欺骗环境下GNSS信号估计与定位修正技术

欺骗信号以其极强的隐蔽性使卫星导航接收机难以察觉并迅速定位到错误位置,严重影响了卫星导航的安全性。现有抗欺骗技术需要其他导航系统辅助来修正受欺骗影响的定位解算,针对该问题,本文提出了一种GNSS欺骗信号参数估计与辨识方法,能够在欺骗干扰环境下估计并辨识出真实信号所对应的伪距,进而解算出接收机真实位置。该方法通过研究欺骗干扰下接收机相关值模型,在信号跟踪阶段建立真实与欺骗双信号状态模型与基于九路相关器输出的观测模型,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）估计真实信号与欺骗信号的伪码延时与信号相关幅值,进而获得真实与欺骗伪距,在定位解算阶段利用改进观测量残差检测方法辨识出真实与欺骗伪距,最终使用真实伪距定位获得真实位置。仿真结果表明对相对码延时介于0.3~0.9 chip之间且欺骗/真实信号幅度比介于1~5之间的隐蔽欺骗攻击,所提方法的码延时估计误差约0.1 chip,可有效估计真实信号与欺骗信号参数,辨识出真实伪距,并使被欺骗的定位结果重新回到真实位置结果,改善GNSS接收机抗欺骗能力,提高卫星导航安全性。     

CFAR data fusion center with inhomogeneous receivers

Detection systems with distributed sensors and data fusion are increasingly used by surveillance systems. A system formed by N inhomogeneous constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors (cell-averaging (CA) and ordered statistic (OS) CFAR detectors) is studied. A recursive formulation of an algorithm that permits a fixed level of false alarms in the data fusion center is presented, to set the optimum individual threshold levels in the CFAR receivers and the optimum `K out of N' decision rule in order to maximize the total probability of detection. The algorithm also considers receivers of different quality or with different communication channel qualities connecting them with the fusion center. This procedure has been applied to several hypothetical networks with distributed CA-CFAR and OS-CFAR receivers and for Rayleigh targets and interference, and it was seen that in general the fusion decision OR rule is not always the best     

Nonredundant error correction DQPSK for the aeronautical-satellitechannel

The performance of differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) system employing nonredundant error correction (NEC) receivers with single- and double-error correction capability is analyzed and evaluated for the aeronautical satellite channel. The NEC is an attractive coding technique which employs differential detectors with more than one symbol delay elements and which does not introduce any redundancy as other coding schemes do. As typical for aeronautical satellite communications, a Rician fading channel with Gaussian power spectrum has been considered. Unlike the additive, uncorrelated from symbol to symbol interference such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or static cochannel interference (CCI) which has been investigated in the past, analysis of the performance in a fading channel is much more difficult. The difficulty arises from the multiplicative and correlative nature of the fading interference. Bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of computer simulation for various channel conditions, including different values of the K-factor and the fading B_DT. These results have indicated that considerable performance gains as compared with conventional differentially detected systems are achieved for high values of K and for very fast fading. Both of these conditions are encountered in typical aeronautical communication systems. Wherever possible, heuristic explanations of the trend of the obtained BER performance evaluation results are also given     

Interference between FM Carriers and a Digitally Modulated SCPC Circuit

The interference from the digital single channel per carrier (SCPC) circuits into frequency-modulated carrier systems has been calculated by convolving the desired and the interfering spectra extending the previously published works. Resulting interference noise power in FDM/FM systems covering a wide range of modulation indices and basebands has been presnted. Also plots of interference noise power as a function of the number of SCPC circuits have been presented for various values of carrier power to interference power ratios.     

