Free surface and interface oscillations of an infinitely long visco-elastic liquid column

For an infinite liquid column consisting of various immiscible visco-elastic liquids exhibiting free surface and interface tension the transcendental frequency equation is presented. The natural damped frequencies depend on the viscosities, densities, surface and interface tensions and upon the Maxwell relaxation times. For a single liquid column the damped frequencies are numerically evaluated for the circumferential axisymmetric case m = 0, as well as for the asymmetric modes m = 1 and 2. The frequencies are increasing with larger tension parameter and show slightly increases decay magnitude for the smaller relaxation time parameters and less damped oscillations for stronger Maxwellian liquids. For smaller surface tension parameter the more viscously acting liquid (small relaxation time) ceases to oscillate and is only able to perform aperiodic motions, while for the larger relaxation times this feature gets lost and the liquid always oscillates exhibiting more pronounced elasticity.     

板式表面张力贮箱导流板的理论计算与试验验证

板式表面张力贮箱的PMD通常包括导流板与出口附近的蓄液器,导流板是影响板式贮箱性能的关键因素之一,由于地面没有失重环境无法直接进行导流板的工作原理地面验证。为了确认导流板的可用性,通过理论分析建立了导流板液体传输能力的计算方法,通过中性浮力试验对导流板的液体收集能力进行了试验验证。经过多次试验的试验结果与理论计算结果的对比分析,得到了一种可应用于工程设计的计算方法,利用该方法编程形成了一套计算软件,可指导板式表面张力贮箱内导流板的设计。     

充液航天器液体晃动等效力学模型的建立

在考虑液体表面张力影响液体晃动求解的基础上,利用动力学方程等价准则,建立了三轴定向充液卫星在二维平动和二维摆动扰动作用下的空间摆等效力学模型,并对两种情况下等效摆的主要参数进行了计算和比较。结果表明,考虑表面张力时,液体的晃动特性对航天器姿态控制系统稳定性有不利影响。     

表面张力贮箱设计中的中性浮力实验方法

介绍了中性浮力实验方法的原理和它在实验中所需的各种条件、设备以及实验用液体的选择。该实验方法能简便地模拟液体的微重力状态 ,并能给表面张力贮箱的设计提供很大的帮助。可利用它测量各种加速度下贮箱中推进剂的位置和形状 ,为表面张力贮箱推进剂管理装置(PMD)的设计提供可靠依据。     

低重力环境下三维液体非线性晃动的数值模拟

本文讨论低重力环境下三维液体非线性晃动问题。采用ＡＬＥ（任意的拉格朗日－欧拉）运动学描述跟踪自由液面；对于ＡＬＥ描述的Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，在时间域上采用分步离散方法中的速度修正格式进行数值离散，在空间域上利用有限元方法进行了数值离散；推导了考虑表面引力效应时有限元边界条件的弱积分形式；给出了表面张力的数值计算公式。模拟了考虑表面张力情况下圆筒型贮腔中液体的非线性晃动，并得到了贮腔壁面处     

液氧贮箱增压过程研究

采用数值模拟方法对液氧贮箱增压过程进行研究.贮箱内流场采用流体体积函数（VOF）多相流模型考虑,选择标准双方程k-ε湍流模型分析湍流效应,气液两项之间的热量、质量转移通过自定义程序（UDF）求解.获得了贮箱压力、排液流量、气垫温度、液氧温度对贮箱内流场温度分布的影响.计算结果表明,在稳定增压过程中,贮箱液面无扰动,贮箱内温度分层分布;各参数变化时,对贮箱内温度分布的影响主要是温度梯度的变化,并且各工况下液面附近和扩散器附近温度梯度基本相同.     

Influence of a surface tension minimum as a function of temperature on the marangoni convection

Aqueous long chain alcohol solutions have a surface tension which presents a minimum as a function of the temperature. At this particular temperature, the dimensionless Marangoni number is vanishing. It is thus expected that around the temperature of the minimum, Marangoni Convection would be slowered with a convective pattern deeply modified. An experiment to be performed in microgravity during the Texus 8 flight is described.     

Thermodynamics and dynamics of pure interfaces

The paper derives, on a coherent postulatory basis, the basic set of equations needed to completely describe the thermodynamics and dynamics of pure interfaces. This set comprises: the equilibrium constitutive equation giving the surface tension as a function of the absolute temperature; the interface balance equations for momentum and internal energy; the non-equilibrium constitutive equations giving the surface transport coefficients (two viscosity coefficients and a thermal conductivity coefficient) as function of the absolute temperature. A discussion of the interface balance equations considered as boundary conditions for the field equations pertaining to the adjoining bulk phases is given and the inadequacies of previous ad hoc formulations pointed out.     

