Theoretical performance analysis of electrochromic radiators for space suit thermal control

Variable emissivity electrochromics have been proposed as an enabling technology for integrating a radiator capability into a space suit in order to augment or replace the traditional means of heat rejection achieved via water sublimation. Thermal analysis was performed to establish design trade spaces and to provide operational guidelines and performance specifications for electrochromic technology development. Based on using the available surface area of an entire space suit as a radiator and the projected infrared emissivity modulation capability of state-of-the-art electrochromic material, the proposed application for space suit heat rejection suggests the potential exists to reduce or eliminate reliance on water consumption for thermal control within a defined range of metabolic and environmental boundary conditions.     

多孔板水升华器在恒热流条件下的试验研究

探索了多孔板的制造方法,设计了水升华器试验组件和试验装置,对不同的多孔板升华器在恒热流条件下进行了试验研究.试验重点研究了不同热流密度、多孔板物理参数、给水室压力及升华器放置情况对升华器性能的影响,并对水升华器的击穿特性进行了讨论.试验结果证明文中提出的升华器基本的设计概念是可行的,粉末烧结多孔板可以满足升华器的试验要求.最后,给出了关于水升华器进一步设计的一些有益的结论.     

Exploration life support technology challenges for the Crew Exploration Vehicle and future human missions

As NASA implements the U.S. Space Exploration Policy, life support systems must be provided for an expanding sequence of exploration missions. NASA has implemented effective life support for Apollo, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (ISS) and continues to develop advanced systems. This paper provides an overview of life support requirements, previously implemented systems, and new technologies being developed by the Exploration Life Support Project for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and Lunar Outpost and future Mars missions. The two contrasting practical approaches to providing space life support are (1) open loop direct supply of atmosphere, water, and food, and (2) physicochemical regeneration of air and water with direct supply of food. Open loop direct supply of air and water is cost effective for short missions, but recycling oxygen and water saves costly launch mass on longer missions. Because of the short CEV mission durations, the CEV life support system will be open loop as in Apollo and Space Shuttle. New life support technologies for CEV that address identified shortcomings of existing systems are discussed. Because both ISS and Lunar Outpost have a planned 10-year operational life, the Lunar Outpost life support system should be regenerative like that for ISS and it could utilize technologies similar to ISS. The Lunar Outpost life support system, however, should be extensively redesigned to reduce mass, power, and volume, to improve reliability and incorporate lessons learned, and to take advantage of technology advances over the last 20 years. The Lunar Outpost design could also take advantage of partial gravity and lunar resources.     

单相流体回路辐射器性能优化方法

文章以“神舟”飞船辐射器为例,对管肋式单相流体回路辐射器的肋宽进行了优化分析。采用理论分析与数值求解相结合的方法,分析了管肋式辐射器常用性能评价方法--能质比及微元能质比（单位质量散热能力）随肋片宽度的变化规律;而后以提高辐射器能质比为优化目的,对辐射器肋宽进行了优化,得出了辐射器的最佳能质比对应的肋宽表达式;最后给出了“神舟”飞船辐射器优化前后的参数对比。文章对管肋式辐射器的优化设计具有很好的参考价值。     

固液推进技术在载人登月中的应用

通过对世界主要航天国家和地区新世纪载人登月计划的研究、美国"阿波罗"飞船登月舱动力系统的详细分析,基于固液推进技术的特点,利用遗传算法开展了固液火箭发动机替代"阿波罗"登月舱下降级和上升级液体火箭发动机方案的优化设计,并对两者在功能、质量、体积和推进剂特性上进行了对比分析.结果表明固液推进技术在载人登月以及深空探测中具有良好的应用优势和前景.     