Subspace array processing for the suppression of FM jamming in GPS receivers

The mitigation of FM interference in GPS receivers is considered. In difference to commonly assumed wideband and narrowband interferers, the FM interferers are wideband, but instantaneously narrowband, and as such, have clear time-frequency (TF) signatures that are distinct from the GPS coarse acquisition (C/A) spread spectrum code. In the proposed technique, the estimate of the FM interference instantaneous frequency (IF) and the interference spatial signature are used to construct the spatiotemporal interference subspace. The IF estimates can be provided using existing effective linear or bilinear TF methods. The undesired signal arrival is suppressed by projecting the input data on the interference orthogonal subspace. With a multisensor receiver, the distinctions in both the spatial and TF signatures of signal arrivals allow effective interference suppressions. The deterministic nature of the signal model is considered and the known underlying structure of the GPS C/A code is utilized. We derive the receiver signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) under exact and perturbed IF values. The effect of IF estimation errors on both pseudorange measurements and navigation data recovery is analyzed. Simulation results comparing the receiver performances under IF errors in single and multiantenna GPS receivers are provided.     

Next generation GPS-aided space navigation systems

The next generation of low cost Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for space navigation and attitude determination are positioned to take full advantage of the improvements made in the commercial GPS receivers used for terrestrial applications. There have been recent improvements made to the GPS receivers that include the addition of extra GPS satellite channels that can be tracked simultaneously. The older style GPS receivers were only able to handle five channels at a time. In order for proper determination of three-dimensional position, a minimum of four channels was required and the fifth channel of the receiver was reserved to perform search functions for finding the next satellite. This included searching for satellites that could be used to replace exiting satellites moving out of the Field of View (FOV). The search function also enables the GPS receiver to search for the best constellation for maximum performance accuracy. The fifth roaming channel also provided a best next-satellite selection capability in case the field of view to one of the satellites was blocked or shaded.     

Loran-C cycle identification in hard-limiting receivers

A new technique is presented for use in hard-limiting receivers. It is based on the widely used analogue “half-cycle peak ratio” (HCPR) technique, from which it differs by being entirely digital; no additional analogue signal processing or other hardware is required. Drawing on recent advances, the new method makes decisions based on a large number of sample points in each Loran-C pulse, thereby increasing the resilience of the identification process in the presence of noise. Performance of the algorithm in the face of continuous-wave interference is equal to or better than that of other cycle-identification techniques     

Sensitivity Analysis of Finite-Lag Receivers

This paper presents the sensitivity analysis of a class of receivers called finite-lag receivers, introduced by the authors in [1] through [3]. Since these receivers are based on the use of fixed-lag smoothing techniques, algorithms for the calculation of large-scale and small-scale sensitivities of fixed-lag smoothing are derived using a state augmentation approach. Steady-state analysis of these algorithms shows that an explicit relation can be obtained between sensitivity coefficients of fixed-lag smoothing and filtering. The specific case of sensitivity to variations in the measurement (channel) noise is considered as an example. These results are applied to study the sensitivity performance of the finite-lag receivers for analog communication. It is shown, for example, that finite-lag receivers for AM signals, besides being superior in performance [1]-[3], [11], in terms of output SNR or error variance, are also much less sensitive to the additive noise power level, compared to zero-lag receivers.     

Software approach to access UWB interference on GPS receivers

Ever since the FCC approved the use of UWB devices in commercial and federal bands, various agencies whose operations and/or products rely on the integrity of signals within certain "restricted" radio frequency bands have voiced concerns over the potential impact of the UWB interference. GPS signals are among these "restricted" bands. Several groups in the GPS community have conducted experimental studies concerning the impact of UWB interference on the performance of various grades of commercial and aviation GPS receivers. In this paper, we present a software approach to simulate and evaluate UWB interference on GPS receivers. The software approach provides greater flexibility in the design of testing scenarios, such as the inclusion of a large number of aggregated UWB devices, the generation of new UWB signals and modulation schemes, and the possibility of extending the study to new GPS signals. The paper discusses a general framework for developing algorithms to evaluate UWB and GPS interference under a wide variety of hardware and software conditions. This framework consists of three classes of components: input, processing, and analysis. The input components are responsible for the generation of UWB signal waveforms and modulation schemes, and GPS signals. The processing components include a simulated model of GPS RF front end and software implementation of GPS processing blocks, such as acquisition, tracking, and post-processing. The analysis components focus on the study of specific receiver processing component outputs. Both real and simulated UWB signals can be used in the study. The real UWB signals are primarily used to validate the simulation procedure, whereas the simulated UWB signals are used to allow the immediate incorporation of new UWB waveforms and modulations in the evaluations. This paper presents details of the software components developed and the preliminary results achieved     

