What we have not learned from the troubles with the Hubble

The Hubble space-based telescope is a great tribute to our progress in space. The ability to place an optical telescope at a significant distance from the Earth's surface, away from the interference of the planet's unsteady atmosphere, have already paid off by producing magnificent records of astronomical activities in the depths of outer space. In the past the problems with the alignment of the Hubble's optics were blamed on the manufacturers of it's optical components. The hastily set investigation concluded that the problem is a spherical aberration of the primary mirror (the primary mirror is said to be 2 microns too flat at the edges). It is suggested that the real culprit is the Parker Effect. Since the time of Galileo Galilei, all telescopes were built, aligned, and used on the Earth's surface. Hubble is the first telescope to be built and aligned on Earth for use in space. Because of this we have to consider the fundamental differences between the alignment of surface-based and space-based telescopes. For those who missed our article “The Parker Effect and Navigation in Space” published in the January issue. The Parker Effect describes the result of interaction between inertial bodies (anything that has mass) and non-inertial media (light or other E/M fields)     

Improved adaptive clutter cancellation through data-adaptivetraining

Adaptive array algorithms based on sample matrix inversion (SMI) require the availability of a secondary data set to “train” the adaptive filter. Numerous data-independent rules have been proposed for selecting this training data. However, such rules often perform poorly in inhomogeneous environments. We present data-adaptive methodologies for selecting the training data. The techniques, called “Power Selected Training” and “Power Selected Deemphasis”, use measurements of the interference environment to select training data. This work describes these algorithms and their performance on recorded radar data     

Now we can explore the Universe

It is suggested that the old scientific myth: “Nothing can go faster than light!” should be changed to: “Nothing electromagnetic can go faster than light!” Now that it is known that infinite velocity of propagation (VOP) is possible, there is another communications media whose VOP may be infinite. An experiment is under construction to compare electric field and electromagnetic transmission VOP. Since magnetic fields in electric field transmission will be parallel to the direction of transmission rather than at right angles, there is reason to expect that electric field transmissions will have infinite VOP     

微波空间定位系统及在飞行试验中的应用

介绍“微波空间定位系统”及其在飞行试验中的应用，该系统达到的定位和测速精度与电影经纬仪相近，比雷达高，便携式的ＫＤＣＣ系统，体积小，重量轻，使用维护简单，是一种具有高经济效益的飞机航迹测量系统。该系统可用于飞机性能，操稳和系统试飞的测试，也可推广用于某些制导武器的弹道测试。已成功地在飞机的飞行试验中应用。该系统的研制成功，将为提高校准精度，降低试飞成本提供一种有效的手段。     

无人直升机自动航线飞行控制律设计与仿真

无人直升机具有悬停、小速度全向机动、大速度前飞等飞行能力,其飞行包线范围大,对飞行控制律设计的要求很高。无人直升机在进行自动航线飞行时,不仅涉及的飞行模态多,而且需要满足复杂的飞行航线需求。根据无人直升机复杂的航线飞行特点,对其航线飞行过程进行区域划分,针对不同划分区域,采用工程上常用的PID控制方法和衰减软化技术,设计了高度控制器、纵向位置控制器、横向位置控制器、协调转弯控制器和控制器问的切换算法,并进行典型航线飞行的数字仿真。仿真结果显示,无人直升机飞行航迹与设定航线的重合性较好,模态切换稳定平滑,从而验证了无人直升机自动航线飞行控制律设计的正确性,为后续工程应用奠定基础。     

外物撞击航空发动机转子叶片速度估算

以飞机进气道为参照系,利用动量定理推导了外物在飞机进气道内运动的速度方程;以叶片为参照系,建立了外物撞击速度及撞击角度的表达式。为直观显示不同因素对速度变化的影响,以某型飞机及其发动机为例,研究了飞机离地时,发动机100%设计转速下,外物在飞机进气道内运动速度的变化规律。结果表明:影响运动速度的因素不仅包括外物的材质、形状、大小及姿态,而且涉及飞机进气道长度、发动机工作状态等;外物撞击方向与叶片表面不垂直。      

Analysis of upgraded GPS internal Kalman filter

GPS receivers with provisions for inertial navigation system (INS) aiding are designed with internal Kalman filters that model generic INSs and process the basic GPS pseudorange and deltarange (range-rate) data to produce an output of inertially-smoothed, “GPS-derived” position and velocity. These Kalman filters model only the basic nine INS errors (position, velocity, and tilt) and do not model any INS gyro or accelerometer errors. It was found that a significant performance improvement could be achieved under conditions of degraded GPS satellite availability by augmenting this type of filter with the six INS gyro and accelerometer bias errors. It is, therefore, recommended that serious consideration be given to incorporating these states into the design of the GPS internal Kalman filter     

Three-dimensional finite-time cooperative guidance for multiple missiles without radial velocity measurements