肼-70胶体推进剂的特性及制备方法

胶体推进剂是火箭推进和其它燃气发生器的新型待选推进剂。常规液体推进剂在储存过程中泄漏危险性较高,将液体推进剂制成介于固体与液体之间的胶体,可大大增加其粘度与表面张力,降低泄漏危险性。文中对肼-70胶体推进剂的国内外研究现状作了概述,着重对其制备工艺进行了具体介绍,包括胶凝剂的选择、分散工艺等方面,并通过实验对比发现对于肼-70体系而言,添加相同含量的B类胶凝剂成胶效果优于A类胶凝剂。     

表面张力贮箱推进剂管理装置流阻的计算

为了在设计卫星用表面张力贮箱时，正确地计算出推进剂管理装置中液体推进剂的流阻，根据液体的流动特性，研究了卫星用表面张力贮箱推进剂管理装置中推进剂在管道，筛网和一些局部流阻的计算方法，给出了各部分流阻的计算公式，据此实际计算了一个简单的推进剂管理装置，并和实验进行了比较，结果表明理论和实验较为符合。     

The effect of small vibrations on Marangoni convection and the free surface of a liquid bridge

The effects of small vibrations on Marangoni convection were investigated experimentally using a liquid bridge of 5 cSt silicone oil with a disk diameter of 7.0 mm, and an aspect ratio close to 0.5. Experiments were performed to determine the critical temperature difference data for no vibration case and with small vibrations applied. The experimental results have shown that the effect of small vibrations on the onset of oscillatory flow is small since the critical temperature difference data for different aspect ratios were not affected by the vibrations. To clarify the surface oscillation phenomena induced by external vibrations, a 3-D numerical simulation model was also developed using a level set algorithm to predict the surface oscillations of isothermal silicone oil bridges. By subjecting the liquid bridge to small vibrations, the surface oscillation characteristics were predicted numerically, and the numerical results compared well with the predictions of an analytical model proposed previously. Furthermore, the effect of small vibrations on the surface vibration amplitude of the liquid bridge is also discussed.     

C/SiC材料在模拟空天往返条件下的可重复使用性能评估

针对飞行器空天往返、多次使用的发展需求,以2D C/SiC材料为对象,选择开放大气模拟环境、800 ℃温度条件开展了常/高温拉伸试验、以及常温→高温→降温循环变化历程下拉-拉疲劳的耦合试验,得到不同的力学性能规律,分析了影响材料表面涂层完整性的控制因素及转化点。表明C/SiC材料具有优良的高温静态持续强度性能,但在常-高温循环变化历程下的疲劳性能明显衰减。采用剩余刚度衰减模型,提出了力-热-氧耦合时考虑常-高温循环历程影响因素、以及氧化尺寸效应影响的疲劳剩余性能评估方法。     

Evaporation and ignition of droplets in combustion chambers modeling and simulation

Computer simulation of liquid fuel jet injection into heated atmosphere of combustion chamber, mixture formation, ignition and combustion need adequate modeling of evaporation, which is extremely important for the curved surfaces in the presence of strong heat and mass diffusion fluxes. Combustion of most widely spread hydrocarbon fuels takes place in a gas-phase regime. Thus, evaporation of fuel from the surface of droplets turns to be one of the limiting factors of the process as well. The problems of fuel droplets atomization, evaporation being the key factors for heterogeneous reacting mixtures, the non-equilibrium effects in droplets atomization and phase transitions will be taken into account in describing thermal and mechanical interaction of droplets with streaming flows. In the present paper processes of non-equilibrium evaporation of small droplets will be discussed. As it was shown before, accounting for non-equilibrium effects in evaporation for many types of widely used liquids is crucial for droplet diameters less than 100 μm, while the surface tension effects essentially manifest only for droplets below 0.1 μm. Investigating the behavior of individual droplets in a heated air flow allowed to distinguish two scenarios for droplet heating and evaporation. Small droplets undergo successively heating, then cooling due to heat losses for evaporation, and then rapid heating till the end of their lifetime. Larger droplets could directly be heated up to a critical temperature and then evaporate rapidly. Droplet atomization interferes the heating, evaporation and combustion scenario. The scenario of fuel spray injection and self-ignition in a heated air inside combustion chamber has three characteristic stages. At first stage of jet injection droplets evaporate very rapidly thus cooling the gas at injection point, the liquid jet is very short and changes for a vapor jet. At second stage liquid jet is becoming longer, because evaporation rate decreases due to decrease of temperature. But combustion of fuel vapor begins which brings to increase of heat flux to droplets and accelerates evaporation. The length of the liquid jet decreases again and remains constant slightly oscillating.     

