顾及多路径误差改正的GNSS大坝形变监测研究

在GPS短基线相对定位中,可以根据多路径误差周期约为1天的重复性特点建立误差模型,采用坐标域或观测值域滤波的方法进行多路径误差改正.北斗系统由GEO、IGSO和MEO三种卫星类型组成,其中MEO卫星类型接近7天的轨道周期与GEO和IGSO约为1天的轨道周期差异较大,因此对北斗观测值进行多路径误差改正时只能采用观测值域滤波方法.本文以某水库大坝形变监测网为例,对GPS和BDS观测值分别建立多路径误差模型,根据各自卫星轨道周期进行多路径误差改正,结果表明经改正后大坝形变监测精度有较大提高.     

基于码减载波和B值的GBAS精度性能分析

对GBAS精度性能进行了分析.分别按照基于码减载波(code minus carrier,CMC)和B值两种方法对GBAS基准站实际数据进行了分析.CMC分析结果和B值的分析结果一致表明,GBAS基准站的精度性能等级约为GAD-A2.CMC分析法与B值分析方法具有一些不同的特点.CMC需要使用双频观测量；B值只需要单频观测量.CMC消除了短周期的多路径效应,主要反映的是长周期的多路径效应；B值经过GBAS基准站接收机平均,反映了不同接收机组合的多路径综合效应,更能反映GBAS差分校正误差的实际影响.除此之外,CMC分析法与B值分析法的天空图可以直观地评估GBAS站址的多路径环境.     

无陀螺飞行器姿态和角速度确定

通过预测滤波方法研究了利用矢量观测确定无陀螺飞行姿态和角速度的方法。给出的观测滤波法在一定的二次型优化准则下，对飞行器姿态和名义姿态运动模型的等效角速度误差可同时进行实时估计，能够准确跟踪敏感器的测量，有效减小模型误差的影响，数值仿真结果验证了算法的优越性。     

基于径向基函数的优化代理模型应用研究

针对已有径向基函数建模方法在小样本情况下存在的模型精度低,误差大的缺点,本文提出了基于交叉验证技术的径向基函数代理模型构造方法,即在计算径向距离时引入权值系数,通过对其优化以减小模型的预测误差平方和,从而提高模型的精度。采用两种测试函数对本文所提出的方法进行验证,结果证明了本方法相对于传统的径向基函数建模方法可以有效提高模型精度,减小模型误差。最后,将其应用于传感器飞机的总体优化设计之中,结果表明本文所提出的方法是可行的。     

航迹系统事后数据处理软件的设计

根据飞行试验数据的特性和试验要求，设计了一套适合于航迹系统单站测量事后处理的软件。该软件利用统计理论对误差进行统计．利用函数逼近理论对数据进行估计，根据数据的特性采用不同的方法对数据进行处理。该软件可应用于三维坐标的解算和动态测量误差的计算。     

基于脱靶量数据的发射系航迹参数求解方法

针对当前海态巡航飞行试验末段外测无法跟踪测量的实际问题,基于现有脱靶量测量系统,建立了利用某脱靶量测量数据到发射系的转换模型。此模型将脱靶量测量数据统一到发射系航迹中,有利于航迹分析工作。并建立了转换结果的误差估计模型,误差模型充分考虑了脱靶量测量误差、靶船定位误差以及靶船航向角误差。利用仿真数据对转换模型及误差模型进行了计算验证。结果表明,位置误差满足精度要求。该方法对延拓外测处理时段具有积极意义。     

一种对多传感器异步数据的融合处理方法

在传感器异步采样时刻情况下 ,对机动目标的跟踪滤波算法进行了探讨 ,基于细分时间片的方法 ,提出了一种将多传感器数据组合成类似于单传感器数据的异步数据处理方法 ,运用于目标点迹航迹的合成。通过对多传感器数据的利用 ,增大对目标观测的数据流数据率 ,来提高跟踪精度。仿真实验显示 ,各通道的均方根误差均相对减小 ,表明了算法的可行性。     

利用多种观测量的岭型估计法

现已证明,在病态条件下和不可观测的轨道确定问题中,利用岭型估计法可获得优于标准估计法的精确解。这种方法利用了这样一种原理,即在解中引入一个小偏倚以减少估计的总方差。岭型估计法都是在如下假设条件下推导的,即所有待处理的观测量中都掺杂了高斯噪声,其观测误差协方差相同。但大多数实际的轨道确定问题要处理多种类型的观测数据,这些数据的观测误差各不相同。本文推导的岭型估计法则可利用具有不同观测误差协方差的多种观测数据,利用这项新技术求解了一个病态线性估计问题(该线性估计问题的解是精确已知的),从而证实了它的实用性。其解的精度还与利用标准线性估计法及标准岭型估计法的精度进行了比较。     

