利用曙暮气晖反演中层臭氧的可行性

利用1.27μm曙暮气晖反演大气O₃是中间层03含量的重要测量方法.本文研究了1.27μm地面曙暮气晖所包含的独立信息参量、可测量高度和垂直分辨率;讨论了光化学参量、大气参量不定性的影响和对中间层O₃含量变化的灵敏度.结果指出,利用这一方法可以给出60－90km高度的大气O₃含量,光化模式参量不定性的影响约为10％.     

Instantaneous rainfall estimation using neural network from multispectral observations of SEVIRI radiometer and its application in estimation of daily and monthly rainfall

In the present paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) based technique has been developed to estimate instantaneous rainfall by using brightness temperature from the IR sensors of SEVIRI radiometer, onboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. The study is carried out over north of Algeria. For estimation of rainfall, weight matrices of two ANNs namely MLP1 and MLP2 are developed. MLP1 is to identify raining or non-raining pixels. When rainy pixels are identified, then for those pixels, instantaneous rainfall is estimated by using MLP2. For identification of raining and non raining pixels, 7 input parameters from the IR sensors are utilized. Corresponding data of raining/non-raining pixels are taken from radar. For instantaneous rainfall estimation, 14 input parameters are utilized, where 7 parameters are information about raining pixels and 7 parameters are related with cloud features. The results obtained show the neural network performs reasonably well.     

DEMETER and DMSP satellite observations of the disturbed H/O ratio caused by Earth’s seismic activity in the Sumatra area during December 2004

In the present paper, plasma probe data taken from DEMETER and DMSP-F15 satellites were used to study the ion density and temperature disturbances in the morning topside ionosphere, caused by seismic activity at low latitudes. French DEMETER (Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) micro-satellite mission had been especially designed to provide global scale observations in the topside ionosphere over seismically active regions. Onboard the DEMETER satellite, the thermal plasma instrument called “Instrument Analyser de Plasma” (IAP) provides ion mass and densities, ion temperature, three component ion drift and ion density irregularities measurements. As a part of “Defense Meteorological Satellite Program”, DMSP-F15 satellite is on orbit operation since 1999. It provides ionospheric plasma diagnostics by means of the “Special Sensor-Ion, Electron and Scintillations” (SSIES-2) instrument. We examined few examples of possible seismic effects in the equatorial ionosphere, probably associated with seismic activity during December month in the area of Sumatra Island, including main shock of giant Sumatra event. It is found that the localized topside ionospheric disturbances appear close to the epicenters of certain earthquakes in the Sumatra region. In two cases, ion H⁺/O⁺ ratio rises more than one hour before the main shock, due to the O⁺ density decrease at the winter side of the geomagnetic equator, with longitudinally closest location to the epicenter of the earthquakes. These anomalous depletions in O⁺ density do exist in all cases of SSIES-2 data. Particularly for Sumatra main event, more than one hour after the main shock, we observe large-scale depletion in O⁺ density northward of the geomagnetic equator at winter side hemisphere. Associated with O⁺ depletion, ion temperature latitudinal profile around the geomagnetic equator shows enhanced asymmetry with minimum at the summer side and maximum in positive Ti deviation from mean value at the winter side. This disturbance lasted for more than three hours, later in time observed at the same place by IAP/DEMETER.     

掩星大气探测系统误差源分析

根据掩星大气探测反演原理,研究了影响系统产品精度的误差源,并对多普勒观测误差、天线相位中心变化误差、多路径误差、卫星质心变化误差、导航卫星钟飘、卫星姿态变化误差和精密定轨速度误差进行分析,根据工程实现可行性提出了系统误差分配建议,为掩星大气探测系统设计提供参考.     

Remote sounding of atmospheric gravity waves with satellite limb and nadir techniques

Recent advances in satellite techniques hold great potential for mapping global gravity wave (GW) processes at various altitudes. Poor understanding of small-scale GWs has been a major limitation to numerical climate and weather models for making reliable forecasts. Observations of short-scale features have important implication for validating and improving future high-resolution numerical models. This paper summarizes recent GW observations and sensitivities from several satellite instruments, including MLS, AMSU-A, AIRS, GPS, and CLAES. It is shown in an example that mountain waves with horizontal wavelengths as short as 30 km now can be observed by AIRS, reflecting the superior horizontal resolution in these modern satellite instruments. Our studies show that MLS, AMSU-A and AIRS observations reveal similar GW characteristics, with the observed variances correlated well with background winds. As a complementary technique, limb sounding instruments like CRISTA, CLAES, and GPS can detect GWs with better vertical but poorer horizontal resolutions. To resolve different parts of the broad GW spectrum, both satellite limb and nadir observing techniques are needed, and a better understanding of GW complexities requires joint analyses of these data and dedicated high-resolution model simulations.     

