Radar ECCM: A European Approach

The radar designer must optimize parameters for performance in electronic countermeasures (ECM) and avoid any constraints which could be exploited by ECM. ECM/electronic counter-counter measures (ECCM) strategy must take into account electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) including enemy EMC. Electronic scanning improves search performance, but also reduces ECCM performance in other ways. While electronic scanning avoids some constraints, it imposes others, particularly in the frequency domain. It is argued that simple radars of good performance may be as cost effective in ECM as more complex systems. Some examples of recent developments are given.     

Uncertainty ellipses and their application to interval estimation of emitter position

A method of interval estimation of position of an object emitting electromagnetic energy is presented. The problem is considered in cases of known and unknown errors of emitter position determination. Precise expressions concerning two-dimensional confidence regions for unknown position of the emitter have been obtained. Uncertainty regions defined as error ellipses and confidence ellipses have been determined. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of considered regions have been made. The presented approach and obtained results may be useful in electronic intelligence (ELINT) and electronic warfare (EW) applications, in radio navigation, ballistics, and in rescue operations at sea as well.     

Integrated precision SAR targeting: a SAR targeting simulation

Operational deficiencies exist in the current ability to perform high resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) targeting for precision strike missions in difficult electronic countermeasure (ECM) and anti-aircraft environments. Increasingly sophisticated enemy defenses require that fire control information be derived from highly maneuverable aircraft trajectories rather than traditional straight-and-level flight. In addition, target area aspect information is needed to determine optimal attack approaches. These imaging and targeting conditions impose severe performance requirements on the sensor aircraft motion compensation system (MCS), and dictate the need for sophisticated algorithms to counteract ECM threats. This paper describes the development of a user friendly “Design Tool” for modeling and analysis of airborne radar system performance for SAR imaging and Precision SAR Targeting     

智能化雷达对抗情报处理技术研究

随着雷达技术的迅猛发展,雷达信号的密度、复杂程度都大幅度提高,这就增加了雷达信号的不确定性因素。本文讨论了粗糙集理论、模糊集理论、证据理论和可能性理论等人工智能技术在雷达对抗情报处理中的应用。对雷达辐射源的型号和工作模式识别、雷达网信息以及所属平台信息的推理技术进行了探索研究,给出了研究建议。     

机载电子对抗系统效率分析

随着电子对抗的发展,机载电子对抗系统的效率评价成为人们越来越关注的问题。本文首先分析了评价效率的重要性,进而运用运筹学的方法进行了分析和计算。也就是用排队论的有关方法解算了载机的突防概率和生存概率;用博奕论的方法分析了电子对抗运用手段对系统效率的影响。最后,通过对一次电子对抗实战情况的分析,提出了载机利用系数的计算方法。     

Effectiveness calculations in captive-carry HIL missile simulatorexperiments

Electronic countermeasures (ECMs) are instrumental in altering the flight path of an incoming active threat missile. To determine the effectiveness of the ECM, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) threat missile simulators are tested in several types of experimental configurations (e.g., closed-loop in an anechoic chamber, open-loop captive-carry held tests on board an aircraft). A new class of modeling and simulation algorithms is presented that allows an accurate miss distance to be calculated from a high-bandwidth ECM captive-carry test result. The techniques combine the results from each test configuration and represent an improvement in evaluating an ECM effectiveness over a singly independent analysis. Anechoic chamber and captive-carry test results from an HIL antiship missile (ASM) simulator are used to demonstrate the algorithms and detail the feasibility of the approach     

Analysis of towed decoys

Recent advances in RF missile systems have reduced the effectiveness of conventional on-board electronic countermeasures (ECM) to defend friendly aircraft. To provide the much needed defense, off-board ECM techniques are being developed. The effectiveness of off-board RF ECM is analyzed, and specific observations are made about the effectiveness of such ECM when used to defend friendly aircraft     

An ECCM model and the technical development trends to the demandsof the future EW combat

Based on analyzing the development trends of foreign airborne ECM technology, this paper points out the weak link of ECCM performance of the air defend missile weapon system. The paper also advocates an ECCM combat model-“the electromagnetic silence”-to suit the needs of future EW combat and some technical methods for improving the ECCM performance, especially emphasizing the important role of the application of the artificial intelligence technology in the area of ECCM     

