原子氧辐照碳/酚醛复合材料的表面形貌及其演变机理研究

利用原子氧暴露地面模拟实验装置,分别对碳/酚醛复合材料、碳纤维和酚醛树脂进行了20h原子氧辐照,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶红外衰减全反射(ATR-FTIR)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术分析了原子氧对碳/酚醛复合材料的侵蚀行为。结果表明,在原子氧环境中,酚醛树脂和碳纤维及碳/酚醛复合材料均发生质量损失,且碳/酚醛复合材料的质量损失率大于酚醛树脂与碳纤维之和。究其机理可知:复合材料中的孔隙和界面增大了原子氧的剥蚀面积,碳/酚醛树脂和碳纤维与原子氧的作用符合"掏蚀"模型,树脂表面出现孔洞,酚醛树脂中亚甲基和醚键易被原子氧氧化,碳纤维表面的上浆剂在原子氧环境中首先被剥蚀,而后裸露的碳纤维本体与原子氧作用导致纤维截面不再呈圆形,且尺寸减小,表面出现浅而宽的沟槽,最终纤维被氧化生成了大量的—O—CO和—CO基团。     

模拟原子氧环境下聚酰亚胺材料的侵蚀研究(英文)

用热阴极灯丝放电产生的氧等离子体来研究聚酰亚胺材料在原子氧环境下的侵蚀过程,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对试样的质量损失、表面形貌和表面成分进行了表征。结果表明:当聚酰亚胺材料暴露在原子氧环境中,原子氧首先在试样表面产生物理吸附,然后与试样表面基团发生选择性化学反应,生成挥发性有机化合物,试样质量损失呈线性增加,表面形成地毯状形貌。在原子氧暴露初期,原子氧主要与芳环上特定位置的C反应,而后C=O基团的反应速度逐渐加快。原子氧暴露后,O元素含量增加,C、N元素含量减少。与C、O元素相比,含N基团与原子氧的反应速度较慢。     

Surface Morphology and Evolution Mechanism of Carbon Fiber/Phenolic Resin Composites on Atomic Oxygen Irradiation

利用原子氧暴露地面模拟实验装置,分别对碳/酚醛复合材料、碳纤维和酚醛树脂进行了20h原子氧辐照,采用扫描电子显微镜( SEM)、傅立叶红外衰减全反射(ATR-FTIR)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术分析了原子氧对碳/酚醛复合材料的侵蚀行为.结果表明,在原子氧环境中,酚醛树脂和碳纤维及碳/酚醛复合材料均发生质量损失,且碳/酚醛复合材料的质量损失率大于酚醛树脂与碳纤维之和.究其机理可知:复合材料中的孔隙和界面增大了原子氧的剥蚀面积,碳/酚醛树脂和碳纤维与原子氧的作用符合“掏蚀”模型,树脂表面出现孔洞,酚醛树脂中亚甲基和醚键易被原子氧氧化,碳纤维表面的上浆剂在原子氧环境中首先被剥蚀,而后裸露的碳纤维本体与原子氧作用导致纤维截面不再呈圆形,且尺寸减小,表面出现浅而宽的沟槽,最终纤维被氧化生成了大量的—0—C＝0和—C =0基团.     

纯镁和镁锂合金在中性3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学方法研究了纯Mg和Mg-Li合金在中性3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,采用扫描电镜观察了腐蚀后的表面形貌,利用XRD测试了腐蚀前后纯Mg和Mg-Li合金表面的组成成分,并用失重法测试了腐蚀速率。结果表明:腐蚀初期,纯Mg的腐蚀电流小于Mg-Li合金,纯Mg的腐蚀电位高于Mg-Li合金,纯Mg的电化学反应电阻大于Mg-Li合金。经过24h腐蚀后,纯Mg的腐蚀速率大于Mg-Li合金,且两者腐蚀形貌不同,纯Mg的腐蚀坑大而深,蚀坑数量少;Mg-Li合金的腐蚀坑小而浅,蚀坑数量多并且表面变黑。纯Mg的腐蚀产物主要为Mg(OH)2,Mg-Li合金的腐蚀产物主要为Mg(OH)2,LiOH,MgLi,Mg3Li7,Al2O3。     

盐雾环境中高强铝合金点腐蚀行为与暴露面积的关系

针对中性盐雾环境中2A12和7B04铝合金在不同暴露面积(模拟铝合金表面涂层或者膜层破坏暴露的部分)的点腐蚀特征开展研究,测量观察不同情况下铝合金的点腐蚀坑开口面积、腐蚀深度和点腐蚀坑数量等腐蚀参数。研究表明,在中性盐雾环境中,当暴露面积小于25mm2时,2A12和7B04铝合金的点腐蚀坑最大开口面积随暴露面积的增大而增大;当暴露面积小于4mm2时,2A12铝合金的最大腐蚀深度随着暴露面积的增大而增大,而7B04铝合金的最大腐蚀深度在暴露面积小于100mm2时随着暴露面积的增大而增大。对腐蚀产物进行成分分析可知2A12铝合金的腐蚀产物主要由O,Al,Mg,Cu组成,而7B04铝合金的腐蚀产物主要由O,Al,Mg,Zn组成,腐蚀产物组成不同造成其结构不同,结构的差别使铝合金的点腐蚀行为受到不同的影响。     