Application of satellite observations to study the changes of hypoxic conditions in near-bottom water in the western part of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan)

In this paper we explore the possibilities of applying satellite ocean colour (OC) observations and SST to study the changes in the conditions of hypoxia in the near-bottom water in the western part of Peter the Great Bay. Near-bottom water hypoxia occurs in water bodies with increased organic matter influx when the dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed at its oxidation is not restored. Consumption of most DO is usually attributed to the oxidation of organic matter formed as a result of increased algae growth during water eutrophication. Satellite data on indicators of phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl) and fluorescence (FLH)) allow to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of this substation. Coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM), non-algal particles (NAP) influence on satellite Chl estimates and also on near-bottom water hypoxia formation. This study analyzes daily, seasonal, and inter-annual changes in the distributions of indicators (Chl, FLH, the coefficients of light absorption by coloured detrital matter (a_CDM) and light backscattering by suspended particles (b_bp)), based on the instant satellite OC data from MODIS-Aqua. Data on the Chl, the sea surface temperature (SST) from the MODIS-Aqua, the precipitation from the TRMM satellite and the hydrometeorological stations (HMSs), the wind speed and direction from HMS “Vladivostok” are used to study the influence of hydrometeorological conditions on the Chl values. These distributions were compared with the literary information based on field observations of the hypoxia cases in the same area and with the changes in the vertical DO, Chl, temperature, salinity distribution obtained by coastal expeditions in October-November 2010 and February-March 2011. Significant interrelations within 95% confidence level between the satellite Chl, FLH values calculated at the MUMM atmospheric correction and in situ Chl values obtained in the autumn of 2010 were reached separately for the cases with winds of northern and southern directions with the correlation coefficients of 0.71, 0.48 and 0.49, 0.71, respectively. Significant dependences of Chl on SST and Chl on wind speed explained by the influence of continental runoff and water ventilation were obtained. Therefore, the changes of Chl reflect the changes of hypoxic conditions in the near-bottom water. In Amursky Bay the onset of hypoxia was at the Chl and SST values equal to 4 mg m^?3 and 13 °C (↑ – at increasing SST); near Furugelm Island it was at 1.6 mg m^?3 and 25 °C (↑), 1 mg m^?3 and 21 °C (↓). The difference in the Chl values was reflected in the hypoxia onset timings that were the beginning of June (2011), August (2013), and September (2014), respectively. The water flow from the eastern coast of Amursky Bay in early August of 2013 recorded from the OC and SST satellite imagers appeared in an additional hypoxic zone. Decreased OC characteristics in the runoff of the Razdolnaya River in August-September of 2014 were a sign of hypoxia at its mouth. Near Furugelm Island the hypoxia destruction (increase in the DO level from 1 to 4.5 ml L^?1) was observed at the Chl of 0.9 mg m^?3 and SST = 18 °C (↓). At the autumn maximum of Chl equal to 1.7 mg m^?3 and SST = 4 °C (↓) in mid-November the DO level here increased to 8 ml L^?1. In Amursky Bay, short-term destructions/weakening of hypoxia manifested themselves in sharp increases of Chl. At that, the ratio between the Chl value and the approximation level was equal to 2 and higher for SST equal to 22–25 °C (↑), to 0.9 and higher for SST equal to 5–13 °C (↓). With the water stratification destruction in temperature and the noticeable weakening of the stratification in salinity (mid-November), the hypoxia destructed (the DO level increased from 2 to 6 ml L^?1). In this case, Chl and SST were about 3 mg m^?3 and 5 °C (↓).     

