航空煤油RP-3结焦产物的物性

在环境温度为800K和900K条件下,获取RP-3航空煤油结焦产物,通过试验获得表观形貌及物性,拟合了结焦产物的比热容和导热系数随温度变化的经验关系式。结果表明:航空煤油结焦产物的微观结构为球状颗粒堆积且表面存在可见孔隙,表观密度约为1 049kg/m~3,真密度约为1 498kg/m~3,孔隙率约为29.9%,环境温度为800K下生成的油焦真密度较900K下生成的小;通过闪光法测得油焦比热容约为1.1~2.2J/(g·K),导热系数约为0.19~0.28W/(m·K),比热容和导热系数均随着温度的升高而增加,环境温度为800K下生成的油焦比热容和导热系数较在900K条件下生成的略大。     

各向异性陶瓷基复合材料涡轮叶片概率性热分析方法

考虑陶瓷基复合材料等纤维增韧复合材料导热系数的各向异性及分散性,建立了基于概率统计的陶瓷基复合材料涡轮叶片热分析方法。研究中以Mark Ⅱ涡轮叶片冷却结构为例,综合利用有限元方法和蒙特卡洛方法,分析了应用陶瓷基复合材料后的温度场均值和波动特性。计算中将导热系数作为随机输入参数,分析了导热系数各向异性及其分散度对叶片前缘滞止点温度、尾缘温度以及高温区域（T>900K）面积的影响。计算中发现在本文的计算工况下,考虑导热系数存在正态波动情况时,叶片前缘滞止点、尾缘温度波动也满足正态分布。前缘滞止点温度在导热系数变异系数为01,导热系数比为2时其温度波动最大,相比12731K的均温,有16%的概率超温913K。尾缘温度在导热系数变异系数为01,导热系数比为10时波动最大,有16%的概率超过均值11529K达527K。计算结果表明:导热系数分散度所带来的波动,会导致叶片内部高温关注区域（T>900K）的面积增大,并且高温关注区域相对增加量ΔShot随导热系数变异系数α的增加而增加。计算结果表明,高温关注区域相对增加量最大发生在导热系数比为2,变异系数为0.1时,此时ΔShot=4.8%。      

单一物质的热力学性能近似计算(英文)

本文介绍针对固定温度点的热力学函数 (如焓、熵、比热 )综合近似计算法。该方法已成功地用来近似计算温度范围为 10 0～ 2 0 0 0 0 K的 150 0个热力学函数表。用内含近似计算程序包的 TD软件系统对混合物参数进行热力计算的结果证明,该多项式在求解多组元系统计算中迭代问题时具有很高的可靠性。      

基于响应面的涡轮叶片冷却通道设计优化

基于响应面近似技术,对涡轮冷却叶片的气动和传热性能进行了设计优化。以冷却通道肋的位置为设计变量,采用拉丁超立方抽样在变量设计空间里选取样本点,根据样本点建立叶片计算模型,采用流-热耦合分析方法得到叶片气动与传热性能参数,拟合得到叶片壁面最高温度、平均温度和总压损失关于设计变量的四阶响应面近似模型。采用响应面模型动态修正技术,进行了回流式冷却通道的设计优化,得到了优化解,减少了总压损失,使叶片最高温度下降了24.5 K,叶片壁面平均温度下降了34.4 K。     

基于人工神经网络模型的超临界RP-3热物性计算

为准确得到超临界压力下RP-3的热物性，基于人工神经网络（ANN）方法建立超临界RP-3的密度、黏度、比定压热容和导热系数的计算模型。以广义对应态法则计算得到的RP-3热物性结果训练神经网络，并耦合了实验误差模型得到修正后的ANN模型。计算温度变化范围为300～800 K，压力变化范围为3～6 MPa。结果表明：ANN模型能准确地预测超临界RP-3的热物性，且计算精度比广义对应态法则计算得到的结果提高了16.3%。在压力为5 MPa的工况下，ANN模型预测的密度、黏度、比定压热容和导热系数的回归系数均大于0.99，与实验结果平均相对误差分别为1.5%、4.1%、0.9%和0.7%。     

