UDMH/NTO双组元凝胶推进剂的制备及性能研究

对UDMH/NTO(偏二甲肼/四氧化二氮)双组元推进剂凝胶剂进行筛选的基础上,分别制备了UDMH与NTO凝胶推进剂,利用Brookfield流变仪研究了其流变性能;在进行了初步发动机试验后发现,氧化剂凝胶的无机凝胶剂颗粒会堵塞管路而使试验不能正常进行。通过对氧化剂凝胶的改进,重新建立了氧化剂凝胶体系并研究了其流变性能。发动机试验表明:新的UDMH/NTO双组元凝胶体系能够满足发动机设计对凝胶推进剂的要求。     

非金属凝胶推进剂热力特性计算及分析

研制了非金属凝胶推进剂热力气动力计算软件,对某单组元和双组元凝胶推进剂进行了热力气动力计算和分析,结果表明：对计算使用的胶凝剂,胶凝剂质量含量增加,推力室真空比冲、燃烧室温度和特征速度均下降;相同条件下,当胶凝剂在推进剂中质量含量在1％～3％范围变化时,某型单组元凝胶推进剂真空比冲比原推进剂下降约0．47％～1．94％;质量含量在2％～5％变化时,在最佳混合比处,某型双组元凝胶推进剂真空比冲比原推进剂下降约1％～2．69％。凝胶推进剂的热力特性主要取决于添加的胶凝剂的化学成分和含量。     

美国凝胶推进剂研究

本文介绍了美国凝胶推进剂的状况和研究成果,包括凝胶成分的选择、制备、试验及特性等方面,着重叙述了为开展凝胶推进剂所进行的配方制备过程和特性表征等内容.     

常规推进剂贮存远程测控系统设计

某推进剂库房为常规液体火箭发动机地面试验提供燃料和氧化剂,燃料和氧化剂均为有毒有害物质,燃料具有易燃易爆特性.为了提高推进剂贮存安全性和工艺系统操作过程安全性,便于集中控制和管理,提出了推进剂贮存库房远程测控系统设计方案.该系统符合RMS设计要求,已成功应用于推进剂库房,提高了系统安全性和自动化程度.     

凝胶推进剂流变及雾化特性研究与进展

综述了凝胶推进剂流变及雾化特性研究状况与进展.对凝胶推进剂的流变学研究、雾化特性研究中的实验研究、理论研究及测量技术做了介绍,并结合当前的研究提出了一些看法.     

肼-70胶体推进剂的特性及制备方法

胶体推进剂是火箭推进和其它燃气发生器的新型待选推进剂。常规液体推进剂在储存过程中泄漏危险性较高,将液体推进剂制成介于固体与液体之间的胶体,可大大增加其粘度与表面张力,降低泄漏危险性。文中对肼-70胶体推进剂的国内外研究现状作了概述,着重对其制备工艺进行了具体介绍,包括胶凝剂的选择、分散工艺等方面,并通过实验对比发现对于肼-70体系而言,添加相同含量的B类胶凝剂成胶效果优于A类胶凝剂。     

凝胶燃料的雾化特性表征

在当前凝胶燃料研究中,重点是研究凝胶推进剂雾化过程的流变特性.实验证明假塑性的、有粘性但无弹性的水凝胶具有同牛顿液体一样的雾化模式,只是它们的雾化过程难度较大.实验结果说明雾化过程深受燃料中凝胶含量和喷注器几何形状的影响.由于凝胶组分含量升高引起剪切粘度升高,索太尔平均直径(SMD)也随之增加.宽角度的收敛流喷注器需要较小上游压力来达到与三个一组对称喷嘴相同的雾化性能.本研究还验证了通过凝胶剂融合来达到理想的流变特性.     