不同温度下DSM11镍基高温合金热腐蚀试验

为了研究DSM11镍基高温合金的抗热腐蚀性能，对该合金在650、750、850℃条件下涂覆5%NaCl+95%Na 2 SO 4 混合盐膜 进行腐蚀试验。利用金相显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）等手段，对合金被腐蚀200 h 后的表面形貌、物相组成、元素和腐蚀层的分布情况以及腐蚀机理进行分析。结果表明：随着试验温度的升高，合金表面腐蚀程度 逐渐加重、腐蚀产物组成逐渐复杂、失重加大、腐蚀产物层厚度增大；合金的腐蚀产物层均可分为3层，最外层和中间层主要为氧 化物，内层由颗粒状氧化物和硫化物组成，O和S的侵入现象表明合金发生了较明显的内氧化与内硫化现象；在3种温度下，合金 表面生成连续稳定的Al 2 O 3 保护层，抑制了热腐蚀反应的进行，对基体存在有效的保护作用，表明合金具有一定的抗热腐蚀性能。     

原子氧对Kapton侵蚀及ZnO-有机硅涂层防护效应研究

在原子氧(AO)侵蚀地面模拟试验设备中对聚酰亚胺(Kapton)和涂ZnO-有机硅防护层的样品进行原子氧剥蚀效应试验。用LAMBDA-9分光度计、光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(FTIR)和扫描电镜(SEM)等对试验前后试样的表面形貌、质量及化学结构进行表征研究。AO对Kapton表现了较严重的侵蚀作用,其化学结构、元素百分含量和表面形貌都发生明显变化。而所施用的ZnO-有机硅涂层对AO辐照有较强的防护效果,并具有较好的空间稳定性。因腐蚀产物为SiO2,这对抑制AO的进一步侵蚀起到了关键作用。     

LC4铝合金服役环境下点蚀形貌特征及其演变规律

为获取飞机LC4铝合金在服役环境下典型点蚀形貌特征,采用模拟服役环境的加速腐蚀实验环境谱对材料试件进行加速腐蚀实验,定义3个参数蚀坑深度H、蚀坑表面长度L、蚀坑表面宽度W为表征蚀坑形貌特征参量,跟踪测量典型蚀坑不同腐蚀年限下此3个特征参量数值,获取典型蚀坑形貌特征参量数据检测结果。在此基础上,对检测结果分别采用统计分析和分形理论方法进行数据分析,获取LC4铝合金同一腐蚀年限下和不同腐蚀年限下典型点蚀蚀坑的形貌特征及其演变规律。结果表明:同一腐蚀年限下,点蚀蚀坑形貌特征参量符合对数正态分布;随着腐蚀年限的增加,点蚀蚀坑形貌特征参量逐渐体现出明显的分形特征,蚀坑形貌逐渐趋向坑深度较浅、坑表面长度较长、坑表面宽适中的特征。     

空间用聚四氟乙烯材料的原子氧、温度、紫外辐射效应的试验研究

在 IFM原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟设备中对空间常用材料聚四氟乙烯进行了原子氧剥蚀效应试验,试样温度升高对原子氧效应的影响以及原子氧与紫外辐射复合效应试验,对试验前后试样的质量及表面形貌进行了比较,得出了材料在设备中的反应特点以及温度升高、紫外辐射对材料的原子氧效应的影响规律。对原子氧与材料的反应机理也做了相应的分析。同时还测量比较了原子氧暴露试验前后、原子氧与紫外辐射复合作用前后试样的反射率、透射率等光学性质。     

基于图像的腐蚀损伤及疲劳寿命研究

在实验室环境下,对航空LY12CZ铝合金试件进行了腐蚀试验,然后采用图像处理的方法,提取了孔蚀率、点蚀坑分形维数、点蚀坑半径3种腐蚀形貌特征值,通过灰色预测方法对腐蚀形貌特征值与腐蚀损伤之间的关系进行了研究,得到了基于形貌特征值的GM(1,3)腐蚀损伤预测模型。在此基础上,利用AFGROW软件建立了断裂力学模型,对不同腐蚀形貌特征条件下LY12CZ试件的疲劳寿命进行了计算与讨论。结果表明,试件的疲劳寿命与其表面腐蚀形貌密切相关,3种腐蚀形貌特征值均与试件的疲劳寿命负相关。此外,基于腐蚀形貌特征值计算得到的疲劳寿命值与利用实测点蚀坑深度计算得到的疲劳寿命值吻合较好,平均相对误差为8.84%。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.