第二代表面张力贮箱的研究与应用进展

为了对国外新型卫星推进剂贮箱的研究动态进行跟踪，对第二代表面张力贮箱的研究与应用进展做了阐述。首先对比了不同类型推进剂贮箱的特点，在此基础上，从试验研究、数值模拟和实际应用三个角度对第：二代表面张力贮箱——以板式结构为主的表面张力贮箱的发展做了综述。研究表明，国际上已经对第二代表面张力贮箱的性能做了大量的数值模拟和搭载试验，如今第二代表面张力贮箱已经成为当今国际大型卫星推进剂贮箱的主流。这为新型卫星推进剂贮箱的研究指明方向并提供有价值的参考。     

Non-intrusive methods for temperature measurements in liquid zones in microgravity environments

Material Science and Life Science experiments in microgravity both have urgent needs of evaluating the temperature distribution within and on the surface of liquid zones. Non intrusive methods are available which measure the IR radiations emitted by the surface. The thermograph systems have a number of advantages since they supply a thermal picture of the surface with sufficient time, space and temperature accuracy. A computerized system has been designed for data acquisition and elaboration and used for ground experiments; the system can also be used for space experiments with some modifications. Non intrusive measurements of bulk temperature in two dimensional liquid flow fields can be made by means of optical methods which detect variations of the index of refraction. A method is proposed which is able to take with the same optical apparatus shadowgraph. Schlieren and differential interferometers pictures. A computerized system is proposed for data acquisition and elaboration.     

采用液体喷射实现固体发动机主动冷却的探索研究

为寻找固体发动机热防护的新途径,开展了固体发动机液体喷射主动冷却的探索性研究。组建了1套固体发动机液体喷射主动冷却试验系统,开展了原理试验。水作为冷却工质,沿收敛段壁面喷射,试验中对内壁面和外壁面处的温度进行了测量。试验结果表明,冷却工质的引入大大降低了发动机收敛段内壁面的温度,但会造成一定比冲损失;冷却工质参与做功,发动机推力有所增加。建立了液体冷却固体发动机的性能计算模型,并用试验结果进行了校验;根据试验得到了冷却效能估计经验公式。     

一种承力式表面张力贮箱

卫星平台总体结构的要求是自身重量轻,承载能力强,与推进剂燃料贮箱是相同的,如果能把推进剂燃料贮箱作为卫星平台的结构承力件使用,无疑会使卫星平台的结构重量减轻.为此,提出一种卫星平台承力结构件的表面张力贮箱方案.针对采用承力式表面张力贮箱的卫星平台承力结构方案进行了基本的受力分析.通过实例计算证明了承力式表面张力贮箱的适用性.     

The effect of vibrations on heterogeneous fluids: Some studies in weightlessness

Under weightlessness, the effect of harmonic vibrations can easily induce average motions in fluids with density inhomogeneities. We will consider more particularly pure fluids near their gas–liquid critical point, where the temperature variation of all important parameters (e.g. interfacial tension, density difference) follows universal, scaling laws. We will thus study, below the critical point, the ordering of the gas–liquid interfaces (at equilibrium and during the phase separation) and, above the critical point, some thermovibrational instabilities. These studies have been performed in the Russian MIR station and in the MiniTexus and Maxus rockets of ESA and under magnetic compensation of gravity on earth.     

Numerical studies of fluid oscillation problems by boundary integral techniques

A numerical technique has been developed to investigate the axisymmetric large amplitude oscillations of an inviscid and incompressible liquid drop about its spherical equilibrium shape. The drop is placed into a microgravity environment. Thus the only forces acting on the drop are surface tension forces. The internal flow field of the fluid drop is assumed to be irrotational, so that the methods of classical potential theory can be applied. A solution for the Laplace equation for the velocity potential is posed in form of the potential of the simple layer, where the sources are placed on rings (circles) covering the bounding surface of the drop. Discretization of the drop into discs and caps at the poles, application of the dynamic and kinematic boundary condition and numerical integration with respect to time of the latter allows to study the behaviour of the deformed drop and to determine the eigenfrequencies.     

热处理对PBO纤维分子链结构和性能的影响

利用红外光谱分析(FTIR)、示差扫描量热法(DSC)和磷含量分析方法研究了热处理对PBO纤维结构和性能的影响。结果表明,热处理使PBO纤维分子链中聚合后期少量的未关环反应趋向完全,使得PBO分子的共轭链长增加,弱键消失,提高了PBO纤维的力学性能;提高了分子链与链之间排列的有序性,使链与链之间堆砌更加紧密,使得热处理后的纤维较难溶于MSA中;热处理使PBO纤维表面化学组成发生变化,并使其表面粗糙化,能改善其表面润湿性能;热处理对纤维强度影响甚微,提高热处理温度、延长热处理时间和增大热处理张力,能提高PBO纤维的模量。