CAS-1 lunar soil simulant

Lunar soil simulant is a geochemical reproduction of lunar regolith, and is needed for lunar science and engineering researches. This paper describes a new lunar soil simulant, CAS-1, prepared by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, to support lunar orbiter, soft-landing mission and sample return missions of China’s Lunar Exploration Program, which is scheduled for 2004–2020. Such simulants should match the samples returned from the Moon, all collected from the lunar regolith rather than outcrops. The average mineral and chemical composition of lunar soil sample returned from the Apollo 14 mission, which landed on the Fra Mauro Formation, is chosen as the model for the CAS-1 simulant. Source material for this simulant was a low-Ti basaltic scoria dated at 1600 years from the late Quaternary volcanic area in the Changbai Mountains of northeast China. The main minerals of this rock are pyroxene, olivine, and minor plagioclase, and about 20–40% modal glass. The scoria was analyzed by XRF and found to be chemically similar to Apollo 14 lunar sample 14163. It was crushed in an impact mill with a resulting median particle size 85.9 μm, similar to Apollo soils. Bulk density, shear resistance, complex permittivity, and reflectance spectra were also similar to Apollo 14 soil. We conclude that CAS-1 is an ideal lunar soil simulant for science and engineering research of future lunar exploration program.     

Integration of In-Situ Resource Utilization into lunar/Mars exploration through field analogs

The ability to extract and process resources at the site of exploration into useful products such as propellants, life support and power system consumables, and radiation and rocket exhaust plume debris shielding, known as In-Situ Resource Utilization or ISRU, has the potential to significantly reduce the launch mass, risk, and cost of robotic and human exploration of space. The incorporation of ISRU into missions can also significantly influence technology selection and system development in other areas such as power, life support, and propulsion. For example, the ability to extract or produce large amounts of oxygen and/or water in-situ could minimize the need to completely close life support air and water processing system cycles, change thermal and radiation protection of habitats, and influence propellant selection for ascent vehicles and surface propulsive hoppers. While concepts and even laboratory work on evaluating and developing ISRU techniques such as oxygen extraction from lunar regolith have been going on since before the Apollo 11 Moon landing, no ISRU system has ever flown in space, and only recently have ISRU technologies been developed at a scale and at a system level that is relevant to actual robotic and human mission applications. Because ISRU hardware and systems have never been demonstrated or utilized before on robotic or human missions, architecture and mission planners and surface system hardware developers are hesitant to rely on ISRU products and services that are critical to mission and system implementation success. To build confidence in ISRU systems for future missions and assess how ISRU systems can best influence and integrate with other surface system elements, NASA, with international partners, are performing analog field tests to understand how to take advantage of ISRU capabilities and benefits with the minimum of risk associated with introducing this game-changing approach to exploration. This paper will describe and review the results of four analog field tests (Moses Lake in 6/08, Mauna Kea in 11/08, Flagstaff in 9/09, and Mauna Kea in 1/10) that have begun the process of integrating ISRU into robotic and human exploration systems and missions, and propose future ISRU-related analog field test activities that can be performed in collaboration with non-US space agencies.     

A lunar L2-Farside exploration and science mission concept with the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and a teleoperated lander/rover

A novel concept is presented in this paper for a human mission to the lunar L2 (Lagrange) point that would be a proving ground for future exploration missions to deep space while also overseeing scientifically important investigations. In an L2 halo orbit above the lunar farside, the astronauts aboard the Orion Crew Vehicle would travel 15% farther from Earth than did the Apollo astronauts and spend almost three times longer in deep space. Such a mission would serve as a first step beyond low Earth orbit and prove out operational spaceflight capabilities such as life support, communication, high speed re-entry, and radiation protection prior to more difficult human exploration missions. On this proposed mission, the crew would teleoperate landers/rovers on the unexplored lunar farside, which would obtain samples from the geologically interesting farside and deploy a low radio frequency telescope. Sampling the South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the oldest impact basins in the solar system, is a key science objective of the 2011 Planetary Science Decadal Survey. Observations at low radio frequencies to track the effects of the Universe’s first stars/galaxies on the intergalactic medium are a priority of the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. Such telerobotic oversight would also demonstrate capability for human and robotic cooperation on future, more complex deep space missions such as exploring Mars.     

