基于LED光源的运动式太阳模拟器控制系统

为了解决编码式太阳敏感器装星后现场的功能测试,研制了一种基于LED光源的运动式太阳模拟器,为该测试提供模拟的太阳光信号和太阳光矢量信号.基于太阳模拟器组成与工作原理,对光源辐亮度和矢量运动的控制系统进行研究.根据太阳光信号要求,通过光源选取与功率计算确定LED型号和个数,并采用压控恒流源驱动技术对光源辐亮度进行线性调节.根据太阳光矢量信号要求,通过负载扭矩与功率计算选取GUS-60型超声电机,采用16位绝对式编码器对运动角度进行测量,以数字信号处理器为主要器件对电机进行闭环反馈控制.测试结果表明,光源控制系统能够实现辐亮度在0～527.4W·m-2内线性可调,矢量运动装置在-15°～40°内的运动角度控制精度优于±0.01°,满足编码式太阳敏感器的测试要求.      

激光目标模拟器功率现场校准装置

激光探测设备被广泛应用于精确瞄准、捕获、跟踪系统中,在其投入使用前,需要进行多次仿真测试。激光目标模拟器是激光探测设备仿真测试时使用的重要仿真设备,但是具有体积大、不易搬运的特点。本文设计了一种激光目标模拟器现场功率校准装置。该校准装置由光阑、聚焦光学系统、能量探测单元、时域探测单元、二维位移机构、微型转台和控制软件等组成。校准装置可现场对1.064μm、峰值功率范围(10^-5～10^-1)W的激光目标模拟器功率稳定性及均匀性进行准确、快速校准,功率稳定性及均匀性测量不确定度均小于8%（k=2）,从而为激光目标模拟器提供计量保障。     

太阳敏感器光学信号动态激励系统设计

摘要： 基于微小型两轴转台及太阳模拟器,设计了一种太阳敏感器光学信号动态激励系统,适用于卫星控制分系统闭路验证过程.通过对光源、光路、积分器、准直镜的合理选型、设计,使得模拟光的辐照度、准直度、辐照不均匀度、辐照不稳定度达到了控制分系统闭路验证的性能要求.通过结构设计、滑环设计、伺服控制设计,实现了0.02°的转台角度控制精度,以及360°全范围的角度空间可达.综合试验结果表明,该激励系统能够实现卫星在全天球范围内运行过程中对太阳敏感器的有效信号激励,能够应用于控制分系统的闭路验证系统.     

基于太阳模拟器法的钙钛矿太阳电池测量方法研究

阐述了基于太阳模拟器法的钙钛矿太阳电池测量方法,包括对太阳模拟器性能、光源辐照度、光谱失配、电池温度、有效面积、I-V扫描时间设定等影响因素的规范,解决了钙钛矿太阳电池测量样品面积小、电容效应高、热稳定性差以及缺少光谱响应匹配度较好的标准电池和有效温控手段缺失等测量问题;并对测量结果的不确定度进行了评定,为国产钙钛矿太阳电池的精确测量奠定基础。     

大口径积分球辐射定标光源辐射性能研究

目前,我国空间光学遥感器正向着大型化、高精度的方向发展,辐射定标装置也随之发展进步。本文系统地介绍了大口径空间相机用积分球辐射定标装置辐射性能的测试方法。研制出一套积分球辐射性能测试装置,用于测试大口径积分球的均匀性、余弦特性和稳定性,并给出了积分球辐射定标光源的输出不确定度。文中检测的积分球辐射定标光源内径为3 000mm,出光面直径为1 000mm,得到该积分球辐射定标光源的均匀性为0.11%,在±20°范围内余弦特性最大偏移为1.1%,整个系统的输出不确定度为5.94%。     

太阳模拟器两轴回转控制系统研究

太阳敏感器是卫星控制系统中的一个重要部件,装星之前需要通过地面试验验证其各项功能及技术指标.本文针对太阳敏感器的地面测试设备——太阳模拟器两轴回转控制系统展开研究.该系统采用伺服电机与绝对式光电编码器相结合的方案,包括偏航与俯仰两个回转控制机构,主要用于改变太阳模拟器光轴的方向.给出了回转控制系统的组成和工作原理,并对影响系统精度的因素进行了分析.实验表明,回转系统的角度控制精度优于0.03°,满足该地面测试设备设计时提出的0.04°精度指标.      