On Finite-Lag Receivers for Fading Channels

This paper reports some results on the development of finite-lag receivers for reception via fading channels. The receivers are given in discrete form and clearly show the additional complexity due to introduction of delay between the instants of reception and estimation of the signal. The channel noise has been assumed to have a multiplicative component due to fading. This results in the optimal demodulators being nonlinear and unrealizable. However, the receivers proposed are suboptimal, but realizable. Simulation studies evaluating the performance of the various receivers are also discussed.     

An evaluation of the radio frequency susceptibility of commercialGPS receivers

The radio frequency (RF) susceptibility characteristics of two commercial Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers were evaluated. A first-order analysis was performed to predict the receiver susceptibility thresholds based on the receiver sensitivity and processing gain. The receiver susceptibility thresholds in the post-acquisition mode were then measured for various interference signal frequencies and modulations. Both receivers exhibited very low susceptibility thresholds to in-band continuous wave (CW) signals. In addition, both receivers could be over-driven with an out-of-band signal. In this state the receivers indicated acceptable figures of merit despite loss of satellite signal lock     

基于apFFT的罗兰-C窄带干扰频域抑制方法

针对现有罗兰-C接收机普遍采用固定陷波电路抑制窄带干扰的情况,提出了基于全相位谱分析(apFFT)的频域精确自适应陷波罗兰-C窄带干扰抑制方法,设计了基于双相移组合全相位法的FIR频域陷波器。在对窄带干扰进行精确谱分析的基础上,设计相应频点的陷波器对多个窄带干扰进行抑制。基于MATLAB的仿真结果表明:该方法能够根据罗兰-C窄带干扰频率的变化,实现频点任意控制的频域自适应陷波,有效恢复出罗兰-C信号,为增强型罗兰-C接收机的设计提供了一种简单有效的窄带干扰抑制方法。     

Trajectory control strategy of cathodes in blisk electrochemical machining

A turbine blisk, which combines blades and a disk together, is one of the most important components of an aero engine. In the process of blisk electrochemical machining (ECM), the sheet cathode, which is usually used as a tool electrode, has a complicated structure. In addition to that, the channel between the adjacent blades is narrow and twisted, so interference is apt to happen when the sheet cathode feeds into the channel. Therefore, it is important to choose suitable trajectory control strategy. In this paper, a new trajectory control strategy of the sheet cathode is presented and corresponding simulation analysis is conducted on the basis of an actual blisk model. The simulation results demonstrate that the sheet cathode can feed into the channel by a spatial line trajectory without interference. Moreover, the verification experiments are carried out according to the simulation. The experimental results show that the cathode can move into the channel without interference. It is verified that the new trajectory control strategy is correct and can be used in the blisk ECM process successfully.     

High-efficiency Loran-C interference identification by synchronous sampling

A new technique is proposed for estimating the frequencies within carrier-wave interference (CWI) affecting Loran-C receivers. Its novelty lies in that interference samples are taken synchronously with the Loran-C pulses and ensemble-averaged in the time domain prior to conventional spectrum analysis. Each interferer is thus automatically weighted according to its effect on the phase tracking operation of the receiver. The new method substantially increases the efficiency with which the most insidious interferers may be pinpointed. It requires little additional computational power or memory in the receiver.     

An anti-image interference quadrature IF architecture for satellite receivers

Since Global Navigation Satellite System（GNSS） signals span a wide range of frequency, wireless signals coming from other communication systems may be aliased and appear as image interference. In quadrature intermediate frequency（IF） receivers, image aliasing due to in-phase and quadrature（I/Q） channel mismatches is always a big problem. I/Q mismatches occur because of gain and phase imbalances between quadrature mixers and capacitor mismatches in analog-to-digital converters（ADC）. As a result, the dynamic range and performance of a receiver are severely degraded. In this paper, several popular receiver architectures are summarized and the image aliasing problem is investigated in detail. Based on this analysis, a low-IF architecture is proposed for a single-chip solution and a novel and feasible anti-image algorithm is investigated. With this anti-image digital processing, the image reject ratio（IRR） can reach approximately above50 dB, which relaxes image rejection specific in front-end circuit designs and allows cheap and highly flexible analog front-end solutions. Simulation and experimental data show that the antiimage algorithm can work effectively, robustly, and steadily.     

