Human factors quantification via boundary identification of flight performance margin

A systematic methodology including a computational pilot model and a pattern recognition method is presented to identify the boundary of the flight performance margin for quantifying the human factors. The pilot model is proposed to correlate a set of quantitative human factors which represent the attributes and characteristics of a group of pilots. Three information processing components which are influenced by human factors are modeled： information perception, decision making, and action execution. By treating the human factors as stochastic variables that follow appropriate probability density functions, the effects of human factors on flight performance can be investigated through Monte Carlo（MC） simulation. Kernel density estimation algorithm is selected to find and rank the influential human factors. Subsequently, human factors are quantified through identifying the boundary of the flight performance margin by the k-nearest neighbor（k-NN） classifier. Simulation-based analysis shows that flight performance can be dramatically improved with the quantitative human factors.     

A quantum inspired genetic algorithm for multimodal optimization of wind disturbance alleviation flight control system

This paper develops a Quantum-inspired Genetic Algorithm (QGA) to find the sets of optimal parameters for the wind disturbance alleviation Flight Control System (FCS). To search the problem domain more evenly and uniformly, the lattice rule based stratification method is used to create new chromosomes. The chromosomes are coded and updated according to quantum-inspired strategies. A niching method is used to ensure every chromosome can converge to its corresponding local minimum in the optimization process. A parallel archive system is adopted to monitor the chromosomes on-line and save all potential feasible solutions in the optimization process. An adaptive search strategy is used to gradually adjust the search domain of each niche to finally approach the local minima. The solutions found by the QGA are compared with some other Multimodal Optimization (MO) algorithms and are tested on the FCS of the Boeing 747 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Flight strategy optimization for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft based on Gauss pseudo-spectral method

Solar-powered aircraft have attracted great attention owing to their potential for longendurance flight and wide application prospects.Due to the particularity of energy system, flight strategy optimization is a significant way to enhance the flight performance for solar-powered aircraft.In this study, a flight strategy optimization model for high-altitude long-endurance solar-powered aircraft was proposed.This model consists of three-dimensional kinematic model,aerodynamic model, energy collection model, energy store model and energy loss model.To solve the nonlinear optimal control problem with process constraints and terminal constraints, Gauss pseudo-spectral method was employed to discretize the state equations and constraint equations.Then a typical mission flying from given initial point to given final point within a time interval was considered.Results indicate that proper changes of the attitude angle contribute to increasing the energy gained by photovoltaic cells.Utilization of gravitational potential energy can partly take the role of battery pack.Integrating these two measures, the optimized flight strategy can improve the final state of charge compared with current constant-altitude constant-velocity strategy.The optimized strategy brings more profits on condition of lower sunlight intensity and shorter daytime.     

A closed-form nonlinear model for spatial Timoshenko beam flexure hinge with circular cross-section

Beam flexure hinges can achieve accurate motion and force control through the elastic deformation. This paper presents a nonlinear model for uniform and circular cross-section spatial beam flexure hinges which are commonly employed in compliant parallel mechanisms. The proposed beam model takes shear deformations into consideration and hence is applicable to both slender and thick beam flexure hinges. Starting from the first principles, the nonlinear strain measure is derived using beam kinematics and expressed in terms of translational displacements and rotational angles. Second-order approximation is employed in order to make the nonlinear strain within acceptable accuracy. The natural boundary conditions and nonlinear governing equations are derived in terms of rotational Euler angles and subsequently solved for combined end loads. The resulting end load-displacement model, which is compact and closed-form, is proved to be accurate for both slender and thick beam flexure using nonlinear finite element analysis. This beam model can provide designers with more design insight of the spatial beam flexure and thus will benefit the structural design and optimization of compliant manipulators.     