太阳模拟中关于准直角的概念

地面模拟太阳辐照状态的一个重要指标是太阳准直角。过去对发散型太阳模拟器准直角的定义并不确切。本文提出对发散型太阳模拟器不宜提准直角的概念而应用发散角来描述光束的不平行度。     

准直光学系统热变形对太阳模拟器性能影响研究

为了给太阳模拟器系统热管理提供可靠的技术依据,研究了准直光学系统热变形对系统性能的影响。选取项目组自主研发的高精度太阳模拟器准直光学系统作为研究对象,利用有限元软件仿真实际工作条件下各光学元件表面温度及热变形分布,将通光表面变形数据拟合为泽尼克系数导入光学设计软件中,分析热变形对系统准直角误差及辐照均匀度影响。研究结果表明:在未采取温控措施的自然对流条件下,热变形造成±1’的准直角误差和41.3%的辐照不均匀度,超出允许范围,需进行温控。通过光机集成分析法,给出了不同温度下,对流系数与热变形导致的准直角误差和辐照不均匀度对应关系,为风冷温控系统工程化设计提供了依据。     

准直光学系统热变形对太阳模拟器性能影响研究

为了给太阳模拟器系统热管理提供可靠的技术依据,研究了准直光学系统热变形对系统性能的影响。选取项目组自主研发的高精度太阳模拟器准直光学系统作为研究对象,利用有限元软件仿真实际工作条件下各光学元件表面温度及热变形分布,将通光表面变形数据拟合为泽尼克系数导入光学设计软件中,分析热变形对系统准直角误差及辐照均匀度影响。研究结果表明：在未采取温控措施的自然对流条件下,热变形造成±1′的准直角误差和41.3%的辐照不均匀度,超出允许范围,需进行温控。通过光机集成分析法,给出了不同温度下,对流系数与热变形导致的准直角误差和辐照不均匀度对应关系,为风冷温控系统工程化设计提供了依据。     

实验室模拟真空紫外辐照设备

人造卫星温控涂层研制中必须建立真空紫外辐照模拟设备.我组实验室制造的设备用旋片式机械真空泵、油扩散泵和在真空室前再加液空冷阱造成系统10~(-6)乇真空,选用GGZ-300高压汞灯作光源,光源和试件都放在真空室中.该设备具有简便实用的优点.另外还可以用于其它一些宇航材料的模拟真空紫外辐照试验,如人造卫星上的太阳电池和结构材料等.测量温控涂层在真空紫外辐照前后的太阳吸收率和热辐射率,根据它们的变化确定材料受辐射的影响.文中列出经真空紫外辐照不同阶段的五种不同温控涂层性能变化数据.     

一种改进的多点融合非均匀校正技术

针对空间宽幅相机在进行非均匀性校正过程中相机镜头与积分球输出口的相对位置发生变换后非均匀性校正精度下降的原因进行了分析,提出了一种改进的融合多点位置的非均匀校正新方法,即为了消除积分球的角均匀性和面均匀性的不足,采用获取多个位置的大量定标图像,融合求取平均值的方法得到校正系数来削弱这种影响,并进行试验验证分析。结果表明,多点融合的校正方法在积分球输出口光强不均匀、又无法固定相机与积分球相对位置的前提下,减少了积分球光强的不均匀性对系数可靠性的影响,相对辐射定标的非均匀校正精度得到大幅提高。     

月球表面太空风化作用及其效应

太空风化作用普遍发生在月球、小行星等一些无大气层的天体表面, 主要包括太阳风离子辐射和微陨石撞击等作用. 通过对真实月球样品太空风化作用的研究成果以及低能离子和激光照射等地面模拟实验结果的系统综述和分析, 重点分析了月壤颗粒中非晶质层和纳米铁的成因, 指出太空风化研究中存在的太阳风离子辐射和微陨石撞击贡献难以区分及模拟实验模拟效果尚不充分的问题.进而提出月球太空风化研究不能简单套用其他天体的模型, 并建议未来开展更多月球和陨石样品的精细化学分析.      

