天基近地轨道空间监视雷达卫星重访效能分析

空间目标监视系统是空间态势感知的重要支撑,为克服地基观测系统时空监视能力的限制,基于天基平台的空间目标监视技术是空间目标监视领域技术发展的必然趋势。天基监视雷达是天基监视技术的重要组成部分,着眼于未来空间监视的需要,必须开展天基雷达相关技术的研究。本文分析了近地轨道空间卫星间相对距离变化的周期性,以此为基础给出了天基雷达对观测目标的重访特性,为天基空间监视雷达卫星星座系统的设计提供了理论基础。     

基于天基光学观测的空间目标可见性分析

基于天基光学观测的空间目标可见性分析是天基空间监视系统中的关键问题之一。对基于天基光学观测的单颗监视卫星,本文综合考虑其几何可见性、光学可见性和设备可见性,建立了获取其实际可观测区域的数学模型,并给出了仿真计算结果。     

天基空间监视雷达系统相关技术探讨

空间态势感知能力是确保国家安全和经济利益的核心能力,而空间目标监视系统是其重要的支撑。由于地基监视系统受布站条件的限制和自然环境的影响,其观测能力和精度都受到很大的限制。本文介绍了天基空间监视雷达系统的概念和当前发展状况,并进行了框架意义上的天基空间监视雷达系统设计。     

基于干扰观测器的天基观测航天器姿态控制设计

与地基空间目标监视系统相比,天基观测系统具有监视范围广,不受国界限制,观测精度高等优点,是未来空间目标观测技术的重要发展方向。但天基观测航天器工作时,相机转台的运动,太阳能帆板挠性部件的弹性振动与航天器的姿态运动相互影响,构成强耦合的非线性系统,传统的控制方案无法实现对这类天基观测航天器的高精度姿态控制。文章针对某一空间观测航天器的任务要求,设计了基于干扰观测器的前馈补偿航天器姿态控制系统,仿真实验结果表明:姿态角控制精度小于 0.06°,姿态角速度精度小于 0.03(°)/s,达到了精度要求。     

天基低轨空间监视雷达密集短弧观测数据的定轨应用研究

当天基雷达采用多波束扫描时,每次与空间目标交会可获取类似跟踪的观测数据。本文讨论了这些密集短弧观测数据在目标轨道改进中的应用。在没有测量时,采用矩阵Ricatti方程计算状态误差;引入观测数据时,比较了EKF和UKF两种滤波算法的轨道改进效果。仿真表明,UKF的收敛速度优于EKF;天基短弧观测数据可以很好地抑制误差发散,满足监视任务需求。     

基于汇聚点观测的天基光学监视星座设计

针对地球静止轨道目标监视问题,提出了一种基于汇聚点观测的天基光学监视星座设计方法.研究分析了地球静止轨道目标分布特性,针对静止轨道目标在特定位置分布密度较大的特点,设计了监视星座对汇聚点区域进行重点观测的策略.分析了监视星座的轨道类型和传感器观测策略,提出采用太阳同步轨道设计监视星座和相应的汇聚点区域观测的方法.在满足对汇聚点观测要求及同步带重访周期为1d的条件下,对星座进行了设计.仿真结果表明：设计的4颗卫星组成的观测星座,对同步带目标的重访周期小于1d,24 h内的平均观测时间约为900 s,且能观测到更多的同步带目标.该方法可供工程应用参考.     

空间目标光电巡天策略的优化

随着空间目标与碎片数量的激增,传统的基于目标跟踪的空间目标光电监视手段已不能满足需求,近年出现了面向空域的空间目标巡天观测。针对空间目标巡天观测的特点,同时考虑空间目标观测的目标个数和数据量,提出了一种空间目标巡天观测策略,并建立了相应的空间目标光电巡天优化数学模型。模型中通过0-1变量的使用,实现了目标函数和约束条件的线性化,十分有利于大规模问题的求解,能够更好地满足实际需求。仿真计算表明:策略简单,易于实现,并且有很好的效果;通过优化,只需要少量望远镜即能实现大批量空间目标的监视,并保持一定的观测数据量,为空间目标光电监视策略提供了新的思路。     