四氧化二氮凝胶推进剂的配方研究

针对四氧化二氮（NTO）的特殊氧化性,筛选了三种不同胶凝剂与NTO形成凝胶,对其流变性能进行研究,并结合发动机试验、限流圈试验、发动机头部液流试验,验证了其与偏二甲肼（UDMH）凝胶组成的双组元推进剂用于凝胶发动机试验的可行性。结果表明：单一胶凝剂和NTO形成的凝胶体系不能满足凝胶发动机的要求,而复合胶凝剂YN61＋YN71与NTO形成的凝胶体系具有粘度高、所需剪切力低的优异流变性能,基本能满足凝胶发动机的要求。     

凝胶推进剂直圆管流动特性探讨

分析了非牛顿流体的类型,认为在液体火箭发动机中有应用前景的凝胶推进剂类型应是有屈服应力的牛顿流体或者幂律流体,关键在于胶凝剂。研究了直圆管中凝胶推进剂的流动特性,依据剪切速率可以将凝胶推进剂在直圆管中的流动分为三个区域。在第二流动区中,可以用幂律流体推导的流阻方程计算管路流阻;在第三流动区,可以近似用牛顿流体流阻方程计算流阻。     

优化复合推进剂力学与流变性能的一种新方法

测量与理论分析了复合推进剂的黏性与力学性能。实验研究了固体粒子尺寸分布和粘合剂固化比的影响。应用聚合物流变学的理论与概念来模拟推进剂特性。研究得知,细AP粒子在聚合物基体中起有效的填充剂作用,并增强机体的性能。对所研究的推进剂系列配方,当细AP含量接近20%时推进剂可达到最大应变与浇注中的最佳黏性。     

GEOS and its US and European components: Challenges and impact

The Centre Français sur les Etats Unis (CFE) held a day-long workshop on GEOSS, GMES and IEOS on 17 January 2006. Sponsored by Arianespace, the invitation-only roundtable drew some 50 participants from European and US administration, industry and academia. The programme and the presentations are on the CFE web site: www.cfe-ifri.net. This report summarizes the proceedings.     

偶氮呋咱和氧化偶氮呋咱的合成及表征

介绍了高能材料二氨基偶氮呋咱(DAAF)、二氨基氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF)及二硝基氧化偶氮呋咱(DNOAF)的合成。其中,采用新型氧化剂制备DAAF,得率提高至65.60%。通过DSC-TG、元素分析、IR、1H NMR和MS等方法,对其结构进行了鉴定,并进行了常规的感度测试。感度数据表明,无氢炸药DNOAF的摩擦感度较大,与C-12相当,而DAAF和DAOAF为低感度炸药。     

汽车检测与维护专业建设的回顾与总结

汽车检测与维护专业是我校重点建设的广西区区级示范专业,经过五年的建设已经形成了一定的规模。文章主要从实验实训中心建设、课程建设、教材建设、师资队伍建设、教学改革等方面对该专业的建设历程进行了回顾和总结。     

教育教学活动中的师生人际冲突及其解决方法

受传统观念的影响,人们一般只看到师生人际冲突的负面影响,而很少注意其正面作用;实际上,师生人际冲突是教育教学的互动形式之一,它的存在是必然的,也是合理的,它既有消极有害的一面,也有积极有益的一面。文章试在分析师生人际冲突原因的基础上,针对其影响的二重性,从学校、教师、学生三个方面,提出了正确对待师生人际冲突的建设性对策。     

Atlas II and IIA analyses and environments validation

General Dynamics has now flown all four versions of the Atlas commercial launch vehicle, which cover a payload weight capability to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) in the range of 5000–8000 lb. The key analyses to set design and environmental test parameters for the vehicle modifications and the ground and flight test data that validated them were prepared in paper IAF-91-170 for the first version, Atlas I.

This paper presents similar data for the next two versions, Atlas II and IIA. The Atlas II has propellant tanks lengthened by 12 ft and is boosted by MA-5A rocket engines uprated to 474,000 lb liftoff thrust. GTO payload capability is 6225 lb with the 11-ft fairing. The Atlas IIA is an Atlas II with uprated RL10A-4 engines on the lengthened Centaur II upper stage. The two 20,800 lb thrust, 449 s specific impulse engines with an optional extendible nozzle increase payload capability to GTO to 6635 lb. The paper describes design parameters and validated test results for many other improvements that have generally provided greater capability at less cost, weight and complexity and better reliability. Those described include: moving the MA-5A start system to the ground, replacing the vernier engines with a simple 50 lb thrust on-off hydrazine roll control system, addition of a POGO suppressor, replacement of Centaur jettisonable insulation panels with fixed foam, a new inertial navigation unit (INU) that combines in one package a ring-laser gyro based strapdown guidance system with two MIL-STD-1750A processors, redundant MIL-STD-1553 data bus interfaces, robust Ada-based software and a new Al-Li payload adapter. Payload environment is shown to be essentially unchanged from previous Atlas vehicles. Validation of load, stability, control and pressurization requirements for the larger vehicle is discussed.

