国家利益矛盾漩涡中的科技异化

在当代社会，国家利益的实现日益依赖科技，而国家之间不断加剧的利益矛盾成为科技异化的重要根源。科技霸权、新的贫富差距——数字鸿沟和高科技战争等是国家之间利益矛盾的产物，也是科技异化在当代的突出体现。树立人类整体利益的观念、建立公正合理的国际社会制度，能有效地协调国家之间的利益矛盾，为科技的健康发展创造良好的国际环境，从而减少和克服科技异化。     

建立和谐的民航运行体系

所谓和谐的民航运行体系,就是要提高民航系统的运行管理能力,建立系统运行过程中各种突出矛盾的长效解决机制,充分利用现有的各种民用航空资源,依法对民航的运行进行调控,使民航运行系统始终保持安全、健康、高效的状态。建立并完善民航运行协调决策机制正是要通过有效的方式建立这样的一系列制度,使用合理的管理方式和技术手段完成上述任务。一、为什么要建立民航运行协调决策机制为完善社会主义市场经济体制,按照国家提出的“产权清晰,责权明确,政企分开,管理科学”的方针,民航业进行了相应的体制改革:航空运输企业脱离民航总局管理,大部…     

政府与企业之间利益关系分析

政府利益包括政治利益、经济利益和社会利益,而市场经济中企业的利益主要是经济利益.政府利益和企业利益之间存在着对立统一的复杂关系.其一,政府的政治利益与企业的经济利益之间存在互动关系,但这种互动必须以二者清晰的利益边界为前提,否则在二者中更为强势和主动的政府就有可能损害企业的利益.其二,政府的社会利益与企业经济利益之间存在替代和互补的两面性,这导致二者既存在共生关系又存在竞争关系.因此政府在引导企业行为、防止其对社会利益进行侵害时,应把握好行政干预的强度.其三,政府和企业都存在对经济利益的追求.但前者主要是满足公共需要,即利他,而后者主要是利己.由于赋税、国债等经济手段会对企业经济利益产生替代性,因此政府在使用时要注意保护企业的利益.     

企业利益相关者激励机制的构建——基于对“股东至上”理论的质疑

当各种主流企业理论没有充足的理由证明企业的所有权应该全部归企业股东所有时,西方学者在20世纪60年代开始了企业利益相关者理论的研究。纵观利益相关者理论在国内外的研究成果,不难发现,利益相关者对企业发展有着不可忽视的重要影响。为了提高企业的综合竞争能力,企业应该对其资本市场的利益相关者、产品市场的利益相关者以及组织中的利益相关者设计出有效的激励机制,让企业中的各方利益相关者一起为实现企业的战略目标而共同奋斗。     

全球价值链变动、国别利益得失及其对策

从全球价值链变动的角度,构建一个全球价值链及其变动的理论模型.随着全球价值链的变动,相关国家的经济利益会出现得失问题,因而相关国家需要采取相应的对策,包括进行有效的技术知识积累与组织学习.选择正确的升级路线和升级方法等,提升自身在全球价值链中的位置,获得最大的价值.     

中国出租车行业存在的问题研究

出租车行业是一个特殊行业.重庆等地接二连三地发生出租车集体罢运事件,缘于黑车多、份钱高、加气难、罚款多、运价低、公司化剥削、经营垄断等行业问题.出租车业出现的各种现象与其制度安排有关.在行业理念方面,必须建立健全出租车行业运营基本制度,进一步完善其管理制度体系;行业机制方面,应努力搭建出租车运营的群体利益冲突解决协调机制,及时化解政府、公司、司机三方之间的运营矛盾;行业组织方面,要建立健全出租车行业组织,逐步完善行业自律管理与自律监管;行业体制方面,应尽快理顺出租车管理体制,建立适应经济发展需要的运营体制,促进出租车行业健康发展.     