大气紊流对驾驶员诱发振荡的影响

首先建立了大气紊流下的飞机本体短周期运动方程、驾驶员模型、Dyr den大气紊流模型及人机闭环系统模型 ;然后利用Matlab软件在时域内进行了数值仿真 ,仿真结果表明 ,对于装有电传操纵系统的飞机来说 ,大气紊流对驾驶员诱发振荡的影响不明显。     

Decoupling the flight control system of a supersonic vehicle

In this paper, a nonlinear decoupling technique is proposed for analyzes and designs of a serious aerodynamic coupled missile flight control system. Decoupling is obtained from multiplications of two measurable accelerations with three controllable output commands of the autopilot. They give exact signs and magnitudes proportional to aerodynamic decoupling. No matrix inversion of the system dynamic for decoupling is needed. From frequency responses of the rolling channel, it will be seen that the decoupling and robustness for copping with aerodynamic couplings can be obtained simultaneously. Furthermore, the decoupling characteristics are kept almost unchanged for large system parameter variations and uncertainties. The 5-DOF simulations give same conclusions.     

飞行员数学模型与新机飞行品质预测

简述了建立飞行员数学模型的重要意义和方法，给出了飞行员的常用数学模型形式及有关参数参考数据，并着重讨论了飞行员数学模型在新机飞行操纵品质评估预测中的应用 。     

基于速率限制的二类驾驶员诱发振荡评估方法

速率限制问题已成为引起电传飞机驾驶员诱发振荡问题的主要原因。以人-机系统为研究对象,探究了驾驶员诱发振荡产生的机理,建立了人-机系统驾驶员模型和飞机模型,揭示了速率限制因素对人-机系统稳定性的影响规律,评估了基于速率限制的二类PIO的OLOP预测准则。该准则能否作为二类PIO评估准则进行了严格审查,评估了作为设计工具的潜在性。     

飞行训练与评定系统简介

介绍了一种基于功能全部由计算机实现的新型飞行模拟研究工具－飞行训练与评定系统，其结构由模拟座舱教员台和计算机系统等部分组成，系统功能覆盖了模拟飞行，理论教学，飞行数据处理和自动评价等方面。该系统具有低成本，高可靠性，功能灵活，载剪性强，良好的开发界面和较理想的逼真度，使用维护方便等优点，可广泛应用于学校，研究机构在飞行力学，飞行控制中的人机闭环研究及学员训练。     

飞行仿真中的机动生成器

讨论了作为数字飞行仿真计算中的关键环节的轨迹跟踪和指不乔量两种机动生成器的原理与应用,并根据常赠模型他机动生成器设计参数的选取问题,机动生成器由于采用统一的比例－积分－微分（ＰＩＤ）反馈形式,简化并改进了以往数字飞行仿真中有关环节的处理,在使用中具有良好的效果。     

驾驶员建模精度分析方法的改进及应用

研究了驾驶员建模精度分析方法和提高建模精度的途径。基于驾驶员在环实时仿真结果,识别驾驶员描述函数,按加权最小二乘准则采用复形调优算法识别模型参数。结合两步识别过程,针对现有模型精度公式在最终模型检验上的缺陷,进一步完善了精度评价公式。根据公式提出了基于灵敏度分析的驾驶员模型参数调整方法。应用结果表明：所建立的公式和方法对提高驾驶员模型建模精度效果明显。     

Intelligent modeling and identification of aircraft nonlinear flight

In this paper, a new approach has been proposed to identify and model the dynamics of a highly maneuverable fighter aircraft through artificial neural networks（ANNs）. In general, aircraft flight dynamics is considered as a nonlinear and coupled system whose modeling through ANNs, unlike classical approaches, does not require any aerodynamic or propulsion information and a few flight test data seem sufficient. In this study, for identification and modeling of the aircraft dynamics, two known structures of internal and external recurrent neural networks（RNNs） and a proposed structure called hybrid combined recurrent neural network have been used and compared.In order to improve the training process, an appropriate evolutionary method has been applied to simultaneously train and optimize the parameters of ANNs. In this research, it has been shown that six ANNs each with three inputs and one output, trained by flight test data, can model the dynamic behavior of the highly maneuverable aircraft with acceptable accuracy and without any priori knowledge about the system.     