煤油燃料超燃发动机燃烧室温度测量与计算分析

为获得超燃冲压发动机燃烧室流场温度分布特性,深入分析发动机工作特性,对马赫数为2.0,总温为1100K,总压为1.0MPa的来流,利用可调谐的相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）技术完成了直连式燃烧室流场温度测量;同时对实验状态进行了三维并行数值模拟,对比分析了计算和实验结果的差异。结果表明,隔离段温度的实验测量值与计算结果的最大相对误差约为0.8%;在燃烧室核心流区域,当量比为0.6和0.8两个状态下,实验测量值分别比计算值偏低约40K和150K,相对差异为4.2%和13%;在凹槽回流区内,当量比为0.6和0.8时实验值则分别比计算值偏低约140K和170K,相对差异为11.7%和7.5%。主喷油位置喷入当量比为0.2的燃料对燃烧室区域的温度和压力分布会产生较大影响,但对扩张段及后部区域的推力性能不会产生显著的改变。      

一种基于平均流场的翼型尾缘宽频噪声预测方法

发展了一种基于平均流场的翼型尾缘宽频噪声预测方法.可压缩Navier-Stokes方程被重组为能描述气动噪声产生和传播的形式,包括准确描述声传播的线性算子和雷诺应力构成的声源项.为减少计算时间和避免格林函数空间奇异性,采用伴随格林函数方法求解格林函数;同时采用基于平均流场的声源模化方法生成声源项.为了验证该方法,预测了NACA0012翼型尾缘宽频噪声,其中平均流场使用OpenFOAM计算,格林函数采用均匀流动下半无限大平板近似.预测结果表明:对于不同来流速度和攻角,该方法不仅能准确预测噪声幅值及峰值频率,而且噪声频谱也都在实验结果的误差范围之内(±3dB),证明了该预测方法的精度和适用性.      

关于闭环特征多项式的数值解及其应用问题

本文提出应用分析法,在不同的阻尼比数值下,直接计算闭环伺服机构放大系数K的简化法。当K值算出后,可通过高阶特征多项式系数比值近似地解出方程的根值,并可通过劈因解根法,在要求精度内解出根值并绘出根轨迹曲线。     

壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

吸热型碳氢燃料RP-3替代模型研究

利用广义对应态法则对吸热型碳氢燃料RP-3的5种替代模型的密度、黏度、导热系数和比定压热容进行了数值计算.计算温度变化范围为300~800K,压力变化范围为3~6MPa.结果表明:不同替代模型均能定性重现RP-3在拟临界温度附近的物性急剧变化;由53%正十一烷,18%正丁基环己烷,29%1,3,5-三甲基苯组成的3组分替代模型在预测RP-3物性上表现最优,相对于实验数据,300~700K内密度相对误差均小于0.08;替代模型的相对分子质量越大,预测的拟临界温度越高,对拟临界温度下物性值的影响无显著规律.      

立方氮化硼刀片车削粉末高温合金的刀具磨损

研究了用立方氮化硼 (CBN)刀片车削粉末高温合金的刀具磨损特征及刀具磨损机理。对精车和半精车而言 ,CBN是车削粉末高温合金的一种理想刀具材料 ,它不仅可保证高的加工精度 ,而且可获得长的刀具寿命     

Grindability and Surface Integrity of Cast Nickel-based Superalloy in Creep Feed Grinding with Brazed CBN Abrasive Wheels