Measuring atmospheric density using GPS–LEO tracking data

We present a method to estimate the total neutral atmospheric density from precise orbit determination of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. We derive the total atmospheric density by determining the drag force acting on the LEOs through centimeter-level reduced-dynamic precise orbit determination (POD) using onboard Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking data. The precision of the estimated drag accelerations is assessed using various metrics, including differences between estimated along-track accelerations from consecutive 30-h POD solutions which overlap by 6 h, comparison of the resulting accelerations with accelerometer measurements, and comparison against an existing atmospheric density model, DTM-2000. We apply the method to GPS tracking data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C, Jason-2, TerraSAR-X and COSMIC satellites, spanning 12 years (2001–2012) and covering orbital heights from 400 km to 1300 km. Errors in the estimates, including those introduced by deficiencies in other modeled forces (such as solar radiation pressure and Earth radiation pressure), are evaluated and the signal and noise levels for each satellite are analyzed. The estimated density data from CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C and TerraSAR-X are identified as having high signal and low noise levels. These data all have high correlations with anominal atmospheric density model and show common features in relative residuals with respect to the nominal model in related parameter space. On the contrary, the estimated density data from COSMIC and Jason-2 show errors larger than the actual signal at corresponding altitudes thus having little practical value for this study. The results demonstrate that this method is applicable to data from a variety of missions and can provide useful total neutral density measurements for atmospheric study up to altitude as high as 715 km, with precision and resolution between those derived from traditional special orbital perturbation analysis and those obtained from onboard accelerometers.     

大气密度变化对卫星返回轨道参数的影响

本文在考虑大气密度(90km高度以下) 随地理纬度、高度及时间(月份)随机变化的基础上,沿卫星的返回轨道建立了随机大气密度的统计模型。并应用该模型产生的随机大气密度样本,进行返回轨道的Monte Corlo法模拟计算。通过对模拟计算得到的返回轨道参数样本的统计处理,本文分析了大气密度变化对卫星返回轨道参数的影响。另外,本文还介绍了近似估计大气密度变化对返回轨道参数影响的影响系数法。     

卫星遥感图像数据压缩质量评价研究

针对高保真高速数据压缩算法的卫星应用,采用客观参数评价和主观评价相结合的方法,对卫星遥感图像数据压缩质量评价进行了较系统的研究。通过四次试验实践表明,主观评价具有相当的客观性,是目前遥感图像数据压缩质量评价中最基本、最有效的方法,科学合理地设计主观评价至关重要;客观参数评价是有益的参考方法,在改善某一压缩方法时,峰值信噪比(PSNR)是个较好的衡量标准;主观评价和客观评价有较好的一致性,主要体现在PSNR、相似度(XSD)和全图局域最大误差(LME)等客观评价参数上。     

Impact of four dimensional assimilation of satellite data on long-range simulations over the Indian region during monsoon 2006

A number of experiments were conducted to study the impact of updating model basic fields by satellite data (Quick Scatterometer (QSCAT) surface winds and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) temperature and humidity profiles) on long-range simulation during the Indian summer monsoon 2006. The Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model version5 (MM5) and its four dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) technique was used for the numerical simulations. The spatial distribution and temporal variation in model simulated basic meteorological parameters and rainfall were verified against the observed fields from National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) analysis and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), respectively. The overall analysis of the results from QSCAT surface wind assimilation as compared to control simulation (CNT; without the satellite data assimilation) suggest that a better representation of a single level wind field during model integration fail to make significant improvement in the model simulation both in the basic meteorological parameters and rainfall. The assimilation of temperature and humidity profiles from the AIRS during model integration significantly improved the rainfall prediction during monsoon period. It is found that the improvement in rainfall prediction is attributed to improved thermodynamics structure due to AIRS profile assimilation and the degree of improvement is more in temperature prediction as compared to humidity prediction. It is also found that the prediction over the regions, such as south west part of India and foothills of Himalaya, where a complex orography exists, is not significantly benefited from satellite data assimilation which highlights the need of improvement in the model in addition to a better representation of atmospheric state.     

