The sun in the far infrared and sub-mm region

A review is given of the solar radiation between wavelengths of approx. 5 m. and 1 mm. After discussing the astrophysical background (Section 2), we review the brightness temperatures measured in the continuous spectrum in the disk center (Section 3), and compare them with model predictions. The observed limb darkening (or brightening) is described in Section 4, and the line spectrum in Section 5. In Section 6 considerations are given on the usefulness of infrared observations for the investigation of small structures on the Sun.     

一种基于飞机强度试验的多路故障检测技术

在全尺寸飞机结构强度试验中,对飞机姿态的实时监测尤为重要.飞机各部位安装的限位开关对飞机各重要部位的变形量进行限制保护,同时反映了飞机姿态、变形量的正常与否.如何快速准确地锁定试验异常部位,为试验人员定位并检查试验异常提供信息,赢得排除故障的时间,是研制多路故障检测装置的初衷.     

The Edison infrared space observatory

For five years, theEdison program has had the goal of developing new designs for infrared space observatories which will break the cost curve by permitting more capable missions at lower cost. Most notably, this has produced a series of models for purely radiative and radiative/mechanical (hybrid) cooling which do not use cryogens and optical designs which are not constrained by the coolant tanks. Purely radiatively-cooled models achieve equilibrium temperatures as low as about 20 K at a distance of 1 AU from the sun. More advancedEdison designs include mechanical cooling systems attached to the telescope assembly which lower the optical system temperature to 5 K or less. Via these designs, near-cryogenic temperatures appear achievable without the limitations of cryogenic cooling. OneEdison model has been proposed to the European Space Agency as the next generation infrared space observatory and is presently under consideration as a candidate ESA Cornerstone mission. The basic design is also the starting point for elements of future infrared space interferometers.     

冷却结构塞式喷管红外特性抑制试验技术研究

利用涡扇发动机喷管红外辐射特征模拟试验台,对二元塞式喷管的红外辐射特征进行试验研究,得到塞锥冷却对二元塞式喷管红外辐射特性的影响规律,并与轴对称收扩喷管(基准喷管)进行了对比。试验结果表明:在探测角0°方向上,相比基准喷管,二元塞式喷管在不采取冷却措施时红外特征降低了12.1%,冷气流量为1.0%总流量时红外辐射强度降低了40.8%,冷气流量为2.8%总流量时红外辐射强度降低了51.2%。     

模型表面温度对光电特性影响的实验研究

对在JF-10氢氧爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞中开展烧蚀材料模型表面温度对光电特性影响的实验方法进行了探索。风洞实验状态的驻室总压约为20MPa,驻室总温约为6000K,自由流速度约为4km／s。实验以锑化铟多单元红外成像系统与电离列阵测试装置为测量手段,用以烧蚀材料为头部的球头钝锥体模型,实验测量激波层中红外辐射的横向剖面分布和壁面附近电离密度的剖面分布,并在烧蚀材料加热和不加热两种情况下进行了对比实验。实验结果表明：烧蚀材料的加热加强了模型头部激波层中的红外辐射,同时也增大了模型表面的电子密度。     

SF6分解气的近红外在线检测技术研究

为满足SF6绝缘电气设备故障监测与预警的实际需求,分析了国内分解气检测研究现状.对比近红外与中红外吸收光谱检测技术,提出近红外吸收光谱技术在线检测的技术方案.计算分析待测气体特征谱线的吸收系数、吸收光程和电路信噪比对精度的影响,完成系统参数设计.提出SF6分解气在线检测系统方案,实现对H2S、HF和CO这3种气体测量.数据分析表明,系统检测精度优于5×10-7,表明该系统满足电力行业在线测量的需求.     

红外热图在高超声速低密度风洞测热试验中的应用概述

围绕大极角情况下模型表面温度的测量、红外热图测热精度的提高、模型物面坐标与红外热图像素位置对应关系等问题,对近年来在高超声速偌氏密度风洞开展的红外热图测热工作进行了总结,给出了一些实用、简单、经济的方法。为验证上述技术,在高超声速低密度风洞开展了用红外热图技术与热电偶同时测量一平板带劈薄壁模型表面的气动加热率分布以及半球圆柱模型红外测热数据与DMSC计算结果的比较。不同手段获得的数据与红外测热数据相互验证的结果表明：这些技术的解决,有利于红外热图技术向工程化实用化迈进。     