All flights to date (five Atlas II, one Atlas IIA) have been successful in launching satellites for EUTELSAT, the U.S. Air Force and INTELSAT. Significant design parameters validated by these flights are presented. Particularly noteworthy has been the performance of the INU, which has provided average GTO insertion errors of only 10 miles apogee, 0.2 miles perigee and 0.004 degrees inclination. It is concluded that Atlas II/IIA have successfully demonstrated probably the largest number of current state-of-the-art components of any expendable launch vehicle flying today.     

SMOS与Aquarius卫星海表盐度测量方法及数据的对比分析

国际上发射的海表盐度遥感卫星主要有2颗:欧洲的SMOS和美国的Aquarius卫星,为给后续海表盐度遥感提供参考借鉴,对比分析了这2颗卫星的遥感器载荷、数据处理算法和盐度数据。遥感器载荷方面,SMOS采用L波段二维综合孔径辐射计,而Aquarius采用L波段实孔径辐射计加散射计;数据处理算法方面,分析了二者在介电常数模型、海面粗糙度校正以及反演算法方面的差异;盐度数据方面,分析了SMOS与Aquarius盐度数据之间的相关程度,并分别与ISAS(In Situ Analysis System)浮标盐度数据作对比,分析了2颗卫星的盐度数据精度。将2颗卫星的盐度遥感数据与ISAS浮标盐度数据对比发现,在全球范围内,Aquarius盐度测量精度优于SMOS;但在开阔海域,SMOS盐度测量精度优于Aquarius;而在近海岸区域,均出现较大的误差,且SMOS数据误差更大。     

Launch and early operations of Herschel and Planck

On 14 May 2009 the European Space Agency launched 2 space observatories: Herschel (with a 3.5 m mirror it is the largest space telescope ever) will collect long-wavelength infrared radiation and will be the only space observatory to cover the spectral range from far-infrared to sub-millimetre wavelengths, and Planck will look back at the dawn of time, close to the Big Bang, and will examine the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation to a sensitivity, angular resolution and frequency range never achieved before. This paper will present the Flight Dynamics, mission analysis challenges and flight results from the first 3 months of these missions.Both satellites were launched on the same Ariane 5 and travelled to the L2 Lagrange point of the sun–earth system 1.5 million km from the earth in the opposite direction of the sun. There they were injected to a quasi-halo orbit (Herschel) with the dimension of typically 750,000 km×450,000 km, and a Lissajous orbit (Planck) of 300,000 km×300,000 km.In order to reach these Lissajous orbits it is mandatory to perform large trajectory correction manoeuvres during the first days of the mission. Herschel had its main manoeuvres on the first day. Planck had to be navigated on the first day and by a mid-course correction manoeuvre, the L2 orbit insertion manoeuvre was planned on day 50. If these slots were missed, fuel penalties would rapidly increase.This posed a heavy load on the operations teams because both spacecrafts have to be thoroughly checked out and put into the correct modes of their attitude control systems during the first hours after launch.The sequence of events will be presented and explained and the orbit determination results as well as the manoeuvre planning will be emphasised.     

月球测绘学分类及应用展望

根据月球测绘的研究现状及发展趋势,对月球测绘学的概念进行了溯源与拓展。在分析月球测绘学与地球测绘学主要差异基础上,从传统测绘学科分类角度出发,综合考虑月球测绘学特殊性,重新梳理出月球测绘学主要学科专业分类,并详细介绍了每个学科专业的定义及国内外研究现状,给出了月球测绘学的五个主要应用领域及其应用展望。我国应尽早开展月球测绘理论与技术研究,形成完整的月球测绘学科体系,能够有力地促进我国空间科学技术的发展,保障后续探月工程的顺利实施。     

英汉词语空缺与跨文化差异及翻译策略探究

语言是文化的载体,文化上的差异导致了英汉语言中的词汇空缺现象,词汇空缺现象反映了语言的民族性。在跨文化交际中,词汇空缺会给交际带来障碍,造成语用失误,甚至导致交际失败,论文就词语的空缺现象与跨文化差异中的翻译策略进行了一些探讨。