卫星遥测数据处理终端软件

介绍了卫星遥测数据处理终端软件的设计与应用。对卫星遥测数据采集处理过程中的同步检测、差错控制等问题进行了讨论。     

量子科学实验卫星射频信道物理层设计

量子科学卫星有效载荷激光链路需要有一条上下行射频高速通信链路作为激光链路的量子秘钥分发途径.构建了量子科学卫星上下行射频链路的物理层硬件和算法,该链路采用符合CCSDS频谱规范的SRRC-OQPSK作为上行调制类型,上行速率达到1.024Mbit·s^-1,下行采用SRRC-OQPSK和GMSK调制,速率达到4Mbit·s^-1.经过与多个地面站的对接试验测试,结果表明数传通信机的载波捕获灵敏度优于-100dBm,数据解调灵敏度优于-98dBm,AGC（自动增益控制）能力大于43dB,在-96dBm接收信号电平条件下的实际传输误码率优于1×10^-9.在轨试验验证证明,射频信道物理层设计方案满足量子科学实验任务要求.     

基于LightGBM的卫星飞轮温度预测

为保障卫星的正常在轨运行,地面系统需要对卫星运行状态进行监控预警,其中对卫星各系统的温度监控尤为重要.温度不仅直接反映卫星系统的健康状态,更会对系统器件的性能和寿命造成影响.飞轮作为卫星姿态控制系统的重要组件,其温度变化是识别姿态控制系统状态的重要信息.卫星飞轮温度的预测与预警对卫星在轨稳定运行具有重要意义.本文基于某在轨卫星遥测数据,结合空间环境数据,应用LightGBM机器学习框架研究建立梯度提升决策树模型,对卫星飞轮温度进行预测.经与实际遥测温度值进行对比验证,预测精度可以满足对卫星飞轮温度的监视需求.研究结果可应用于地面系统,对卫星姿态控制系统可能发生的温度异常进行预警,使地面运控人员能够提前规避风险,保障卫星的安全在轨运行.     

An assessment of semi-analytical models based on the absorption coefficient in retrieving the chlorophyll-a concentration from a reservoir

Monitoring chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations in inland waters is crucial for water quality management, since Chl-a is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and, thus, for ecological health of a water environment. Chl-a concentration can be retrieved through the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of a water system, which, in turn, can be remotely sensed obtained. Quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA), originally developed for ocean waters, can also retrieve IOPs for inland waters after re-parameterizations. This study is aimed at assessing the performance of sixteen schemes composed by QAA original and re-parameterized versions followed by models that use absorption coefficients as inputs for estimating Chl-a concentration in Ibitinga reservoir, located at Tietê River cascading system, São Paulo State, Brazil. It was verified that only QAA_V5 based schemes were able to obtain reasonable estimates for image data and that by four models tested presented similar and acceptable results for QAA_V5 outputs. The best model were applied to a Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) image. Light absorption in the reservoir showed to be dominated by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and wide spatial and temporal variability of optical and water quality properties was observed.     

TIMED/SABER与AURA/MLS临近空间探测温度数据比较

利用AURA/MLS数据（V4.2）和TIMED/SABER数据（V2.0）对20~92km高度的大气温度进行比较分析,计算AURA/MLS数据与TIMED/SABER数据的温度绝对偏差,并分析平均温度偏差在不同季节中随经度、纬度和高度的变化特征.结果表明：20~80km高度的平均温度偏差在±6K以内,相对偏差在3%以内;80~90km高度平均温度偏差减小至-10K以下,相对偏差在9%以内.中低纬度地区平均温度偏差廓线的变化趋势一致,从20km高度的-3K左右的负偏差逐渐增加,在45~50km高度的平流层顶处有较明显的3K左右的正偏差峰值.平均温度偏差随纬度变化明显,随经度变化很小.研究结果可为卫星数据的应用提供参考依据.     

卫星云图数据的同步技术

卫星云图的帧周期变化,数据是突发性的。为了提取帧同步信号,研制出“定位孔径技术”,可靠地提取帧同步信号。利用孔径技术的子帧保护,应用于实际系统,能连续、稳定、可靠的工作。     

改进S／DB提高FY—2A云图配准精度的方法

针对ＦＹ－２Ａ卫星因扫描辐射计步进引起卫星自旋周期变化从而造成图像精度恶化问题,根据扫描辐射计的运动规律,提出地面同步与数据缓冲系统（Ｓ／ＤＢ）预先补偿系统误差的解决方法;增强了Ｓ／ＤＢ的跟踪水平,使卫星图像的配准精度提高了近三倍,达到了内外先进卫星的水平,实际应用效果良好。