电子战中无人机的任务及生存能力研究

本文阐述了在电子战中无人机可能执行的任务,包括电子支援（测向、定位）、电子进攻（主要有有源干扰、无源干扰、硬杀伤）以及电子防护,并介绍了在电子战的条件下,采用无源定位和扩频道遥控技术降低无人机系统的电磁辐射（主要指射频辐射）和截获概率从而增强无人机生存能力的方法。     

Electronic Logbook for Space System Integration & Test Operations

In the highly technological aerospace world, paper is still widely used to document space system integration and test (I&T) operations. E-Logbook (electronic logbook) is a new technology designed to replace current documentation processes of space system I&T operations, such as connector mate and demate, flight hardware and flight software component installation, material mixes or electronic ground support equipment (EGSE) validation. It also includes new documentation concepts, such as the shift log, which improves project awareness and optimizes the shift hand-over process, and the configuration log, which instantly reports on the global I&T state of the space system and greatly enhances information gathering prior to major test events or project reviews. The design of E-Logbook focuses not only on a reliable and efficient relational database, but also on an ergonomic human-computer interactive (HCI) system of graphical user interfaces (GUI) that can help reduce human error and improve I&T discipline and management oversight. E-Logbook has been used for the I&T of the large area telescope (LAT) of the gamma-ray large area space telescope (GLAST) scientific satellite at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). After 19 months of operation, more than 41,000 records have been created for the different documentation components or I&T Logs, with no data having been corrupted or critically lost. 94% of the operators and 100% of the management exposed to E-Logbook prefer it to paper logbooks and recommend its use in the aerospace industry.     

Relative targeting architectures for captive-carry HIL missilesimulator experiments

Captive-carry electronic warfare (EW) tests evaluate the response of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) missile seekers to an actual environment (test-range) including the presence of electronic attack. This paper describes a relative targeting architecture that displays the test-range results in geodetic coordinates using only the sensors available on board the captive-carry platform (GPS, INS, seekers). To derive the target position in geodetic coordinates, a lever-arm correction process is described that determines the position of each seeker and the corresponding pitch and yaw of the simulator. Combining the positional parameters of the seeker with its targeting variables, the seeker track point is displayed in geodetic coordinates, A track tagging algorithm is presented to identify the true target from the EW disruption using the drift angle from the inertial navigation system (INS), To eliminate the scintillation noise present in the track image, a Kalman filter in sensor coordinates is applied to the targeting variables allowing optimization of the track tagging. Experimental results from a recent EW field test using antiship cruise missile simulators are shown to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach for determining EW effectiveness in near real-time. Targeting accuracy is also quantified by comparing the derived target position with the true Global Positioning System (GPS) test-range position of the ship in the absence of electronic attack     

Countermeasures of command and control (C2) capabilities in a hostile environment

For a military airborne platform to survive in a hostile battlefield environment, the rapid detection and geo-location of an enemy (or terrorist) gunner is highly desirable. One approach is to develop an electronic countermeasure system against the gunner's command and communication (C2) capabilities, specifically the usage of modern wireless phones. Such a countermeasure system conducts a quick detection and geo-location of the targeted (hostile) mobile wireless subscriber, allows the airborne platform to make appropriate decisions: 1) to divert and avoid potential military conflicts; 2) to cue artillery supports and prepare for attack; or 3) to relay the coordinates of the potential threat to his own command and control units. In this paper, we discuss the technical approach of the countermeasure system, especially in two design areas: 1) detection and tracking of enemy C2 signals; and 2) geo-location of a targeted communication link.     

Analysis and characterization of a monobit receiver for electronic warfare

Detection of simultaneous signals and real-time operation are basic characteristics in broadband electronic warfare (EW) receivers. A digital channelized monobit receiver represents an attempt to achieve both features at the expense of low instantaneous dynamic range. This paper presents a detailed theoretical and experimental analysis, and characterization of the performance of this promising receiver composed of a monobit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a filter bank based on a monobit implementation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).     