红外成像非接触转捩测量低速风洞试验技术研究

发展红外成像非接触转捩测量低速风洞试验技术,旨在解决特殊气动布局外形及金属材料模型转捩位置测量问题。通过在模型表面产生热壁面、现场测试模型表面发射率、使用遮蔽板、在金属模型表面喷涂隔热氟碳漆等措施,解决了环境条件、发射率、辐射传递干扰、金属模型材料特性等阻碍红外成像技术应用的关键问题;通过数值计算及试验测试得到模型热壁面与环境温差在20℃范围内,热壁面背景温度对转捩位置基本没有影响,解决了热壁面对转捩位置影响问题;通过试验原理、试验方法、关键参数测试、转捩判据、准度考核等研究工作,构建了红外成像非接触转捩测量低速风洞试验技术;通过引导试验考核了试验系统。结果表明：该技术实用可靠,值得推广。     

红外低辐射层与吸波层参数匹配性研究

研究了红外材料与吸波材料参数匹配。结果表明,随着红外填料含量增加,红外辐射系数逐渐变小;磁导率变化很小,磁导率值也较小;而介电常数相对较大,且随着填料含量增加,介电常数开始急剧增大,后变平缓。填料含量相同时,片状填料颗粒比球状填料颗粒的红外辐射系数低。在填料参数及其含量选择适当情况下,可以兼顾红外及雷达吸收性能。     

用红外热图技术进行升力体模型气动热特性试验研究

本文在介绍模型表面热流测量方法的基础上,重点介绍了红外热图技术测量的优点,并对红外测温原理、高超声速低密度风洞、红外热像仪、试验模型、数据处理方法等进行了叙述.在M∞＝16,P0＝1500kPa,T0＝923K,α＝0°、30°迎角的试验条件下,获得了半球圆柱模型、升力体模型表面对流换热系数分布,并把半球圆柱模型的红外测热结果与Lees分布结果进行了分析比较,结果表明当40°＜θ＜80°时,半球圆柱模型红外测热结果与Lees分布结果符合得比较好.最后对对流换热系数测量不确定度进行了初步分析.升力体模型对流换热系数测量不确定度大致为15%左右.     

风力机远尾流的计算研究

基于工程上广泛使用的Park模型构造了一种新的远场尾流计算模型,同时又提出了一种CFD与制动盘理论相结合的方法对单个风力机远尾迹区的流动状况进行了数值模拟.新的尾流计算模型是由一维Park模型进行三角函数修正得到的,CFD方法是结合制动盘理论使用FLUENT提供的Fan边界数值求解整个尾流流场.给出了单台风力机尾流中风轮中心的轴向速度分布以及风力机下游不同位置处的径向速度分布,并与风洞实验结果以及Park模型的计算结果进行分析对比,表明本文的两种计算方法都能够较好地捕捉尾流的流场特性.由于新的远场尾流计算模型较之原Park模型能够更准确地反映径向尾流分布,且计算量非常小,因此可作为工程开发的有效工具.制动盘理论结合CFD的方法也能够在计算量相对较小的情况下,准确的反映远尾流的流场信息,这两种方法都可为风场微观选址和风力机排布提供参考依据.     

Global Imaging of Proton and Electron Aurorae in the far Ultraviolet

The IMAGE spacecraft carries three FUV photon imagers, the Wideband Imaging Camera (WIC) and two channels, SI-12 and SI-13, of the Spectrographic Imager. These provide simultaneous global images, which can be interpreted in terms of the precipitating particle types (protons and electrons) and their energies. IMAGE FUV is the first space-borne global imager that can provide instantaneous global images of the proton precipitation. At times a bright auroral spot, rich in proton precipitation, is observed on the dayside, several degrees poleward of the auroral zone. The spot was identified as the footprint of the merging region of the cusp that is located on lobe field lines when IMF B_z was northward. This identification was based on compelling statistical evidence showing that the appearance and location of the spot is consistent with the IMF B_z and B_y directions. The intensity of the spot is well correlated with the solar wind dynamic pressure and it was found that the direct entry of solar wind particles could account for the intensity of the observed spot without the need for any additional acceleration. Another discovery was the observation of dayside sub-auroral proton arcs. These arcs were observed in the midday to afternoon MLT sector. Conjugate satellite observations showed that these arcs were generated by pure proton precipitation. Nightside auroras and their relationship to substorm phases were studied through single case studies and in a superimposed epoch analysis. It was found that generally there is substantial proton precipitation prior to substorms and the proton intensity only doubles at substorm onset while the electron auroral brightness increases on average by a factor of 5 and sometimes by as much as a factor of 10. Substorm onset occurs in the central region of the pre-existing proton precipitation. Assuming that nightside protons are precipitating from a quasi-stable ring current at its outer regions where the field lines are distorted by neutral sheet currents we can associate the onset location with this region of closed but distorted field lines relatively close to the earth. Our results also show that protons are present in the initial poleward substorm expansion however later they are over taken by the electrons. We also find that the intensity of the substorms as quantified by the intensity of the post onset electron precipitation is correlated with the intensity of the proton precipitation prior to the substorms, highlighting the role of the pre-existing near earth plasma in the production of the next substorm.     

