自适应强杂波抑制与点状动目标检测

研究了基于自适应图像杂波抑制的微弱点状动目标检测技术。首先利用四叉树算法,将原始的非平稳图像分割成多个准平稳的图像子块,然后对各子块进行LS自适应背景杂波估计与抑制,从而获得准高斯白噪声背景;再利用目标运动连续性假设,将目标在相邻多帧上的位置状态模型化为高阶马尔可夫数据链,建立轨迹状态空间;根据该模型采用多帧沿轨迹非线性集成算法进行检测。既克服了传统的三维匹配算法造成搜索次数巨大的弱点,同时也避免了二维投影检测带来的信噪比下降。理论分析和大量仿真实验证明了其有效性。     

Detection of obstacles in the flight path of an aircraft

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), along with members of the aircraft industry, recently developed technologies for a new supersonic aircraft. One of the technological areas considered for this aircraft is the use of video cameras and image-processing equipment to aid the pilot in detecting other aircraft in the sky. The detection techniques should provide high detection probability for obstacles that can vary from subpixel to a few pixels in size, while maintaining a low false alarm probability in the presence of noise and severe background clutter. Furthermore, the detection algorithms must be able to report such obstacles in a timely fashion, imposing severe constraints on their execution time. Approaches are described here to detect airborne obstacles on collision course and crossing trajectories in video images captured from an airborne aircraft. In both cases the approaches consist of an image-processing stage to identify possible obstacles followed by a tracking stage to distinguish between true obstacles and image clutter, based on their behavior. For collision course object detection, the image-processing stage uses morphological filter to remove large-sized clutter. To remove the remaining small-sized clutter, differences in the behavior of image translation and expansion of the corresponding features is used in the tracking stage. For crossing object detection, the image-processing stage uses low-stop filter and image differencing to separate stationary background clutter. The remaining clutter is removed in the tracking stage by assuming that the genuine object has a large signal strength, as well as a significant and consistent motion over a number of frames. The crossing object detection algorithm was implemented on a pipelined architecture from DataCube and runs in real time. Both algorithms have been successfully tested on flight tests conducted by NASA.     

小推力航天器的地月低能转移轨道

 在限制性四体模型下研究基于小推力方式的地月低能转移问题,通过借助于平动点轨道的相空间结构来揭示小推力转移的机理。重点研究了小推力转移自由飞行段的构造：经由LL₁点穿越获得最小能量的低能转移;而经由LL₁点Halo轨道穿越,得到(M,N)圈穿越轨道;由于Halo轨道相对于平动点增加了一维度的选择,根据(2,2)圈穿越轨道构造该转移的自由飞行段。在地球势阱逃逸和月球势阱捕获段,分别设计了合适的小推力的控制律及发动机开/关机时间,成功实施近地球段的小推力加速和近月球段的减速。尽管未对所得到的结果进行优化,所得转移轨道的燃料消耗也与类似边界条件的SMART-1轨道基本一致。     

Detection of weak, subpixel targets using mesh-connected cellularautomata

Effective use of military cellular automata such as military data array processor (MilDAP) and geometric arithmetic parallel processor (GAPP), in weak, subpixel target detection is shown to be possible by using new signal processing regimes based on binary ranking filter theory. By using binary ranking filters, the MilDAP can furnish 6 dB of processing gain against white Gaussian noise while monitoring from one to four million potential target tracks at 10-40 frames/s. GAPP is shown to be capable of monitoring 3.7 million tracks over 216×384 detectors at 14000 frames/s and, in a time sharing mode, 15 million tracks over 432×768 detectors at 24 frames/s. The special case of threatening targets is discussed, as well as alternate cellular architectures which use multidimensional binary ranking filters in multidimensional coordinate systems     

航天器轨迹优化的通用数值方法

给出了航天器轨迹优化的一种通用数值仿真方法，该方法是由静态参数优化和动态参数优化构成，其中，静态参数优化采用可变误差多面体算法，动态参数优化采用基于最优控制理论的共轭梯度方法。     

Multi-objective optimization of frequency and damping of vertical stabilizer skin structure placed with variable-angle tows