The technique of creep feed grinding is most suitable for geometrical shaping, and therefore has been expected to improve effectively material removal rate and surface quality of components with complex profile. This article studies experimentally the effects of process parameters (i.e. wheel speed, workpiece speed and depth of cut) on the grindability and surface integrity of cast nickel-based superalloys, i.e. K424, during creep feed grinding with brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasive wheels. Some important factors, such as grinding force and temperature, specific grinding energy, size stability, surface topography, microhardness and microstructure alteration of the sub-surface, residual stresses, are investigated in detail. The results show that during creep feed grinding with brazed CBN wheels, low grinding temperature at about 100 °C is obtained though the specific grinding energy of nickel-based superalloys is high up to 200-300 J/mm³. A combination of wheel speed 22.5 m/s, workpiece speed 0.1 m/min, depth of cut 0.2 mm accomplishes the straight grooves with the expected dimensional accuracy. Moreover, the compressive residual stresses are formed in the burn-free and crack-free ground surface.     

高效砂轮的在线检测

硬质氮化硼磨料在很多加工场合可经济地代替常用的金刚砂，碳化硅等磨料，在加工过程中可显著提高生产率。但如何高效获得周转和平面理想的磨削结果，本文叙述的测量砂轮径跳的方法可达到其目的。     

Comparative investigation on high-speed grinding of TiCp/Ti–6Al–4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites with single-layer electroplated and brazed CBN wheels

In order to develop the high-efficiency and precision machining technique of Ti Cp/Ti–6Al–4V particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites(PTMCs), high-speed grinding experiments were conducted using the single-layer electroplated cubic boron nitride(CBN) wheel and brazed CBN wheel, respectively. The comparative grinding performance was studied in terms of grinding force, grinding temperature, grinding-induced surface features and defects. The results display that the grinding forces and grinding temperature obtained with the brazed CBN wheel are always lower than those with the electroplated CBN wheel. Though the voids and microcracks are the dominant grinding-induced surface defects, the brazed CBN wheel produces less surface defects compared to the electroplated wheel according to the statistical analysis results. The maximum materials removal rate with the brazed CBN wheel is much higher than that with the electroplated one. All above indicate that the single-layer brazed CBN super-abrasive wheel is more suitable for high-speed grinding of PTMCs than the electroplated counterpart.     

Review on monolayer CBN superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials

A state-of-the-art review on monolayer electroplated and brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) superabrasive wheels for grinding metallic materials has been provided in this article. The fabrication techniques and mechanisms of the monolayer CBN wheels are discussed. Grain distri-bution, wheel dressing, wear behavior, and wheel performance are analyzed in detail. Sample appli-cations of monolayer CBN wheel for grinding steels, titanium alloys, and nickel-based superalloys are also provided. Finally, this article highlights opportunities for further investigation of mono-layer CBN grinding wheels.     

Grinding performance evaluation of porous composite-bonded CBN wheels for Inconel 718

For high-efficiency grinding of difficult-to-cut materials such as titanium and nickel alloys, a high porosity is expected and also a sufficient mechanical strength to satisfy the function.However, the porosity increase is a disadvantage to the mechanical strength. As a promising pore forming agent, alumina bubbles are firstly induced into the abrasive layer to fabricate porous cubic boron nitride（CBN） wheels. When the wheel porosity reaches 45%, the bending strength is still high up to 50 MPa with modified orderly pore distribution. A porous CBN wheel was fabricated with a total porosity around 30%. The grinding performance of the porous composite-bonded CBN wheel was evaluated in terms of specific force, specific grinding energy, and grinding temperature, which were better than those of the vitrified one under the same grinding conditions. Compared to the vitrified CBN wheel, clear straight cutting grooves and less chip adhesion are observed on the ground surface and there is also no extensive loading on the wheel surface after grinding.     