空间目标天基光学混合状态SPKF跟踪方法

根据天基光学监视特点,利用直角坐标系和修正极坐标系分别在状态外推和状态更新上的优势,并引入UT变换避免空间目标非线性运动方程线性化外推的截断误差影响,实现对空间目标在混合状态空间的三维被动跟踪滤波。仿真结果表明,该方法在收敛性和稳健性上更有优势。     

基于连续同伦算法的天基仅测角初定轨方法

要进一步提高天基短弧初定轨的精度,在观测资料精度较高的情况下,仅考虑二体问题是不够的,还应考虑轨道摄动的影响。因此,基于无摄初轨的单位矢量法原理和矢量斜分解方法,给出了考虑摄动的天基仅测角初定轨单位矢量法。针对天基仅测角观测条件方程组求解过程中易出现迭代不收敛或收敛到平凡解的问题,引入连续同伦算法求解观测条件方程组,提出了单星观测方式下的空间目标天基仅测角初定轨方法,并通过数值仿真算例验证了该算法在较大范围的收敛性和数值稳定性。     

基于单星测轨进行LEO和GEO目标编目

针对既有天基探测的不足,本着降低卫星制造难度、使用复杂度,拓展监视对象的原则,针对编目测轨所需,论证设计了一个采用零倾角、9 000km高度轨道,装有7个可见光探测器,以空域监视方式支持空间目标编目测轨的构想。该构想只需1颗卫星,即可形成空间目标编目所需的测轨,独立支持LEO（低地球轨道）和GEO（地球同步轨道）目标的编目管理,具有战略、战术双重价值。     

Multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation based on kernel regression

The application of high-performance imaging sensors in space-based space surveillance systems makes it possible to recognize space objects and estimate their poses using vision-based methods. In this paper, we proposed a kernel regression-based method for joint multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation. We built a new simulated satellite image dataset named BUAA-SID 1.5 to test our method using different image representations. We evaluated our method for recognition-only tasks, pose estimation-only tasks, and joint recognition and pose estimation tasks. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts in space object recognition, and can recognize space objects and estimate their poses effectively and robustly against noise and lighting conditions.     

天/地基多平台空间目标光电观测时效性分析

针对如何部署光学探测设备才能更好实现对空间目标的高精度高频度监视问题,考虑光照条件、相对关系及探测性能,构建了天/地基空间目标探测与成像仿真模型;按照轨道特征选取了94颗LEO（Low Earth Orbit,低地球轨道）卫星、63颗GEO（Geosynchronous Earth Orbit,地球同步轨道）卫星和18颗大椭圆轨道卫星,选用春夏秋冬典型季节的特定时间长度,仿真分析了国内地基、南北极科考站、LEO卫星、准GEO卫星等多平台光电手段的位置探测和成像观测能力;比对分析地基平台纬度和季节、天基平台轨道高度和倾角对探测能力的影响得出：南北极科考站相比于国内站点可提高重点季节的探测时效性,98°倾角LEO平台对低轨目标成像时效性方面更具优势,等.在此基础上,提出了我国空间目标光电观测设备天地一体的布局构想.     

基于微小卫星的空间目标光学探测定位方法

为实现空间目标的天基光学观测,利用双星定位原理,采用仅测角的观测方式,结合最小二乘法建立了双星几何定位模型。考虑到星点提取作为光学定位算法中的重要一环将直接影响最终的定位精度,因而针对就星图处理部分,分析了星图的灰度特点,采用阈值分割法进行了去噪处理,选取了几种质心法对星点进行提取,利用真实星图对提取结果进行比较,选出了形心法和阈值质心法 2种较为可行的星点提取算法。通过仿真计算和蒙特卡洛误差分析结果可知,不考虑误差时,定位误差小于 10-5 m;考虑主要误差源时,定位误差小于 100 m;且姿态误差对定位方法的精度影响最大,数值上可以达到总误差的 0.9倍以上,速度误差的影响最小,只有总误差的 1/30,可以忽略;定位误差近似呈高斯分布且误差的大小与误差源近似呈线性关系。由此可见,文章所建立的定位算法可以对空间目标实现较为精确的定位。     