The vibration characteristics of composite vertical stabilizer skin structures play a critical role in damping effects designed for overcoming the air disturbances experienced by aircraft structural components during flight. The first-order fundamental frequencies and their corresponding damping characteristics of the vertical stabilizer skin structure tow-steered by automatic fiber placement technique were optimized with the parameterized trajectories and plies as design variables. Firstly, the vibration and damping numerical models were derived based on Kirchhoff laminate theory, the Rayleigh-Ritz method, and the Strain Energy Method. Then the optimization model was developed by adopting the self-adaptive Differential Evolution Multi-objective optimization algorithm and incorporating the solution method of Pareto Front. The constraints of this optimization model considered the experimentally obtained minimum turning radius of prepregs tow-steered in automatic fiber placement process obtained from experimental tests. Finally, the comparison of numerical simulation results was conducted for the optimized trajectories and the conventional straight trajectories under various boundary conditions, and the numerical results were partially validated through damping and frequency tests. The results indicate the vibration characteristics of the composite vertical stabilizer skin structure can be enhanced to a large extent by optimizing fiber trajectories, and the enhancement percentage is affected by the boundary conditions of the actual structure.     

Static strength analysis of dragonfly inspired wings for biomimetic micro aerial vehicles

This article examines the suitability of fabricating artificial, dragonfly-like, wing frames from materials that are commonly used in unmanned aircraft(balsa wood, black graphite carbon fiber and red prepreg fiberglass). Wing frames made with Type 321 stainless steel are also examined for comparison. The purpose of these wings is for future use in biomimetic micro aerial vehicles(BMAV). BMAV are a new class of unmanned micro-sized aerial vehicles that mimic flying biological organisms(like flying insects). Insects, such as dragonflies, possess corrugated and complex vein structures that are difficult to mimic. Simplified dragonfly-like wing frames were fabricated from these materials and then a nano-composite film was adhered to them, which mimics the membrane of an actual dragonfly. Finite element analysis simulations were also performed and compared to experimental results. The results showed good agreement(less than 10% difference for all cases).Analysis of these results shows that stainless steel is a poor choice for this wing configuration, primarily because of the aggressive oxidation observed. Steel, as well as balsa wood, also lacks flexibility. In comparison, black graphite carbon fiber and red prepreg fiberglass offer some structural advantages, making them more suitable for consideration in future BMAV applications.     

ODYSSEY, Orbit Determination Software for the Pioneer Data Analysis

The Pioneer anomaly refers to the difference between the computed trajectories of the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecrafts and their actual trajectories as observed through Doppler tracking. This difference has been described by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as a constant anomalous acceleration. In order to perform an independent analysis, specific trajectography software, named ODYSSEY, has been developed. The paper will focus on the models implemented in this software and on the results obtained. The existence of a constant anomalous acceleration is confirmed with properties similar to those reported by JPL. Time dependent components of the anomaly are also found and discussed.     

Observational Manifestation of Chaos in the Gaseous Disk of the Grand Design Spiral Galaxy NGC 3631

The main goal of the paper is to demonstrate the presence of chaotic trajectories in the gaseous disk of a real spiral galaxy. As an example we have chosen NGC 3631. First, we show the stationarity of the 3-D velocity field restored from the observed line-of-sight velocity field of the gaseous disk. That allows to analyse behaviour of the trajectories of the fluid particles (gas clouds) in the disk, calculating the corresponding observed streamlines. We estimate the Lyapunov characteristic numbers using their independence of the metrics and show the existence of chaotic trajectories outside the vortices which are present in the velocity field, and in the vicinity of the saddle point. Related spectra of the stretching numbers for some trajectories are also calculated.     