一种基于盲同态解卷积的SAR成像自聚焦算法

针对大气扰动及飞行平台不稳引起机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像散焦的问题,提出了一种新的自聚焦算法来估算运动误差。该算法是基于运动误差函数及场景散射函数平滑特性的差异来进行估计的,利用复对数变换将图像的幅度与相位信息分离,进而分别对相位及幅度信息进行处理。运动误差通常为慢变函数,而场景的散射信息具有某种随机特性。因此,经过复对数变换后,运动误差及散射信息可以通过滤波器进行分离,将相位中的随机噪声去除,从而保留了慢变的运动误差函数。为了去除噪声信息,需要建立一个平滑滤波器,利用Daubechies小波的尺度函数构造Riesz基向量,从而建立了正交子空间,通过所建立信号子空间及噪声子空间组建平滑滤波器,最终可以获得准确的运动误差。在实验部分,分别利用仿真数据及实测数据对本文方法进行验证,最终结果分析表明该方法具有很高的估计精度及执行效率。     

深空站大气折射修正模型建模及试验验证

针对现有对流层大气折射模型在特定地区适应性不强的问题,基于电波大气折射效应原理及经典大气模型,分析了对流层大气折射误差估计模型及其投影函数,用历史气象数据分析了某地区气候特点,证明了修正模型在该地区应用的可行性。然后,利用多项式拟合方法得到了深空站地区大气折射统计模型,利用非线性回归方法得到了深空站地区大气折射修正量的解析近似模型。最后,用实测数据对以上两个修正模型进行了试验验证。验证结果表明,统计模型稳定可靠,解析近似模型测量精度高,能够满足不同条件下深空测控及VLBI观测中电波折射修正的需求。     

GPS小波去噪的误差方差建模技术与试验

如何消除GPS观测数据的噪声以提高定位精度并估算消噪信号的误差方差对工程测量具有重要意义。在介绍小波多尺度分析的基础上,推导了在小波多尺度分析巾平滑信号误差的理论方差模型。并通过实际的GPS单点静态定位试验给予验证。试验结果表明,该方法在有效消除噪声的同时,计算得到的各尺度平滑信号的误差方差与理论方差模型基本一致。     

SNR-based multipath error correction for GPS differential phase

Carrier phase multipath is currently the limiting error source for high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) applications such as attitude determination and short baseline surveying. Multipath is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings. Multipath reflections affect both the carrier phase measured by the receiver and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A technique is described which uses the SNR information to correct multipath errors in differential phase observations. The potential of the technique to reduce multipath to almost the level of receiver noise was demonstrated in simulations. The effectiveness on real data was demonstrated with controlled static experiments. Small errors remained, predominantly from high frequency multipath. The low frequency multipath was virtually eliminated. The remaining high frequency receiver noise can be easily removed by smoothing or Kalman filtering     

GPS/BDS精密单点定位技术在滑坡变形监测中的应用研究

分别探讨了GPS精密单点定位技术、GPS/BDS精密单点定位技术及BDS精密单点定位技术在地形较为陡峭、有部分卫星被遮挡的滑坡体特殊环境中的应用能力。选用四川西山村8个监测站,总时长跨度16个月的观测数据进行试验及分析,结果表明:西山村滑坡体整体正以平均9.2mm/月的速度向南滑动,并伴随着垂向上的整体下沉。精度区间统计结果显示,平均5.93h时长的GPS精密单点定位的解算精度基本能达到较高水平且相对稳定,可以有效监测变形较缓慢的滑坡体。GPS/BDS的解算结果的精度接近于单GPS的水平,但由于BDS的数据可利用率整体上不稳定,拉低了GPS/BDS的解算结果的整体精度,表明了当前的单BDS精密单点定位的精度受地形等外界环境变化的影响更大。利用观测时长及数据的可利用率指标加权处理解算结果,降低了观测质量不高的结果对整体结果的贡献比,提高了定位结果的精度和容错率。     

GPS code and carrier multipath mitigation using a multiantennasystem

Multipath is a major source of error in high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) static and kinematic differential positioning. Multipath accounts for most of the total error budget in carrier phase measurements in a spacecraft attitude determination system. It is a major concern in reference stations, such as in Local Area Augmentation Systems (LAAS), whereby corrections generated by a reference station, which are based on multipath corrupted measurements, can significantly influence the position accuracy of differential users. Code range, carrier phase, and signal-to-noise (SNR) measurements are all affected by multipath, and the effect is spatially correlated within a small area. In order to estimate and remove code and carrier phase multipath, a system comprising a cluster of five GPS receivers and antennas is used at a reference station location. The spatial correlation of the receiver data, and the known geometry among the antennas, are exploited to estimate multipath for each satellite in each antenna in the system. Generic receiver code and carrier tracking loop discriminator functions are analyzed, and relationships between receiver data, such as code range, carrier phase, and SNR measurements, are formulated and related to various multipath parameters. A Kalman filter is described which uses a combination of the available information from the antennas (receivers) in the multiantenna cluster to estimate various multipath parameters. From the multipath parameters, the code range and carrier phase multipath is estimated and compensated. The technique is first tested on simulated data in a controlled multipath environment. Results are then presented using field data and show a significant reduction in multipath error     

