precision instrument approaches and enable direct Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR) routing by suitably equipped aircraft in and through the mid-continent region of the United States. The project will involve construction of a new LORAN-C chain which will be linked to the existing CONUS chains. In addition to the aviation benefits, the Mid-Continent LORAN-C Expansion will broaden the availability of LORAN-C positioning to a growing number of terrestrial users such as resource management, emergency response and fleet management.     

Atomic Power-Who Looks After Public Safety?

In this new technology the history to date adds up to a very small record of operating experiences, along with a variety of deficiencies and failures. s. At this stage the development of atomic power suffers from a urge of over-optimistic promotion plus a general breakdown in engineering responsibility and control of safety that could culminate in a national catastrophe.     

美国导航战新进展与启示

针对卫星导航系统的脆弱性,美国首先提出了导航战的概念。近几年来,美国密集制定了多项有关导航战的政策文件,不断丰富和发展导航战理论与技术,同时将导航战加入到作战演习和部分实战中。从梳理导航战技术现状入手,进而阐述了美国导航战条令与政策的最新进展,分析了近年来美国导航战演习与作战应用实践,最后总结并提出了美国导航战发展启示。     

跨音风扇激波/漏流涡干扰模型探讨

激波/漏流涡干扰系旋转运动与突然的逆压力梯度的强相互作用,引起各自形态和强度发生变化。涡破裂对风扇/压气机效率和稳定性十分不利。本文探讨了激波/漏流涡干扰的物理模型,通过求解涡核运动方程,分析了涡核特征参数对涡破裂的影响,为控制涡破裂提供了根据。      

基于民航校验飞机的星基增强服务性能评估CSCD

为了进一步拓展全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)在民用航空等高生命安全领域的应用,世界各国争相发展星基增强系统(SBAS),美欧等SBAS已正式向民用航空领域提供了决断高度200英尺(约60.96m)的垂直导航信标性能(LPV-200)服务。我国的BDSBAS也已经完成系统建设,将向中国及周边区域提供满足国际民航组织(ICAO)一类垂直引导进近(APV-I)指标要求的单频增强服务。重点针对单频增强服务性能评估开展研究工作,首先从定位精度、完好性、可用性和连续性四个方面对星基增强服务评估方法进行了论述;再通过多次航空飞行试验对BDSBAS单频增强服务性能进行了验证,结果表明,航空飞行试验期间可满足APV-I设计指标要求;最后对BDSBAS单频增强服务在全国301个中大型机场的可用性进行了分析,非精密进近(NPA)可用性、APV-I可用性、LPV-200可用性在全国机场的覆盖率分别达到了97%、89.7%和83.1%。     

Geostationary Satellite Navigation Systems

The concept of position determination using geostationary satellites as an alternative to the global positioning system (GPS) is studied. The advantage of a geostationary system is that only three, or at most four, satellites are required to cover the continental United States. A total of twelve satellites are sufficient for global coverage (excluding polar regions), or eight if only longitude and latitude, but not altitude, are measured. The system involves the determination of the range to either four geostationary satellites or, if the altitude is not measured, three geostationary satellites. The accuracy of the proposed systems are evaluated to obtain the rms error associated with position determination, and the concept for the implementation of measurements required by the systems is presented. The accuracy of the systems are adequate for civilian use in the continental United States; however, there is a degradation in accuracy as the location of the user approaches the equator.     

航空发动机结构完整性研究进展

航空发动机结构完整性包含发动机结构的功能、强度、刚度、振动、疲劳、蠕变、寿命、损伤容限,以及发动机结构可靠性,对于满足发动机综合性能(如推重比)的要求和保证发动机的安全性与耐久性具有至关重要的意义。系统地介绍了美、英、俄等国航空发动机结构完整性研究的进展和成就,重点介绍了美国《发动机结构完整性大纲》和相关研究计划的研究、形成和发展的演变过程,并指出了中国发动机结构完整性的研究现状和发展任务。     

Independent Ground Monitor Coverage of GPS Satellites

The Federal Aviation Administration plans to independently monitor signals in space from the Global Positioning System (GPS) for the purpose of providing immediate awareness to civil aviation users of the operational status of GPS when it is used in the National Airspace System. The operational status will be disseminated to Air Traffic Control and will possibly be broadcast from ground monitoring stations to GPS aviation users via a dedicated integrity channel. An algorithm is described that measures the coverage of a configuration of ground monitoring station locations, and is applied to several different configurations of ground monitoring stations to compare the coverage provided. Also included are the resulting ground monitoring station configurations that give the best coverage of GPS signals for several specific geographical areas, the conterminous United States (CONUS), Canada, and Alaska.     

A Domestic Satellite Design

This paper deals with the design parameters of a communications satellite which would be capable of providing domestic telephony, data, and television distribution services. Certain important aspects of the design are discussed, including satellite antenna beam coverage, transponder bandwidth, and transponder radiated power for a given weight range. A baseline satellite design is then presented which has 24 transponders (with 4000 watts radiated power on-axis and 34-MHz radio-frequency bandwidth) fully accessible from the 48 contiguous United States. The design uses crossed linear polarization to reuse the satellite transmit and receive frequency spectrum.     

公共场所火灾公众责任险风险评估及核保模型研究

介绍了目前我国公共场所火灾的现状及火灾公众责任险强制性实施的必要性.通过建立公众场所火灾风险评价指标体系,运用多层次模糊综合评价理论对公众场所火灾危险性进行综合评估.最后依据评估结果对火灾公众责任险费率进行浮动,确定科学合理的费率水平和责任限额.     