月尘静电迁移研究进展

月尘的静电悬浮和迁移是Apollo时期留下的最有争议的问题之一. 其既是研 究月球表面物质演化历史的重要线索, 也是探月工程必须考虑的重要因素. 月尘在月表环境下易因电子附着、光电效应、二次电子发射等过程带电, 并 在月球全球性静电场作用下发生迁移运动. 但目前对月尘静电迁移过程的认 识还不全面, 其主要原因在于对月尘静电特性的了解不够准确, 对静电迁移 过程的地面模拟不够充分以及对月球尘埃环境的探测较为缺乏. 未来需进一 步开展模拟月尘的研制, 月尘静电特性的分析, 静电迁移过程模拟以及尘埃 环境的探测等工作.     

Study of complex dielectric properties of lunar simulants and comparison with Apollo samples at microwave frequencies

Laboratory characterization of dielectric properties of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil (JSC-1A) and comparison with lunar samples returned from various Apollo missions is made at different as well as normalized bulk density. Here measurements of dielectric constants and losses were made at four microwave frequencies such as 1.7 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 6.6 GHz and 31.6 GHz. Complex permittivity of lunar simulant was measured at temperature ranging from −190 °C to + 200 °C using Wave-Guide cell method. Comparison of permittivity of JSC-1A with Apollo sample also has been done at similar microwave frequencies. The investigations reveal that dielectric constant and loss factor of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil are temperature dependent. As temperature is gradually increased both these parameter (storage factor and loss factor) also gradually increases. These temperatures were chosen because the Moon undergoes at that extremes level of temperature. It is scorching heat at 110 °C during the day and freezing cold at −180 °C during night. The measured value of ε can be useful for designing passive as well as active sensors.     

X-ray fluorescence spectrometrywith the SELENE orbiter

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of the Moon using a CCD-based instrument “XRS” is planned with the SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) orbiter, which will be launched in 2003. In the Apollo 15 and 16 missions, elemental mapping of Mg, Al and Si has been performed at the lunar equatorial regions for only 9% of the total surface. Much improved datasets will be obtained by using the XRS to map most of major elements, for 90% coverage of the total surface, and within 20 km spatial resolution. Key scientific objectives are (a) to measure the global average of lunar surface composition for investigation of the overall properties of lunar crust, (b) to map the rock-type distribution to study the formation and evolution of the crust and the maria, and to speculate the origin of the dichotomy, (c) to survey the chemical pattern of lava flows, or bottoms of craters or basins, for surveying the vertical structure and composition of the lunar crust and mantle. We describe the XRS instrument.     

Concept of wireless sensor network for future in-situ exploration of lunar ice using wireless impedance sensor

It is known that a wireless sensor network uses some sort of sensors to detect a physical quantity of interest, in general. The wireless sensor network is a potential tool for exploring the difficult-to-access area on the earth and the concept may be extended to space applications in future. Recently, lunar water has been detected by a few lunar missions using remote sensing techniques. The lunar water is expected to be in the form of ice at very low temperatures of permanently dark regions on the moon. To support the remote observations and also to find out potential ice bearing sites on the moon, in-situ measurement of the lunar ice is essential. However, a rover may not be able to reach the permanently shadowed regions due to terrain irregularity. One possibility to access such areas is to use a wireless sensor network on the lunar surface.     

考虑相互碰撞影响的月壤颗粒运动轨迹计算方法研究

针对登月着陆器下降过程扬起月壤颗粒的运动轨迹及空间分布问题, 提出了考虑月壤颗粒发生完全弹性碰撞和非完全弹性碰撞两种情况的月壤颗粒运动轨迹计算方法. 根据质量守恒和能量守恒定律确定月壤颗粒相互碰撞后的速度, 通过羽流场与月壤颗粒的流固耦合相互迭代计算方法, 获得被扬起的月壤颗粒在羽流场和相互碰撞共同作用下随时间的运动轨迹和空间分布. 基于美国Apollo 11登月过程实测数据, 采用数值模拟对该方法进行验证. 结果表明, 考虑月壤颗粒相互碰撞的影响后, 其运动规律出现较明显的扩散趋势. 进一步考虑月壤颗粒相互碰撞引起能量损失的影响后, 月壤颗粒的扩散趋势有所减弱, 并且扬起的高度随着恢复系数的减小而降低.     