大飞机风切变探测告警系统

介绍了国内外在机载风切变告警系统方面的研究进展,通过对比国内外的研究情况,发现由于国内的需求不足,使得在具体产品的研究进展上与国外存在较大差距。由于中国大飞机研究项目的全面展开．也必然为包括机载风切变告警系统在内的、与大飞机有关的各种机载产品的发展提供了很好的机会。指出为了尽快弥补国内研究的差距,需在风切变建模、风切变探测及风切变告警系统的试飞验证方面做出进一步努力。     

Optics of the far infra-red and submillimetre space telescope

Some of the considerations in the design of the telescope for FIRST are discussed. It is pointed out that instruments that operate at submillimetre wavelengths need to be analyzed with techniques derived from both the Radio and Optical/IR traditions. The issue of emissivity of reflector surfaces is also discussed.     

Progress in helicopter infrared signature suppression

Due to their low-attitude and relatively low-speed fight profiles, helicopters are subjected to serious threats from radio, infrared(IR), visual, and aural detection and tracking. Among these threats, infrared detection and tracking are regarded as more crucial for the survivability of helicopters. In order to meet the requirements of infrared stealth, several different types of infrared suppressor(IRS) for helicopters have been developed. This paper reviews contemporary developments in this discipline, with particular emphasis on infrared signature suppression, advances in mixer-ejectors and prediction for helicopters. In addition, several remaining challenges, such as advanced IRS, emissivity optimization technique, helicopter infrared characterization, etc., are proposed, as an initial guide and stimulation for future research. In the future, the comprehensive infrared suppression in the 3–5 lm and 8–14 lm bands will doubtfully become the emphasis of helicopter stealth. Multidisciplinary optimization of a complete infrared suppression system deserves further investigation.     

红外抑制器缩比模型与原型件红外辐射特性关系的分析

本文运用红外辐射理论分析了红外抑制器缩比模型与原型件红外辐射特性的关系。通过对缩比模型与原型件的固体壁面和排气流定向红外辐射强度的分析,得出了缩比模型与原型件之间红外辐射强度的基本换算关系是尺寸比的平方关系,但应该乘上一个修正系数。     

一种新的评判任意电磁环境中被检测件电磁发射电平的方法

提出了一种新的评判任意电磁环境中被检测件的电磁发射电平不高于极限值电平的方法。并阐述了由给出的概率公式和概率极限值得出的若干重要结论。     

超声三速角翼背风区旋涡运动的数值模拟

本文采用杂交通量分裂的ＮＮＤ格式模拟了Ｍ∞＝１．９５、Ｒｅ＝９．５×１０５，α＝１０°、２０°的三角翼绕流流场，结果揭示了超声速旋涡沿其自身轴线的发展规律，当旋涡轴向速度为超声速且处于顺压区时，涡轴附近的横截面流线向外转，而由机翼前缘尖点处发出的截面流线向内卷，它们之间存在极限环。数值结果与张涵信的拓扑分析结果完全一致。     

两种自适应方向图峰值副瓣控制方法比较

自适应阵列（或称自适应波束形成）目前已广泛应用到雷达、声纳和通信领域中用来抑制各种干扰（有意的干扰，杂波干扰和多用户干扰等）。在雷达应用中，为了减轻脉冲欺骗式干扰或旁瓣目标并利用单脉冲雷达来准确测量目标波达方向．要求自适应方向图具有低副瓣和稳定的主瓣形状。在实际应用中，各种失配误差将降低自适应阵列的性能．这些误差包括由于目标的波达方向不精确引起的信号指向误差，由通道失配和位置扰动引起的阵列校准误差和由小样本教引起的协方差矩阵估计误差。在此情况下，自适应波束形成的性能大大下降（干扰抑制性能变差。主瓣失真和高的副瓣）。已提出了一种基于二次约束的集成峰值副瓣控制（integrated peak sidelobe control，简称IPSC）方法。该方法可以精确地控制峰值副瓣电平并产生具有稳定的主瓣形状的自适应方向图。研究IPSC中目标信号的影响和信号消除方案以进一步提高IPSC的性能。并将IPSC方法和最新提出的基于二阶锥规划（second-order cone programming，简称SOCP）的分布式峰值副瓣控制（distfibuted peak sidelobe control，简称为DPSC）新方法在性能上进行了比较。仿真结果表明。在干扰抑制性能和方向图控制质量方面IPSC比DPSC性能优越。此外IPSC比DPSC计算高效。