基于GMAP.NET的民机试飞二维电子地图设计与研发

电子地图是民机试飞中常见的监控应用,用于实时反映试飞飞机的位置、航迹和空域等信息。但传统的电子地图功能单一,存在无法动态更新空域、不能航后回放以及不支持多架机集中监控等问题,无法满足当前试飞安全监控需求。基于GMAP.NET组件设计研发了一款新的二维电子地图实时监控软件,采用多线程调度、动态图层等技术,集成了时序数据库,在实现多架机试飞航迹实时监控的同时,支持航迹信息的实时存储、回放和空域信息的在线更新。通过在某国产大型客机试飞现场的测试,软件可满足试飞航迹的安全监控需求。     

河南省网上支付业务存在的问题及对策

网上支付是电子商务活动的核心环节 ,也是开展电子商务的基础条件。指出了当前河南省网上支付业务发展中存在的主要问题 ,并对其成因进行了分析 ,最后就如何促进河南省网上支付业务健康、有序地发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

不同机载电子干扰条件下的飞机敏感性模型

对典型作战场景中雷达制导导弹威胁下的飞机敏感性进行了研究,分别从导弹发射和命中2个方面,建立了远距离支援干扰(SOJ)和自卫干扰(SPJ)条件下的飞机敏感性模型。首先分析了在典型电子对抗措施(ECM)和电子抗干扰措施(ECCM)条件下的雷达探测距离;其次提出了用于评价欺骗干扰的有效时间模型,结合典型制导律,建立了不同干扰条件下导弹命中分析的仿真模型;最后对不同干扰条件下的飞机敏感性进行了仿真实验。结果表明:电子干扰一定程度上能够降低非隐身战机的敏感性,但是对于低雷达散射截面(RCS)或者采用先进抗干扰措施的武器系统而言,电子干扰对飞机敏感性降低的作用有限甚至有害。研究结果对现役飞机通过电子干扰降低敏感性以及对在研飞机的敏感性设计具有一定的参考意义。     

Stochastic game approach to air operations

A command and control (C/sup 2/) problem for military air operations is addressed. Specifically, we consider C/sup 2/ problems for air vehicles against ground-based targets and defensive systems. The problem is viewed as a stochastic game. We restrict our attention to the C/sup 2/ level where the problem may consist of a few unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs) or aircraft (or possibly teams of vehicles), less than say, a half-dozen enemy surface-to-air missile air defense units (SAMs), a few enemy assets (viewed as targets from our standpoint), and some enemy decoys (assumed to mimic SAM radar signatures). At this low level, some targets are mapped out and possible SAM sites that are unavoidably part of the situation are known. One may then employ a discrete stochastic game problem formulation to determine which of these SAMs should optimally be engaged (if any), and by what series of air vehicle operations. We provide analysis, numerical implementation, and simulation for full state-feedback and measurement feedback control within this C/sup 2/ context. Sensitivity to parameter uncertainty is discussed. Some insight into the structure of optimal and near-optimal strategies for C/sup 2/ is obtained. The analysis is extended to the case of observations which may be affected by adversarial inputs. A heuristic based on risk-sensitive control is applied, and it is found that this produces improved results over more standard approaches.     

多传感器协同探测证据理论分类融合方法

随着智能化、网络化集群作战等理念和技术的兴起,精确制导武器越来越向智能化、协同化方向发展。多传感器协同探测能够针对不同的探测任务背景和作战需求,提升目标探测性能,还可以跨域整合多种探测平台。但是由于信息的不确定性等特点,使得多传感器数据直接融合可能造成决策困难。因此,在证据理论体系下对信息融合的有效性进行合理分析与度量是很有必要的。提出了一种基于Deng熵的证据理论分类融合算法,以熵减为主要思想,将证据进行分类融合。在决策过程中,将含有证据数最多的类别融合结果作为总体融合结果,避免高冲突证据的影响,提升融合结果的信息有效性。采用算例说明了所提方法不仅能够得到合理正确的结果,并且融合可靠性较高,便于决策与后续的信息处理。     

基于决策不确定性的多目标跟踪传感器管理

针对高杂波、电子干扰环境,在量测驱动的多目标滤波框架下提出了一种基于决策不确定性的传感器管理方法。首先,根据部分可观测马尔科夫决策过程的理论,给出了基于Rényi信息增量的传感器管理一般方法。其次,综合考虑决策过程的信息完整性、信息质量、信息的内涵等因素,在量测驱动的自适应滤波框架下,基于目标运动态势评估多目标决策不确定性水平,并选取最大决策不确定性目标。最后,以最大决策不确定性目标的信息增量最大化为准则进行传感器分配方案的求解。仿真实验表明所提方法能够有效抑制电子干扰、杂波对多目标跟踪及传感器分配的影响,与基于威胁的传感器管理方法相比,所提方法的平均最优子模式分配（OSPA）距离及平均计算时长均显著降低,且在高杂波、电子干扰情形下具有较高的可靠性。