热负荷及给水压力对水升华器启动和使用策略影响

热负荷、给水压力等参数的匹配设计,对水升华器启动及运行过程中内部气 固 液相变界面的位置具有重要影响,从而影响其运行稳定性和使用策略。开展了水升华器分别在低热负荷低给水压力、高热负荷高给水压力工况下的启动试验研究,及水升华器在低热负荷低给水压力下启动运行至稳定后调整为高热负荷高给水压力运行的响应特性研究。阐明了热负荷及给水压力对水升华器启动和稳定运行策略的影响。试验结果表明：水升华器在较高热负荷及较高给水压力工况下启动,可以在更短时间内建立稳定状态,但发生“击穿”风险大;水升华器需在高热负荷、高给水压力下运行时,采用在低热负荷、低给水压力下启动,然后在高热负荷和高给水压力下运行的方式,可以减小启动过程的“击穿”风险,且不影响其稳态散热能力。     

金属氢化物热泵及其在载人航天生保系统中的应用

介绍了金属氢化物热泵系统的工作原理和研究现状，分析了该系统在载入航天生命保障系统，特别是出舱航天服生命保障系统中应用的可能性，着重从系统体积，重量、物质消耗，再生时间和技术成熟度等方面比较了水升华器，相变储热，金属氢化物热泵等几种冷源各自的优缺点，说明了金属氢化物热泵系统在载入航天生命保障系统中应用的巨大潜力和需要研究的关键性技术问题。     

舱外航天服热设计技术

提出了舱外航天服热设计技术的研究内容,回顾了国内外在该领域的研究现状.分析了二维冷／热宽温度范围内的人体热调节系统、手指温度仿真以及液冷通风系统传热传质过程,建立了舱外航天服热设计仿真技术平台.通过人体热生理实验对该热设计仿真技术进行了验证.      

热管辐射器设计,试验及其在通信广播卫星上的应用

首先介绍了热管辐射器的计算及优化设计的理论。制作了两个铝蜂窝板热管辐射器单元试件，一个是热管预埋的，一个是热管外贴的。通过试验比较了这两种形式辐射器，并验证了理论计算。还介绍了用于广播通信卫星行波管散热用热管辐射器的设计及太阳模拟热平衡试验结果。     

Analysis of data of “Clementine” and “KAGUYA” missions and “ULCN” and “KSC-1162” catalogues

In this paper an analysis of data coordinate systems from selenographic catalogues and space missions was carried out. The lunar macrorelief models were made on basis of the software package ASNI USTU using method of the spherical harmonic expansion. These models accurately describe the global features of the lunar figure. To construct these models the following sources of topographic information were used: “Clementine” and “KАGUYА” (Selena, Japan mission) missions, “KSC-1162” (Kazan selenocentric catalogue), “Kiev” (selenodesic catalogue), “SAI” (Chuikova (1975)), “Bills, Ferrari”, “ULCN” (The Unified Lunar Control Network 2005). Direct comparison hypsometric information “KSС-1162” catalogue data with “Clementine” mission was carried out. These researches confirmed a good agreement of the hypsometric information of compared systems. The normalized coefficients were obtained on basis of the hypsometric information expansion for eight sources. The displacement of the lunar center of mass (LCM) relatively to the lunar center of figure (LCF) was obtained by using topographic data selenodetical catalogues and space missions.     

Calculation of fast neutron removal cross sections for different lunar soils

The interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) with the lunar surface produces secondary radiations as neutrons. The study of the production and attenuation of these neutrons in the lunar soil is very important to estimate the annual ambient dose equivalent on the lunar surface and for lunar nuclear spectroscopy. Also, understanding the attenuation of fast neutrons in lunar soils can help in measuring of the lunar neutron density profile and to measure the neutron flux on the lunar surface. In this paper, the attenuation of fast neutrons in different lunar soils is investigated. The macroscopic effective removal cross section (_ΣR)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R)$ of fast neutrons was theoretically calculated from the mass removal cross-section values (_ΣR/ρ)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R/\rho )$ for various elements in soils. The obtained values of (_ΣR)$({\mathrm{\Sigma }}_R)$ were discussed according to the density. The results show that the attenuation of fast neutrons is more important in the landing sites of Apollo 12 and Luna 16 than the other landing sites of Apollo and Luna missions.