美国军用航天国际合作有新进展

西方国家军用航天的国际合作最近有趋热之势.美国欲通过"百星"计划和北约组织中的26个盟国一起打造"太空快速反应联盟";澳大利亚将加入美国军用的"宽带全球卫星通信"星座计划的建设,与美国共享先进的军用卫星通信系统;加拿大将用自己的卫星帮助美国监视别国的卫星.     

印度航天介绍(下)

导航卫星 印度空间研究组织官员2006年7月4日与工业界代表举行会议,商讨印度政府关于利用国产组件建设一个独立的卫星导航系统的计划.该项目称为"印度区域导航卫星系统"(IRNSS),已在同年5月9日得到印度政府批准,将在今后5～6年内实施,包含由7～8颗卫星构成的一个星座以及一个大型地面段.将耗资142亿卢比.     

工业和信息化部林森副司长一行到七○八所指导工作

本刊讯2009年新年伊始,工信部军民结合推进司林森副司长、牟宗庆处长、王东调研员等一行来七○八所指导工作。所科技委主任诸一维、有关研究室的领导参加了会议。会议由卿寿松所长主持,魏永刚副所长概述了所的现状与能     

对跑道侵入的分析和建议

引言据统计,空中交通管理中68%的事故发生在地面阶段。2003至2006财政年度,在美国NAS内的500多家机场共计发生了1306次跑道侵入事件,其中有4次导致了发生相撞事故。虽然这4起事故没     

与空间碎片有关的空间环境保护立法研究

自1957年前苏联成功发射第一颗人造卫星以来,人类航天活动得到了突飞猛进的发展.人类航天活动在促进世界经济发展和社会进步的同时,也在外层空间留下了数千个大型物体,数万个中小型碎片和数亿个微粒物质.     

机动弹头中段突防姿态的搜索算法研究

针对弹道导弹在大气层外的机动突防问题,建立了攻防对抗双方的六自由度动力学和运动学模型;研究拦截弹的导引律,对比例导引加以改进,用卡尔曼滤波估计视线角和方位角的变化率估算敌方的飞行信息;研究了机动弹头的智能规避策略,主要对如何确定机动方向展开研究,基于使EKV过载最大化的原则,提出了一种姿态搜索算法.经仿真验证,该算法提高了规避策略的自适应性和鲁棒性,对于增大脱靶量、提高导弹突防概率效果显著.     

第27届IADC会议和第5届欧洲空间碎片会议简介

1 概况第27届iadc(the inter-agency space debris coordination committee,机构间空间碎片协调委员会)会议和第5届欧洲空间碎片会议(the 5th european conference on space debris,ucsd)于2009年3月24日至4月1日在德国达姆斯达特市的欧空局(esa)空间运行控制中心(the european space operations centre,esoc)举行,会议由esa主办,由意大利航天局(asi)、英国航天局(bnsc)、法国航天局(cnes)、德国航天局(dlr)、国际空间研究委员会(cospar)和国际宇航学会(iaa)协办,由esoc承办.     

以色列空袭叙利亚核目标中的网络战

2007年9月6日,以色列空军出动8架F-16和F-15战机,在预警机的指挥下,成功地空袭了叙利亚代尔祖尔地区一处正在建设的核设施,8架飞机安全返航.该战例证明,网络攻击是一种信息作战样式,它可使对方防空系统瘫痪,处于被动挨打而无还手之力局面.从网络对抗角度讨论网络攻击途径及其关键技术.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

美国高超声速技术飞行器

介绍了美国正在开展的猎鹰计划及该计划的目标、组成和各组成部分的任务目标。重点介绍了该计划下研制的高超声速技术飞行器(HTV)。此外,还对HTV所涉及的关键技术进行了总结。