俯仰轴飞行品质的PIO准则计算

由于新技术的采用,现代飞机出现驾驶员诱发振荡(PIO)现象大大增加,因此PIO已成为危及飞行安全的主要因素之一。介绍了MIL—STD—1797A规范中的PIO预测准则和美国“人机耦合对飞行安全影响委员会”提出的准则,论述了这些准则要求的背景、机理和计算方法,最后以某机为例进行了PIO预测计算和分析。     

基于Agent模型的机场网络延误预测

准确可靠的机场网络航班延误预测是科学认知空中交通运行态势,动态精准实施国家空域系统容流协同调配策略的重要依据。提出了基于Agent的机场网络延误模型,表征机场网络系统中各元素及子系统间的交互作用下的延误特征涌现。针对机场节点动态容量、预计起飞时间、最小飞行与周转时间等Agent模型中的关键参数,适应性选用了贝叶斯估计、模糊k近邻等数据挖掘方法建立参数模型,并采用2015—2017年全美历史航班和气象数据进行训练学习。为综合评价模型性能及泛化能力,选取全美2018年3个不同延误程度的典型日进行测试。实验结果表明,在全美34个核心机场组成的网络中,各节点在4小时预测区间内延误最大误差不过27.9 min,其中约80%的节点误差小于5 min,验证了所提延误预测模型在时空范围内的准确性和稳健性特征。另外,通过与其他模型对比,展示了本模型优良的延误预测性能。     

再论和谐社会的构建——基于功能冲突论视阈

作为对二战后美国社会矛盾激化、社会动荡的回应,在对社会学家关于社会冲突的种种观点反思与发展的基础上,科塞建立了功能冲突论。科塞的功能冲突论由冲突正功能的发挥条件、冲突正功能的具体内容、社会安全阀制度等内容组成。功能冲突论启示我们,在我国构建和谐社会的过程中,要正视、分析社会矛盾、社会冲突,构建社会安全阀制度,消除社会冲突产生的社会土壤。     

Design of a space-based radar signal processor

Space-based radar (SBR) is capable of providing flexible wide-area coverage of air, land, and sea targets. Numerous studies have been carried out in the United States and Canada in recent years to investigate different concepts for SBR. The design of a suitable radar signal processor (RSP) is challenging due to the effects caused by the moving platform on target integration and clutter spectral spread. A candidate RSP is described that uses a corporate fed array (CFA) antenna as its primary radar sensor. The algorithmic definitions of the signal processing functions are provided; the relationships between these functions and the reasons for their location in the signal processing chain are also discussed. In addition, techniques for reducing the computational requirements are also presented     

连续式跨声速风洞与压缩机的气动性能匹配

结合连续式跨声速风洞运行特点和轴流压缩机特性,详细分析了风洞在不同运行工况下与压缩机的气动性能匹配特性。结果表明:在亚声速工况下,洞体阻力变化引起压缩机工作点连续变化且远离喘振区,压缩机运行安全性较高;在超声速工况下,洞体阻力小幅度的变化不影响压缩机工作点,压缩机运行较为安全,但洞体阻力大幅增大,可导致试验段超声速流动突变至亚声速,从而引起压缩机喘振和激波对试验段模型的冲击;压缩机设计时需要预留充足的压比裕量及较为合理的流量喘振裕度。     

变稳直升机设计与应用技术

变稳直升机在直升机研制过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。通过回顾美国、加拿大、德国等航空强国各个阶段典型变稳直升机研制历程,系统性梳理了变稳直升机研制中所涉及的几项关键技术,如变稳能力分析、变稳安全策略、变稳控制方法以及可变人感系统等。在此基础上,参照国外研制经验提出了上述技术的设计原则和相关要求。同时,对变稳直升机在飞行品质标准研究、新技术演示验证及飞行员培训等方面的应用进行了简要分析。     

Safety testing of lithium ion batteries for navy devices

Lithium ion battery technology is being introduced into power supplies used by our armed forces for a variety of applications. In many cases, the same cells and design parameters that support commercial battery packs are being used in military battery packs. This approach is expected to result in a major decrease in the total life cycle cost of the equipment these batteries support. On June 13, 1991, NAVSEA issued INST9310.1B1, which states that all lithium battery powered equipment must undergo safety evaluation and approval prior to fleet use. This safety program governs a process whereby approvals are issued for lithium batteries to be used in specific equipment on ground facilities, surface combatants, air combatants, and/or submarines. The Naval Ordnance Safety and Security Activity (NOSSA) manages the program. The chief technical advisors are Code 644 at NSWC Carderock Division and Code 609A at NSWC Crane Division. This paper describes three battery designs that incorporate lithium ion technology, and the results of battery safety tests conducted in accordance with navy requirements.     

装备保障系统配置管理模型

对装备保障系统分解结构进行了研究,分析了装备保障系统分解结构建立过程中的配置管理需求,抽象出了装备保障系统配置管理的范树模型,根据保障系统数据结构的特点建立了信息模型,利用统一建模语言(UML)中的活动图建立了保障系统配置管理的过程模型,并给出了基于飞机装备保障系统配置管理的实际简化案例,可以为保障系统自上而下的设计过程提供建模指导,对保障系统设计过程中多系列、多方案、多视图的繁杂产品数据配置过程进行有效的处理.     

基于正外部性的我国农业保险问题透析

农业保险的准公共产品属性导致农业保险存在正外部性，以及由此而导致的近年来我国农业保险业务的萎缩，所以，完全商业化农业保险失灵，解决问题的根本出路在于建立“政府财政补贴推进，商业化运作”的模式，重点突出财政补贴方式，并伴随农业风险基金的建立，撑开农业保险这把大伞，保证农业经济稳定健康发展。