固体火箭冲压发动机含硼推进剂燃烧性能实验研究

利用地面直连试验系统对含硼推进剂在某固体火箭冲压发动燃烧过程性能进行试验研究。通过对含硼推进剂燃烧后凝聚相样品的SEM,EDS和XPS分析,探讨推进剂燃烧过程。在凝聚相EDS分析中,硼元素含量随着远离推进剂轴向方向显著降低,氧元素含量显著升高。在补燃室中,由于补充富氧空气,一次燃烧产物进一步反应,导致环境温度上升。由于高温,硼颗粒发生燃烧,产生大量气态硼化物,从而导致硼元素含量下降。二次燃烧凝聚相产物中,硼的非完全氧化物占比在40%以上,氮化硼占比在20%以上,硼颗粒占比7%以下。研究结果表明,随着推进剂在燃气发生器和补燃室内的一、二次燃烧,硼颗粒逐渐减少,并分别与环境中的C和O等元素发生化学反应,在凝聚相中的含量逐渐降低,氧元素在补燃室之后显著增加,氮化硼为凝聚相主要成分之一,存在于各特征位置。推进剂中的硼颗粒没有被完全燃烧,燃烧效率有待于进一步提高。     

Dimension Accuracy and Surface Integrity of Creep Feed Ground Titanium Alloy with Monolayer Brazed CBN Shaped Wheels

Titanium alloy tenon is creep feed ground with monolayer brazed cubic boron nitride (CBN) shaped wheels. The dimension accuracy of the tenon is assessed and the results indicate that it completely meets the requirement of blade tenon of aero-engine. Residual stresses, surface roughness, microstructure and microhardness are measured on ground surfaces of the specimen, which are all compared with that ground with vitrified CBN wheels. Under all the circumstances, compressive residual stress is obtained and the depth of the machining affected zone is found to be less than 40 μm. No phase transformation is observed at depths of up to 100 μm below the surface, though plastic deformation is visible in the process of grain refinement. The residual stress and microhardness of specimens ground with brazed CBN wheels are observed to be lower than those ground with vitrified ones. The arithmetic mean roughness (R_a) values obtained are all below 0.8 μm.     

原位自生TiB_2/Al复合材料磨削表面质量研究

原位自生TiB_2/Al复合材料具有密度小,比强度高,比模量大等特点,在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。为探索原位自生TiB_2/Al复合材料的磨削加工性能,选用单晶刚玉SA砂轮、白刚玉WA砂轮和CBN砂轮在不同磨削参数下对TiB_2/Al复合材料进行磨削试验。首先研究了砂轮材质、转速、工件速度、磨削深度对工件表面粗糙度的影响规律;其次通过对工件表面形貌、磨屑形态、砂轮磨损的观测分析,探索了原位自生TiB_2/Al复合材料磨削表面成形机制;最后基于试验数据,给出了TiB_2/Al复合材料磨削工艺参数优选域。本研究可为颗粒增强金属基复合材料磨削加工提供基础理论支撑。     

典型尖楔结构燃气流热试验工况确定方法

在传统冷壁热流模拟方法的基础上,进一步提出以热壁温度及热流密度的时序变化曲线为控制目标的燃气流热试验工况确定方法,即利用壁温控制目标与实测值的偏差对热壁热流控制目标做一定修正,以尽可能消除和弥补前期试验误差,同时利用300K冷壁边界热流密度数据库插值迭代方法,快速确定一定气动热模拟所需燃气流温度,解决了沿飞行轨迹瞬态热试验技术难题之一。利用CFD数值模拟方法,建立了典型尖楔结构高/中温双路燃气流组合热试验300K冷壁边界热流密度数据库,并针对典型尖楔结构沿某飞行轨迹9个典型状态气动热模拟需求,确定相应双路燃气流热模拟参数。相关数值计算结果显示,驻点区域热流密度平均模拟偏差为4.5%,平板区热流密度平均模拟偏差为4.6%,两者最大模拟偏差均不大于8%,满足工程试验精度要求。同时,瞬态热分析结果显示第45s时,距驻点1mm处最大温度梯度达到21K/mm,距驻点10.1mm处最大温度梯度达到18K/mm,满足气动热大温度梯度效应需求。