In order to simultaneously attack a target with impact angle constraint in threedimensional(3-D) space, a novel distributed cooperative guidance law for multiple missiles under directed communication topologies is proposed without radial velocity measurements. First, based on missiles-target 3-D relative motion equations, the multiple missiles cooperative guidance model with impact angle constraint is constructed. Then, in Line-of-Sight(LOS) direction, based on multiagent system cooperative control theory, one guidance law with directed topologies is designed with strict proof, which can guarantee finite time consensus of multiple missiles' impact times. Next, in elevation direction and azimuth direction of LOS, based on homogeneous system stability theory and integral sliding mode control theory, two guidance laws are proposed respectively with strict proof, which can guarantee LOS angles converge to desired values and LOS angular rates converge to zero in finite time. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed cooperative guidance law is demonstrated through simulation results.     

湍流边界层中马蹄涡的实验研究

采用~种新的流场显示方法(激光片光运动法)和不同实验方案对湍流边界层中的马蹄涡(或称发卡涡)进行了实验研究,其中包括马蹄涡的生成和发展过程。实验结果表明,湍流边界层中马蹄涡的~种主要生成方式是二次不稳定。其生成和发展过程既不同于层流中人工生成的马蹄涡;也不同于目前存在于人们观念中的那种完美的马蹄涡。这种马蹄涡有以下特征:(1)涡头部分展向尺度不断线性增长,最后固定在某个尺度;(2)涡头部沿流向作匀速运动;(3)流向涡管存在拉伸和变形。     

航天器太阳圆面速度差/太阳视方向组合导航

针对航天器，尤其是深空探测器的自主导航问题，提出了一种新的太阳圆面速度差天文量测信息，该信息利用太阳的较差自转所造成的太阳圆面各点速度不同的特性，是探测器当前位置的函数，其几何本质是一个探测器的位置圆锥。在此基础上，基于太阳圆面速度差和太阳视方向互补的特性，提出了一种太阳圆面速度差/太阳视方向组合导航新方法，将太阳圆面速度差与太阳视方向2种量测量结合起来，实现了量测量之间的优势互补，进一步提高了导航性能。以太阳探测器为例进行了仿真，仿真结果表明相比较于单独用太阳圆面速度差或太阳视方向的导航方法，基于太阳圆面速度差/太阳视方向的组合导航方法精度分别提升了10.2%和16.0%。此外，还分析了光谱仪精度、采样周期和光谱仪数量对导航性能的影响，为深空探测自主导航提供了新的理论与方法。     

临近空间飞行器测控与信息传输系统频段选择

 临近空间飞行器是高性能信息化武器平台,测控（TT&;C）与信息传输系统是其信息保障的核心,而选择合理、可行的频段是展开系统设计的前提和基础。频段选择影响到整个技术方案的制定,是一个需综合考虑、影响深远并具有战略意义的关键问题,从国际电联（ITU）国际标准、高速数传、接收信噪比（SNR）、“三抗”、超视距中继、黑障、雨衰以及设备研制成熟度8个方面全面、细致论证了近空间平台测控系统的频段选择问题,最终得出在视距链路中以Ka频段为宜,在超视距链路中以Ku/Ka双频段为宜的结论。     

舰载机蒸汽弹射起飞数值计算分析

为得到舰载机蒸汽弹射起飞过程中速度和加速度等参数的变化规律,在考虑弹射系统的特性参数、蒸汽泄漏、风速和风向等因素的基础上,构建了蒸汽弹射起飞数学模型。利用所建立的数学模型对弹射起飞过程进行了数值模拟计算。分析结果表明:所建立的数学模型合理可靠,数值计算与试验结果之间的误差小于0.92%;蒸汽初始压力、蒸汽泄漏量、汽缸半径和汽缸数等参数对飞机起飞速度和加速度影响明显;逆风条件对起飞有利,且风速越大飞机起飞所需的推力越小。     

动力翼伞系统空投风场的辨识与应用

风场对动力翼伞系统的运动状态有着重要的影响,获得风场中风的速度和方向可以使动力翼伞系统利用或者消除风场的影响。针对风场辨识问题,通过分析动力翼伞系统在风场作用下的飞行特性,提出了一种基于动力翼伞系统在风中的飞行状态进行风场辨识的方法。该方法仅使用动力翼伞系统配备的全球定位系统（GPS）模块采集定位数据,计算获得动力翼伞系统飞行的速度和方向,根据风场与动力翼伞系统的动态关系,利用最小二乘法对风场进行在线辨识。为了保证辨识精度,由GPS获得的动力翼伞系统运动信息经卡尔曼滤波器进行滤波处理。仿真结果表明：该方法对风场有较高的辨识效果,并能辅助实现雀降。     