Influence of curved thin-film device on deformation of a solar sail

A spinning solar sail IKAROS’s membrane is estimated to unexpectedly deform into an inverted pyramid shape due to thin-film devices with curvature, such as thin-film solar cells and steering devices on the membrane. It is important to investigate the deformation caused by the curved thin-film devices and predict the sail shape because the out-of-plane deformation greatly affects solar radiation pressure (SRP) and SRP torque. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between the global shape and orientation and position of curved thin-film devices and to evaluate SRP torque on the global shape using finite element analysis. The global shape is evaluated based on the out-of-plane displacement and the SRP torque. When the curved thin-film devices make the membrane shrink in the circumferential, diagonal, and radial direction, the sail deforms into a pyramid shape, an inverted pyramid one, and a saddle one, respectively. The saddle shape is more desirable for solar sails than the inverted pyramid shape and the pyramid one from the viewpoint of shape stability to SRP and control of SRP torque in the normal direction of the sail (windmill torque). The position of the thin-film device tends to increase the absolute value of windmill torque when it is biased circumferentially from the petal central axis. The suggested design principles for the arrangement of thin-film devices is that the curved thin-film devices should be directed so that the sail shrinks in the radial direction in order to deform the sail into a saddle shape with high shape stability, and the position of the thin-film devices should be biased in the circumferential direction paying attention to the absolute value of windmill torque to determine the direction of windmill torque.     

Galactic cosmic radiation model and its applications.

A model for the differential energy spectra of galactic cosmic radiation as a function of solar activity is described. It is based on the standard diffusion-convection theory of solar modulation. Estimates of the modulation potential based on fitting this theory to observed spectral measurements from 1954 to 1989 are correlated to the Climax neutron counting rates and to the sunspot numbers at earlier times taking into account the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field at the time of observations. These regression lines then provide a method for predicting the modulation at later times. The results of this model are quantitatively compared to a similar Moscow State University (MSU) model. These model cosmic ray spectra are used to predict the linear energy transfer spectra, differential energy spectra of light (charge < or = 2) ions, and single event upset rates in memory devices. These calculations are compared to observations made aboard the Space Shuttle.     

基于“蛾眼”灵感的抗反射微纳结构表面技术

飞蛾眼睛表面所覆盖的纳米级结构对光的吸收作用,启发了人们对亚波长结构与光作用的思考。抗反射技术可减少光能在传播过程中的损失,被广泛应用于光学系统、太阳能电池、光电子设备、显示屏幕、窗口元件等领域。蛾眼抗反射微纳结构表面概念的提出为光学抗反射技术的发展提供了新的思路与契机。简要回顾了蛾眼抗反射微纳结构表面技术的基本概念、技术发展情况,并对各种应用于抗反射微纳结构表面的加工技术进行了总结与归纳,对一些新的技术发展方向进行了讨论。     

低能质子对卫星热控涂层太阳吸收率的影响

空间低能质子由于沉积能量在表层对卫星外露热控涂层太阳吸收率参数有较大影响,文章首次对地球同步轨道卫星6种热控涂层进行低能质子辐照试验研究,试件是S781有机白漆、SR107-ZK有机白漆、ACR-1有机白漆、OSR二次表面镜、F46二次表面镜和Kapton二次表面镜。试验采用能量48keV的质子,在真空条件下累积辐照360h,累计注量达到2×10~(15)p/cm~2。在辐照过程中原位测量热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数。这些热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数都有不同程度的明显上升。其中,有机白漆类热控涂层的太阳吸收率参数上升最快,其次是塑料薄膜类热控涂层(F46二次表面镜和Kapton二次表面镜),最稳定的是玻璃类热控涂层(OSR二次表面镜)。对试验前后试件的SEM分析和XPS分析表明,热控涂层中的颜料结构和聚合物结构在辐照下发生变化,形成不饱和链发色团和色心,使原来透明聚合物和高反射的颜料对太阳光产生吸收,从而引起热控涂层太阳吸收率参数上升。     