Power beaming providing a space power infrastructure

A study based on two levels of technology maturity, which applies to the power beaming concept to four planned satellite constellations, is described. The analysis shows that with currently available technology, power beaming can provide mass savings to constellations to orbits ranging from low-Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit. Two constellations, a space surveillance and tracking system and space-based radar, can be supported with current technology. The other two constellations, a space-based laser array and a boost surveillance and tracking system, will require power and transmission system improvements before their break-even specific mass is achieved. A doubling of SP-100 conversion efficiency from 10 to 20% would meet or exceed break-even for these constellations     

基于天基光学监视的空间目标MSC-SPKF跟踪方法

在对天基光学监视跟踪特点进行分析的基础上,提出样点状态转换修正球坐标Sigma点卡尔曼滤波(MSC-SPKF)方法以实现对空间目标的三维被动跟踪。利用修正球坐标系和无迹变换(UT)分别在仅测角被动跟踪和获取非线性系统状态二阶矩方面的优势,选择在修正球坐标状态空间内进行Sigma点采样,并利用状态空间转换完成样点矢量非线性预测,最后在修正球坐标空间内完成滤波更新,并给出相应的初始化方法。仿真结果表明该方法在收敛性和稳健性上更有优势。     

天基光学平台下弹头与气球诱饵中段观测运动差异分析

为了解决弹道导弹在中段释放气球诱饵伴飞,以干扰天基光学防御系统对导弹目标进行精确跟踪识别的问题,基于弹头和气球诱饵质阻比的差异,利用美国NRLMSISE-00(Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter radar Exosphere,海军研究实验室质谱仪和非相干散射雷达大气经验性模型)对气球诱饵进行相应动力学分析,得出气球诱饵在弹道中段的大气阻力模型.然后给出了J2摄动下,气球诱饵经过阻力修正后较精确的中段运动模型,并将结论引入到天基光学平台中,进行观测仿真实验.结果表明,在200 km以上的高空,大气阻力对于弹头和气球诱饵的影响微弱,可忽略不计,在观测像平面中表现为一块难以区分的亮斑;而在100～200 km高度范围内,气球诱饵受大气阻力影响剧烈,在观测像平面内的运动与弹头存在较大差别,具有较强的可区分性.     

Cleaning space debris with a space-based laser system

High-energy pulsed laser radiation may be the most feasible means to mitigate the threat of collision of a space station or other valuable space assets with orbital debris in the size range of 1–10 cm. Under laser irradiation, part of the debris material is ablated and provides an impulse to the debris particle. Proper direction of the impulse vector either deflects the object trajectory or forces the debris on a trajectory through the upper atmosphere, where it burns up. Most research concentrates on ground-based laser systems but pays little attention to space-based laser systems.There are drawbacks of a ground-based laser system in cleaning space debris. Therefore the placement of a laser system in space is proposed and investigated. Under assumed conditions,the elimination process of space debris is analyzed. Several factors such as laser repetition frequency, relative movement between the laser and debris, and inclination of debris particles which may exercise influence to the elimination effects are discussed. A project of a space-based laser system is proposed according to the numerical results of a computer study. The proposed laser system can eliminate debris of 1–10 cm and succeed in protecting a space station.     

What we have not learned from the troubles with the Hubble

The Hubble space-based telescope is a great tribute to our progress in space. The ability to place an optical telescope at a significant distance from the Earth's surface, away from the interference of the planet's unsteady atmosphere, have already paid off by producing magnificent records of astronomical activities in the depths of outer space. In the past the problems with the alignment of the Hubble's optics were blamed on the manufacturers of it's optical components. The hastily set investigation concluded that the problem is a spherical aberration of the primary mirror (the primary mirror is said to be 2 microns too flat at the edges). It is suggested that the real culprit is the Parker Effect. Since the time of Galileo Galilei, all telescopes were built, aligned, and used on the Earth's surface. Hubble is the first telescope to be built and aligned on Earth for use in space. Because of this we have to consider the fundamental differences between the alignment of surface-based and space-based telescopes. For those who missed our article “The Parker Effect and Navigation in Space” published in the January issue. The Parker Effect describes the result of interaction between inertial bodies (anything that has mass) and non-inertial media (light or other E/M fields)