基于序列图像的航天器自主导航降维滤波方法

非合作目标的运动感知与状态估计,是太空领域技术发展的重要组成部分。非合作目标相对状态的精确估计是相对导航的难点问题。传统的非合作目标扩展卡尔曼滤波算法需要结合非合作目标的质心位置,增加了状态变量的维数,提高了系统不确定性,从而会影响状态扩展卡尔曼滤波的收敛速度。提出了一种基于序列图像的非合作目标相对导航方法,该方法在不对质心进行估计的情况下首先对非合作目标姿态进行估计,在完成非合作目标姿态估计后再对其质心进行估计。本文推导了光学相机测量值与目标真实姿态的关系,构建了基于序列图像的测量模型,分别建立了不含有非合作目标质心位置的状态方程和基于非合作目标位置、速度矢量的状态方程,设计了适用于非合作目标状态估计的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法。仿真实验表明该方法可在10 Hz采样频率下经过50次采样（即5 s）内快速收敛,从而有利于空间飞行器的在轨服务与维护。     

用于风洞实验的磁悬挂技术研究

30mm×30mm五分力磁悬挂天平由电磁铁组、电磁感应式位置传感器、磁悬挂控制器、气动力测量系统等部分构成。在80m/s低速风洞中进行了吹风试验的主要结果,包括电磁铁设计理论与结构形状、传感器工作原理与数学模型、控制补偿律和工程实现中的一些技术问题。     

On the generalization of true proportional navigation

A simple framework to define generalized true proportional navigation (GTPN) guidance laws is presented. It is shown that this framework subsumes many of the generalizations presented in the earlier literature. The capture regions of a number of GTPN guidance laws are obtained through a rigorous qualitative analysis. The method of analysis is simpler and lends itself directly to an easy geometrical interpretation. A considerable amount of misinterpretation in the previous results, arising out of certain basic misconceptions, are corrected here. It is shown that a logical application of the guidance philosophy, through a minor modification of GTPN to take into account the direction of rotation of the line-of-sight (LOS), contributes substantially to the expansion of the capture region in the relative velocity space. In particular, it is shown that the capture region also extends to the negative closing velocity region, thus making the modified GTPN almost comparable, so far as the domain of capturability of guidance laws is concerned, to the pure proportional navigation (PPN) guidance law. A number of new results on the exact bounds on the capture region are derived and illustrated through examples     

支承微移时临界转速的变化趋势

若采用移动支承位置的方法来调整转子支承系统的临界转速,则支承微移时转子支承系统临界转速的变化趋势对于制订具体的调整方案和预估可能的调整效果都具有重要的参考价值。本文导出了支承微移时系统临界转速的变化趋势的计算公式,利用该式仅需在系统临界转速与主模态分析结果的基础上附加少量的运算,即可给出支承微移时系统临界转速的变化趋势。根据这些变化趋势可以减少临界转速调整过程中的尝试次数,有效地节省工作量。     

前、后排叶片相对位置对串列转子性能的影响

在折合叶尖切线速度381m/s条件下,利用跨声串列转子技术实现了总压比2.25,负荷系数高达0.55的风扇转子设计。基于数值模拟结果,分析了串列转子前、后排叶片周向和轴向几何相对位置的变化对各自其整体性能的影响及原因。研究结果表明:前、后排几何相对位置的变化改变了后排叶片堵塞系数及其进、出的轴向速度和气流角,因而改变了速度三角形,导致了串列转子整体及各排叶片速度三角形及特性的变化;对于前、后排叶片最佳几何相对位置的选择,当后排叶片在前排叶片弦向上有0.1～0.15倍弦长的重叠时、后排叶片在周向上较为靠近前排叶片压力面时,串列转子能够获得较高的气动性能。     

“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统气体交换规律研究

为探讨“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统中氧气和二氧化碳交换规律,进一步评价空间微藻光生物反应器地面试验样机生产螺旋藻的能力,开展了螺旋藻和小白鼠的整合试验研究。将微藻光生物反应器和动物活动室组成气路闭环系统,试验期间连续监测系统中氧气和二氧化碳含量、小白鼠的活动状况、藻液pH变化以及藻体浓度含量等指标。试验结果表明,螺旋藻生长良好,系统闭环后促进了藻体的生长;从小白鼠的体征来看,小白鼠生活正常,但对小白鼠的生理影响还需深入研究。螺旋藻和小白鼠间能实现氧气和二氧化碳的完全交换,螺旋藻具有较强的吸收二氧化碳和放氧能力,可作为未来受控生态生保系统中的重要生物部件。     

CCD压痕直径测量系统中Z坐标的快速精确定位

为满足CCD压痕直径测量系统对坐标位置和电机运行速度的要求,本文设计了一种步进电机测量控制系统。采用闭环位置控制方案,以脉冲加方向信号来驱动步进电机;采用在电机运行过程中改变电机运行速度与方向的控制措施,实现了电机的快速运行和坐标的精确定位。使用Microsoft Visual C＋＋语言编辑界面程序,具有控制简单、Z坐标定位快速精确、可靠等特点。