四川少数民族同胞利益诉求强烈程度研究

对四川主要少数民族和主要少数民族聚集区的少数民族同胞利益诉求强烈程度进行了排序研究和分组研究.研究得出结论:少数民族同胞最强烈的利益诉求是增加家庭收入,而不是改善居住和生活条件.性别、民族、年龄、地区、受教育程度的不同导致了少数民族同胞利益诉求强烈程度差异.不仅不同性别、不同民族少数民族同胞存在同一利益诉求和不同利益诉求强烈程度差异,而且不同年龄、不同地区、接受不同教育程度的少数民族同胞也存在同一利益诉求和不同利益诉求强烈程度差异.政府应大力改善基础设施、交通条件,发展民族经济；大力提高少数民族同胞教育水平,促进民族地区经济发展；通过基础设施和交通条件的改善、民族经济的发展提高少数民族同胞的生活水平、改善民族地区的基础设施和交通条件,促进民族地区经济的发展和少数民族同胞生活水平的提高.     

一类基于分解协调机制的多学科优化算法

对于复杂系统的设计问题,分解协调是一种比较有效的优化策略.对耦合信息处理方式的不同,产生了不同格式的多学科优化算法.从子系统间信息交换的角度,描述了系统的耦合机制、耦合系统变量的分解和合成.介绍了系统优化中的系统分析,以及分解分析和分解设计的算法构架.归纳总结了一类基于分解协调机制的多学科优化算法,并对分解算法的特点和特殊处理机制进行了探讨.     

新型农村社区建设演进路径的理论和现实分析

农村社区是在用地矛盾和新农村建设背景下推动的,建设过程中的制约因素和突出矛盾难以回避.河南新型农村社区建设需要在中原经济区“两不三新”三化协调科学发展视角下加以观察和审视,从而搞清其理论逻辑和演进路径,破解实践中的矛盾和难题.加强协调、注重统筹、尊重规律、发挥农民主体作用是新型农村社区建设的基本原则.     

我国航空运输产业的协调政策研究

在前面几期,我们已经详细讨论了我国航空运输产业的产业重组和分类管制政策。在我国航空运输产业政企合一、高度垄断经营的原有体制下,民航各部门之间的利益冲突并不明显,内部的利益关系基本都可以通过行政手段来协调。经过1987、2002年的两次市场结构重组,民航业务被分割若干个部分,分别由不同企业或利益主体来承担,利益冲突变得非常明显。所以,在航空运输业实行市场结构重组和分类管制的条件下,政府还需要制定一系列的协调政策来协调各民航业务部门之间的关系,争取创造出规模经济与竞争活力兼容的高效市场体系,确保政府管制目标的实现。与…     

差值法与比值法的误差修正效果比较研究及应用

差值法与比值法对不同测量系统的误差修正效果不一样。本文将两种方法的比较用一个比值来描述,并用推得的公式进行量化表示。在进一步的应用研究中,理论分析与实验数据相互印证,同时得到许多有益的结论,有助于全面掌握测量系统的误差来源,从而灵活选择各种修正方法以获得更加准确的测量结果。     

Physical and chemical characteristics of the ISM inside and outside the heliosphere

This paper summarizes some of the discussions of working group 8–9 during the ISSI Conference on The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium. Because the subject of these working groups has become significantly broader during the last ten years, we have selected three topics for which recent observations have modified and improved our knowledge of the heliosphere and the surrounding interstellar medium. These topics are the number densities and ISM ionization states of hydrogen and helium, the newly discovered hot gas from the H wall seen in absorption, and the comparison between ISM and heliospheric minor element abundances. Papers from this volume in which more details on these topics can be found are quoted throughout the report.     

吸尘器振动与噪声试验分析

针对某型号吸尘器噪音和振动大的问题进行试验研究,用声强法对吸尘器的噪音进行测量分析,同时对吸尘器的振动进行了测量并对振动信号用DASP软件进行了频谱分析,识别了吸尘器的主要振动源和噪声源.在试验分析的基础上,提出了一些改善其振动和噪音性能的措施.     