神经网络模型在TDNS准则中的应用研究

时域Neal-Smith（TDNS）准则源于频域Neal-Smith（FDNS）准则和阶跃目标跟踪准则,被广泛应用于纵向驾驶员诱发振荡（PIO）趋势的预测研究。在该准则采用的人机闭环系统中,广泛运用结构简单且能反映飞行员基本行为特征的拟线性驾驶员模型。但在实际情况中,驾驶员的行为通常具有高度的非线性,为了更精确地描述驾驶员的非线性特性,采用神经网络方法建立驾驶员模型。利用某机的试飞数据对神经网络进行了训练和测试,生成了神经网络模型。针对TDNS预测准则,建立了相应的仿真模型,通过仿真运算,得到了该飞机的P10预测结果。研究表明：相对于传统的驾驶员模型,神经网络模型能够更好与真实驾驶员相匹配;在TDNS评估准则中运用神经网络模型具有实际的意义。     

驾驶员模型对驾驶员诱发振荡评估结果的影响

在飞机设计中,应用不同的驾驶员模型来预测驾驶员诱发振荡(PIO)是避免人机系统出现不良耦合的重要途径之一。以人-机闭环系统为研究对象,以某一电传飞机为例,采用Ⅱ型PIO的开环发生点OLOP评估准则,分别使用增益驾驶员模型和修正Neal-Smith驾驶员模型对人机闭环系统中的PIO易感性进行了分析、评估,对比研究了不同驾驶员模型对OLOP评估准则评估结果的影响。仿真结果表明:不同的驾驶员模型对Ⅱ型PIO评估准则(OLOP)的评估结果有较大的影响,相同驾驶员模型下不同的驾驶员增益对评估结果也有影响。在使用OLOP评估准则时应充分考虑驾驶员模型对评估结论的影响。     

飞行模拟的新进展

介绍了飞行模拟器的编程语言、数据问题、标准以及飞行模拟技术的未来发展。     

非线性预测控制在巡航导弹地形跟踪中的应用

建立了巡航导弹的非线性动力学模型,针对该模型的非线性连续预测控制方法,提出了预测跟踪误差和跟踪误差线性组合的性能指标,通过使性能指标最小,产生了巡航导弹地形跟踪的最优非线性反馈控制器,通过对虚拟地形的跟踪验证了控制器的性能,结果表明,该控制器不仅具有精确的跟踪性能而且具有良好的鲁棒性。     

飞机纵向振荡的试飞研究

介绍了产生驾驶员诱发振荡(PIO)的原因,并以某飞机发生PIO为例,分析了产生PIO的机理——法向过载相位对纵向杆力的滞后接近于180°,驾驶员模态和飞机短周期模态出现了严重耦合。操纵系统时间延迟、相位滞后、质量不平衡力以及驾驶员的输入等,都会对飞机的动态特性产生影响,在飞机的设计过程中,综合考虑各方面的因素就能极大地降低产生PIO的条件和可能性。     

飞行控制系统优化设计方法

提出了现代飞行控制系统的优化设计需考虑驾驶员的操纵行为和生理限制,才能进行人－机组合优化设计,建立了驾驶员最优控制模型,提出飞行控制系统优化设计目标函数和设计方法,并通过对某飞机飞行控制系统的优化设计和人－机闭环系统的动态仿真研究,证明了所提出了的设计方法理论上是正确的,工程上是可行的。     

飞行模拟逼真度概念

指出定义飞行模拟逼真度时只考虑气动力特性的精度是不够的，其研究应以驾驶员－收音机操纵回路的分析为基础。介绍了在真实飞行和模拟飞行的操纵回路。比较这两个回路可以发现，对于台飞行模拟器来说，某种程度的不逼真性是不可避免，因此必须在需要和可能之间进行折衷。并给出了一些具度和定义和验证以及改善逼真度的方法和经验的讨论。