一种航天器太阳电池阵供电能力计算方法

太阳电池阵为航天器提供能源,在型号研制和在轨运营过程中需对其供电能力进行计算,为此提出了一种航天器太阳电池阵供电能力的计算方法。首先,利用太阳电池片的地面测试数据得到标准测试条件(STC)下的电池片伏安模型,并利用电池片在轨等效光强和温度修正电池片伏安模型的光生电流、串联电阻和并联电阻等参数,得到电池片在轨伏安模型,然后,根据基尔霍夫定律推导出电池阵中电池片工作电压、电流以及旁路二极管和隔离二极管的输出情况,从而得到太阳电池阵的伏安模型。仿真结果表明,本文方法可以精确计算航天器在任意光强、温度和遮挡下的太阳电池阵伏安模型,可以精确分析旁路二极管和隔离二极管对太阳电池阵供电能力的影响,较已有方法计算精度提高20%。     

On-orbit verification of fuel-free attitude control system for spinning solar sail utilizing solar radiation pressure

This paper introduces a new attitude control system for a solar sail, which leverages solar radiation pressure. This novel system achieves completely fuel-free and oscillation-free attitude control of a flexible spinning solar sail. This system consists of thin-film-type devices that electrically control their optical parameters such as reflectivity to generate an imbalance in the solar radiation pressure applied to the edge of the sail. By using these devices, minute and continuous control torque can be applied to the sail to realize very stable and fuel-free attitude control of the large and flexible membrane. The control system was implemented as an optional attitude control system for small solar power sail demonstrator named IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun). In-orbit attitude control experiments were conducted, and the performance of the controller was successfully verified in comparison with the ground-based analytical performance estimation.     

Effects of solar UV-B radiation on aquatic ecosystems.

Solar UV degrades dissolved organic carbon photolytically so that they can readily be taken up by bacterioplankton. On the other hand solar UV radiation inhibits bacterioplankton activity. Bacterioplankton productivity is far greater than previously thought and is comparable to phytoplankton primary productivity. According to the "microbial loop hypothesis," bacterioplankton is seen in the center of a food web, having a similar function to phytoplankton and protists. The penetration of UV and PAR into the water column can be measured. Marine waters show large temporal and regional differences in their concentrations of dissolved and particulate absorbing substances. A network of dosimeters (ELDONET) has been installed in Europe ranging from Abisko in Northern Sweden to Gran Canaria. Cyanobacteria are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen which is then made available to higher plants. The agricultural potential of cyanobacteria has been recognized as a biological fertilizer for wet soils such as in rice paddies. UV-B is known to impair processes such as growth, survival, pigmentation, motility, as well as the enzymes of nitrogen metabolism and CO2 fixation. The marine phytoplankton represents the single most important ecosystem on our planet and produces about the same biomass as all terrestrial ecosystems taken together. It is the base of the aquatic food chain and any changes in the size and composition of phytoplankton communities will directly affect food production for humans from marine sources. Another important role of marine phytoplankton is to serve as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Recent investigations have shown a large sensitivity of most phytoplankton organisms toward solar short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UV-B); even at ambient levels of UV-B radiation many organisms seem to be under UV stress. Because of their requirement for solar energy, the phytoplankton dwell in the top layers of the water column. In this near-surface position phytoplankton will be exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation. This radiation has been shown to affect growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen incorporation and enzyme activity. Other targets of solar UV irradiation are proteins and pigments involved in photosynthesis. Whether or not screening pigments can be induced in phytoplankton to effectively shield the organisms from excessive UV irradiation needs to be determined. Macroalgae show a distinct pattern of vertical distribution in their habitat. They have developed mechanisms to regulate their photosynthetic activity to adapt to the changing light regime and protect themselves from excessive radiation. A broad survey was carried out to understand photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems and the different adaptation strategies to solar radiation of ecologically important species of green, red and brown algae from the North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean, Atlantic, polar and tropical oceans. Photoinhibition was quantified by oxygen exchange and by PAM (pulse amplitude modulated) fluorescence measurements based on transient changes of chlorophyll fluorescence.     

航天用太阳电池地面标定测试装置研究

传统的标准太阳电池标定方法分为高空标定与地面标定,地面标定方法已纳入国际标准。地面标定由于操作简便、标定结果较为精准目前被广泛应用。太阳电池标定结果准确与否对航天器电源系统姿态敏感期、地面环境模拟的设计具有重要意义。本文对太阳电池地面标定方法展开研究,根据国家标准中地面标定方法原理研制了便携式、高准确度的地面标定测试设备,包括准直孔、太阳电池托盘、太阳跟踪器等标定装置,使地面标定过程简易化,对航天用太阳电池地面标定有着重要意义。