Hard Limiter Performance as a Polarity Detector for Extremely Polluted Signals

A hard limiter is a simple, yet highly efficient, RF signal sensor for VLF and LF navigation receivers. The observation reliability is used as the single quality criterion for the hard limiter if applied as a singlebit analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The effects of noise (Gaussian and atmospheric), nonsynchronous and synchronous interference, and dc offset on the observation reliability are described extensively. The single parameter determination Pobs is adequate for characterizing the polarity detector. This facilitates rank ordering of influences disturbing the signal and is a useful tool in optimizing digital tracking loops. The ?built-in? noise-censoring properties of the hard limiter in the presence of atmospheric noise are excellent. Therefore, three different atmospheric noise models are used in the determination of the observation reliability Pobs. Some ways for coping with other disturbances that potentially threaten the good performance of the hard limiter are suggested.     

The Effects of Notch Filters on the Correlation Properties of a PN Signal

With wideband pseudo-noise (PN) communications systems, it is sometimes desirable to supplement the inherent interference rejection capabilities by adding notch filters to attenuate relatively narrowband interference. This correspondence presents an investigation of the effects of notch filters on the performance of PN correlation receivers. A theoretical analysis of the correlation drop due to filter distortion has been conducted and confirmed by experimentation. Additional measurements and analysis have established the trade-off between correlation drop and interference suppression as a function of interference bandwidth. A typical result is that by incurring a penalty of a 1-dB drop in correlation peak, interfering signals having bandwidths of 2 to 3 percent of the PN chip rate can be attenuated by 25 dB.     

NOMA异步干扰消除技术

由于NOMA(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,非正交多址接入)技术能够提高系统的吞吐量和频谱效率,因而在空间信息传输中具有广阔的应用前景.针对N O MA在传输过程中必然面临的同步问题以及不同用户信号间的彼此干扰问题,提出了N O MA异步干扰消除方案.首先采用过采样使得输出符号之间的噪声分量彼此独立,然后利用过采样输出序列间良好的结构性,分别采用SIC(Successive Interference Cancellation,串行干扰消除)、BP(Belief Propagation,置信度传播)、MLSD(Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detection,最大似然序列检测)等对采样输出的序列进行信号检测.仿真结果表明,符号异步NOMA相比于同步NOMA具有更好的误码性能.     

Carrier-wave interference to Loran-C: a statistical evaluation

Loran-C is a pulsed, hyperbolic radio aid for long-range marine, air, and land navigation. The worldwide expansion of Loran-C, especially in Europe, has focused attention on carrier-wave interference to the system. The effects of a multiplicity of carrier-wave interferers (CWIs) on receiver timing measurement accuracy are considered. Both the phase tracking and the cycle-selection performance of receivers are quantified in terms of the probabilities that they will operate correctly within the arbitrarily set error limits. Characteristic functions (CFs) are used to compute these probabilities. Analyses and results are presented for typical situations. The relative sensitivity of the phase tracking and cycle-selection functions to interfering signals are discussed     

面向低成本GNSS接收机终端的周跳修复策略

载波相位周跳是影响低成本GNSS接收机观测质量的主要因素之一.提出了一种面向低成本GNSS接收机终端的周跳修复策略,通过两种不同观测结果的联合检测以避免时钟和星历突变导致的误修复,并利用载噪比和多项式拟合误差检测载波观测中的无效观测,旨在提升低成本接收机在多径等复杂场景下载波相位观测的可用性.该策略仅使用了单频载波相位和载噪比信息,适用于各类低成本的接收设备.分别在开阔场景和多径场景下使用小米8手机和F9P接收机进行观测试验,结果表明,所有的有效载波相位观测得到了正确修复,仅约0.7％的无效观测被误修复,验证了所提策略的有效性.