水滴撞击特性的数值计算方法研究

 对水滴撞击特性的数值计算方法进行了研究。在对防冰部件流场进行计算的基础上,通过对水滴所在单元的判断和单元内流场速度的插值求解以及水滴运动轨迹计算边界的判断,采用差分法对水滴运动方程进行了数值求解,得到了水滴运动轨迹,从而确定了水滴的撞击极限、总收集系数和局部水收集系数等水滴撞击特性参数,为飞机防冰系统的设计奠定了基础;此外,以发动机进气道的水滴撞击特性的计算为算例,研究了飞行高度、飞行速度及水滴半径对水滴撞击特性的影响。     

负升力返回时航天器的再入走廊与轨迹研究

研究了较大升阻比航天器采用负升力返回时的再入走廊与最优轨迹，通过数字仿真并与正升力再入时的结果比较，得到结论：采用负升力再入时的返回走廊前１／３段比采用正升力的相应部分宽度有较大增加；离轨点所耗燃料质量与热防护系统质量之和较正升力再入时的情况有一定减少。由此可见，负升力再入概念在提高有效载荷上明显优越于正升力再入概念。     

Tracking of conventional beamforming with hydrophone array ofvarying geometry

In conventional beamformers of a large towed hydrophone array of fixed linear array geometry the sensors may be displaced from their nominal positions due to various kinds of force on the array. The displacements are usually time varying and can severely degrade the performance of the beamformer. This problem is approached by restoring the sensor output signals before beamforming by adaptively tracking and compensating for the displacements. This approach does not require modifications of the conventional shipboard beamformer and hence can be used cost-effectively to upgrade existing conventional systems. Two adaptive algorithms are used for two different cases: known sensor moving trajectories and unknown trajectories with relatively small displacements compared with the intersensor spacing. Tracking performance of the algorithms is analyzed. Simulation results show that for known sensor trajectories the algorithm significantly improves the performance of the conventional shipboard beamformer whereas only limited improvement can be achieved when the trajectories are unknown     

飞机性能优化研究

本文用能量状态近似法和奇异摄动法两件方法讨论了最优飞行剖面的生成.并以某机为例,用能量状态近似法求出了给定航程下的最优飞行剖面和给定初、末状态的爬升飞行剖面;为了对两种方法比较,也给出了奇异摄动法求得的爬升剖面.     

A data-driven approach to modeling high-density terminal areas: A scenario analysis of the new Beijing,China airspace

Airports are being developed and expanded rapidly in China to accommodate and pro-mote a growing aviation market. The future Beijing Daxing International Airport (DAX) will serve as the central airport of the JingJinJi megaregion, knitting the Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei regions together. DAX will be a busy airport from its inception, relieving congestion and accommodating growth from Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK), currently the second busiest airport in the world in passengers moved. We aim to model terminal airspace designs and possible conflicts in the future Beijing Multi-Airport System (MAS). We investigate standard arrival procedures and mathematically model current and future arrival trajectories into PEK and DAX by collecting large quantities of publicly available track data from historical arrivals operating within the Beijing terminal airspace. We find that (1) trajectory models constructed from real data capture aberrations and deviations from standard arrival procedures, validating the need to incorporate data on histor-ical trajectories with standard procedures when evaluating the airspace and (2) given all existing constraints, DAX may be restricted to using north and east arrival flows, constraining the capacity required to handle the increases in air traffic demand to Beijing. The results indicate that the termi-nal airspace above Beijing, and the future JingJinJi region, requires careful consideration if the full capacity benefits of the two major airports are to be realized.     

航拍视频拼图中基于特征匹配的全局运动估计方法

 主要研究了航拍视频拼图中的全局运动估计问题。根据航拍视频成像过程的特点,得出相邻帧之间全局运动的4参数近似变换模型,该模型参数较少,鲁棒性好且计算简单,任意帧之间的变换模型通过“帧到帧”的方式递归获得。提出了一种双向最近邻距离比的尺度不变特征(SIFT)的匹配方法,提取出有效的匹配点,并采用随机采样一致性(RANSAC)方法去除外点和估计全局运动参数。从试验结果可以看出,该方法估计出的全局运动参数精度高,鲁棒性好。     