带襟翼三维机翼上的分离流、襟翼槽与剪切口流动

本文运用嵌套网格方法严格考虑机翼切口和襟翼端面几何形状生成了合理的计算网格,并应用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和Johnson-King湍流模型计算了带双襟翼三维机翼的粘性绕流,特别是大迎角下机翼襟翼上的分离流、襟翼槽与剪切口流动.计算实践表明,用该方法可以很好地预计最大升力.     

Short-Lived Radioactivities and the Birth of the sun

Now extinct short-lived radioactive isotopes were apparently extant in the early solar system. Their abundances can be inferred from isotopic effects in their daughter nuclei in primitive meteorites, and the deviation of these abundances from expectations from continuous galactic nucleosynthesis yields important information on the last nucleosynthetic events that contributed new nuclei to the solar system and on the general circumstances of the Sun's birth. In this paper we present a rudimentary model that attempts to reconcile the abundances of ten short-lived radioactivities in the early solar system. In broad outlines, the picture requires 1) that Type Ia supernovae maintained a steady ISM supply of ⁵³Mn and ¹⁴⁶Sm, 2) that the r-process events that slowly admixed new ¹⁰⁷Pd, ¹²⁹I, ¹⁸²Hf, and ²⁴⁴Pu nuclei to the solar system occurred over an interval of several hundred million years prior to solar system formation, and 3) that a massive star, by injecting only material outside its helium-exhausted core into the proto-solar nebula, contributed ²⁶Al, ³⁶Cl, ⁴¹Ca, ⁶⁰Fe, and ¹⁸²Hf no more than one million years prior to the Sun's birth. In this picture, the live ¹⁸²Hf present in the early solar system was not due to r-process production but rather to a fast s-process in helium or carbon burning shell in the massive star. We conclude with a possible chemical-memory explanation for the putative ⁵³Cr/⁵²Cr gradient in the solar system. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Impact and the design of the human-machine interface

In this paper, we consider the concept of the impact of an action or human error. We begin from an informal definition of impact as: the effect that an action or sequence of actions has on the safe and successful operation of a system; and develop a quantitative measure of the impact of specified behaviours. It is important that human-machine interface designers should understand the relationship between operator actions and the hazards associated with a system. We demonstrate how impact can be assessed prior to, or in parallel with, the design of the human-machine interface, and show how impact assessments could be used to allow risk analysts to inform designers about the relationship between operator actions and system hazards. To illustrate our approach we present a simple case study,     

Supernovae and the origin of the solar system

This review concentrates on recent ideas involving a relationship between the early solar system and supernova explosions. It summarizes briefly the data that has helped inspire those ideas. Because the true relationship is still unknown and generates controversy, the distinct ideas are introduced singly in the historical context of their origins, and the active sense of surprise and controversy is visible. Quotations from pivotal papers are used as part of the exposition. The subject involves equally the isotopic anomalies detected in meteorites and the dynamic events of galactic evolution, nucleosynthesis, and protosolar collapse. Whatever the correct situation is, new connections have been found between the origin of the elements and the formation of the solar system. The objective of this review is to enable interested space scientists to quickly identify the competing points of view and the experiments and theories that have led to them.     

Aging avionics: the problems and the challenges

Aging avionics have become a problem because aircraft are being kept in service far longer than the original plan. This paper discusses the four key problems of aging avionics: (1) determining the systems that are the high cost drivers in order to select those that should receive priority; (2) determining the requirements for the replacement; (3) identifying alternative technologies that will satisfy the requirements and are affordable; and (4) determining the funding required and acquiring the funding needed to replace the aging avionics. Challenges encountered in solving these problems include management and technical. The problem of aging avionics is not limited to a single aircraft, but occurs across all aircraft. Cost-effective modernization requires cutting horizontally across all aging aircraft, and coordination with the end users and the existing management structure. A key technical challenge is to select an architecture that is upgradeable since the funding limitations may ensure parts will become obsolete prior to the completion of a drawn-out production.     

Conductance of the channels and the knudsen paradox

In this paper, a physical model of gas flows through the channels is refined. The influence of gas absorbed by the walls of a channel on its conductance is shown. The experimentally obtained minimum on the channel conductance-pressure dependence (as the Knudsen paradox) is interpreted.