Adaptive SNR-based carrier phase multipath mitigation technique

An improved technique that mitigates specular multipath in Global Positioning System (GPS) differential carrier phase measurements is described. It adaptively estimates the spectral parameters (frequency, amplitude, phase offset) of multipath in the associated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and then constructs a profile of the multipath error in the carrier phase. A multipath correction is subsequently made by subtracting the profile from the actual phase measurement data. The technique is demonstrated on ground based experimental data, as well as flight data from the atmospheric research satellite CRISTA-SPAS. Ground experiments were conducted on static platforms in severe multipath environments. Multipath was deliberately introduced by either strategic placement of reflectors or electronic injection. This allowed for some control over the strength and frequency of the multipath. Averaging the results from 43 ground and 18 flight data sets, the differential carrier phase multipath was reduced by 47%. The complete results for both ground and flight tests are presented and are accompanied by discussions of individual cases     

Analysis of airborne GPS multipath effects using high-fidelity EM models

Airborne GPS systems are being upgraded to provide sufficient positioning accuracy to support automatic landing operations in low visibility conditions. This is made possible by differential GPS (DGPS), in which the errors common to the airborne receiver and ground station are removed by knowledge of the latter's precise location. However, errors specific to the airborne system remain, of which the dominant components are receiver noise and multipath. To support the assessment of the integrity of the signal in space, these residual errors are incorporated in a statistically based error model, designated as the "standard model." The standard model is defined as the standard deviation of a Gaussian distribution that overbounds the residual pseudo-range (PR) error. It relates the standard deviation of the overbounding distribution to the elevation angle of the satellite relative to the local level coordinate system. The international community is currently developing improved standards to enable DGPS systems to support landings in the worst visibility conditions (i.e., CAT III). As a part of this development, the standard model for multipath is being re-evaluated and an improved model is sought. In order to better characterize the residual multipath errors, tools for accurate calculation of the airframe scattering effects are needed. Development of such tools is the subject of this paper. A new method for accurately computing pseudo-range error, based on the use of high-fidelity EM models, is described. This approach provides new insight into the mechanisms causing multipath error.     

多径效应对GPS载波相位观测量的影响

推导了ＧＰＳ接收机中多径效应引入的最大载波相位跟踪误差的闭合形式。得到以下结论：当直达信号跟踪误差不超过１码片时,最大载波测相多径误差为１／４周,该值出现在测码伪距多径误差最小的情况下;当直达信号跟踪误差超过或等于１码片时,接收机跟踪多径信号,信号误检发生。     

星载GPS测量数据预处理方法研究

针对低地球轨道(LEO)卫星星载全球定位系统(GPS)接收机应用的特点,对星载GPS测量数据误差及其对周跳探测的影响进行了分析,提出TurboEdit数据预处理方法中周跳探测算法的改进算法。在原周跳判断算法的基础上,通过引入与测量数据观测高度角相关的加权系数,将周跳探测与测量误差紧密联系起来。根据观测高度角的变化对测量数据误差进行估计,并根据估计情况对加权系数取值,从而实现对周跳探测算法进行调节,达到降低周跳探测失误率的目的。增加参与定轨计算的观测数据量,提高了低轨卫星连续定轨的能力。通过GRACE编队卫星实测数据对改进算法进行了仿真验证。     

Assessment and improvement of the capabilities of a window correlator to model GPS multipath phase errors

The potential of output from a window correlator to mitigate GPS phase multipath is reviewed and assessed based on the analysis of data collected in controlled multipath environments under both static and kinematic conditions. Previous findings that the method is suboptimal for reflectors leading to additional path lengths of less than about 7m are confirmed, and methods for combining this output with two other multipath indicators: time series of signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and estimates of code multipath from dual frequency code and phase combinations, are investigated. A new method to combine all three indicators has been found and its application is shown to improve the quality of GPS static phase data by between 10% and 20% depending on the length of the additional path travelled by the reflected signal. The method can be applied completely automatically as it uses just the three multipath indicators; no knowledge of the surrounding environment is required. The paper concludes with some suggested practical applications.