Optimization of observer trajectories for bearings-only targetlocalization

The problem of bearings-only target localization is to estimate the location of a fixed target from a sequence of noisy bearing measurements. Although, in theory, this process is observable even without an observer maneuver, estimation performance (i.e., accuracy, stability and convergence rate) can be greatly enhanced by properly exploiting observer motion to increase observability. This work addresses the optimization of observer trajectories for bearings-only fixed-target localization. The approach presented herein is based on maximizing the determinant of the Fisher information matrix (FIM), subject to state constraints imposed on the observer trajectory (e.g., by the target defense system). Direct optimal control numerical schemes, including the recently introduced differential inclusion (DI) method, are used to solve the resulting optimal control problem. Computer simulations, utilizing the familiar Stansfield and maximum likelihood (ML) estimators, demonstrate the enhancement to target position estimability using the optimal observer trajectories     

Dynamic Programming Solution for Detecting Dim Moving Targets Part II: Analysis

An on-board mosaic sensor is staring down from a satellite to afixed point on the ground while collecting frames that contain targetsignatures and background noise. A dynamic programmingalgorithm (DPA) has been developed to optimally detect dim movingtargets that cross the sensor's field of view. The algorithm has beendescribed in Part I of this paper. Here, in Part II, we analyze thealgorithm performance and compare it with that of a simpleassembling of thresholded frames; the DPA's SNR performance isshown to be at least an order of magnitude better.     

Graphical Derivations of Radar, Sonar, and Communication Signals

The designer of a communication system often has knowledge concerning the changes in distance between transmitter and receiver as a function of time. This information can be exploited to reduce multipath interference via proper signal design. A radar or sonar may also have good a priori information about possible target trajectories. Such knowledge can again be used to reduce the receiver's response to clutter (MTI), to enhance signal-to-noise ratio, or to simplify receiver design. There are also situations in which prior knowledge about trajectories is lacking. The system should then utilize a single-filter pair which is insensitive to the effects induced by relative motion between transmitter, receiver, and reflectors. For waveforms with large time-bandwidth products, such as long pulse trains, it is possible to graphically derive signal formats for both situations (trajectory known and unknown). Although the exact form of the signal is sometimes not specified by the graphical procedure, the problem in such cases is reduced to one which has already been solved, i. e., the generation of an impulse equivalent code.     

基于圆型限制性三体问题模型的行星卫星逃逸能量研究

 基于由飞行器、行星及其卫星组成圆型限制性三体问题模型,通过庞加莱映射的方法,研究了飞行器从行星卫星附近逃逸的问题。在Jacobi常数确定的前提下,通过逆向积分,飞行器从L1或L2点附近返回近月点,得到近月点速度出发速度。研究结果表明绕飞L1点和L2点逃逸行星卫星需要的最低能量是不同的,从月球表面逃逸所需的速度脉冲分别比开普勒算法节省46.5m/s和42.3m/s,且均小于Villac等人在Hill模型下得到38.9m/s,从而改进了Villac等人的相关工作,同时也给出了从太阳系主要行星卫星表面逃逸所需的最小能量。     

运输类飞机典型货舱地板下部结构冲击吸能特性

为了研究运输类飞机货舱地板下部结构在冲击载荷作用下的吸能特性,选取三框两段典型货舱地板下部结构试验件开展落重冲击试验,即质量为478.5 kg的落重以3.95 m/s的速度垂直冲击倒置并固定在测力平台上的试验件,分析试验件失效模式及动态响应,同时建立有限元模型进行仿真与试验结果相关性分析及吸能特性研究。结果显示,在此种工况的冲击载荷作用下,中间支撑件发生由32框面向34框面方向的弯曲,并带动机身框发生同向弯曲和扭转,从而导致C型支撑件发生与中间支撑件相反方向的弯曲变形,并最终在机身框与C型支撑件的连接处形成两处塑性铰;紧固件失效以位于中间支撑件附近区域的长桁和剪切角片连接处的22个扁圆头铆钉发生剪切失效为主;试验初始加速度峰值和初始撞击力峰值分别为25.1g和173 kN。仿真与试验获得的结构变形模式吻合较好,仿真获得的最大压缩量与试验结果24.3 mm相差3.7%,仿真获得的压板上初始加速度峰值与试验结果25.1g相差4%。通过仿真分析发现机身框和中间支撑件是主要的吸能部件,吸能贡献分别占总吸能的32.1%和30.4%。