遥感图像运动模糊恢复方法及评价标准研究

遥感成像系统与目标在曝光时间内的相对运动将导致成像的运动模糊。文章结合匀速直线运动造成的图像模糊特点,讨论图像模糊的产生机理并建立相关退化模型;利用点扩散函数（PSF）在频率域和空间域上分别对匀速直线运动产生的模糊图像进行恢复;验证各算法对高斯噪声的抗干扰性;提出使用HVS对比度的方法作为客观评价标准验证恢复算法的可行性,并与传统的灰度平均梯度（GMG）相对比表明该评价标准的合理性。     

一种基于图像形态学的深空图像模糊复原方法

针对深空目标与空间相机相对运动造成的图像运动模糊问题,文章提出了一种基于图像形态学的运动模糊复原方法。首先运用图像形态学细化的方法消除图像中的冗余信息,快速提取图像中目标的特征;其次运用最小二乘法直线拟合方法对目标运动方向进行估计,再利用连通域划分结果对目标运动长度进行估计;最后采用约束最小二乘方滤波对退化模型进行逆推导运算来实现目标运动模糊复原。通过实验验证结果表明：文章提出的基于图像形态学的深空图像运动模糊复原方法能够正确估计运动模型参数,通用性强,易于在轨实现,可以处理目标与相机相对运动造成的运动模糊问题,在目标运动方向不一致的图像中取得了良好的复原效果。     

基于时频分析的ISAR成像

传统的逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像算法用傅里叶变换进行频谱分析,会导致对机动目标的成像模糊.应用短时傅立叶变换(STFT)、魏格纳分布(WVD)、平滑伪魏格纳分布(SPWVD)等几种时频分析方法对机动目标进行瞬时成像,仿真和实验结果表明,应用该方法能得到清晰的目标的距离-瞬时多普勒像.     

一种用于目标特征提取的改进RELAX算法

传统RELAX算法是基于sinc核函数进行处理的，该算法在正弦信号参数估计上具有良好的鲁棒性和有效性。在远场成像条件下，逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）目标回波可近似为复正弦模型，因而可以采用RELAX算法进行目标特征提取。当对ISAR实测数据进行处理时，复杂目标中强散射中心的高旁瓣电平和噪声的共同影响，造成特征提取中对散射中心的个数估计不准确，影响了特征提取精度。针对这一问题对RELAX算法进行了改进，提出采用加窗处理技术，对RELAX处理的核函数进行修正。数值仿真和对ISAR实测数据的处理结果表明，改进的RELAX算法改善了旁瓣性能，提高了散射中心提取精度。     

Validation of attitude/deformation sensing techniques for space flexible manipulators

This paper proposes an approach that makes use of two different techniques to sense and identify both the rigid attitude motion and the flexible dynamics of a manipulator. With the first technique, an accurate attitude motion determination, based on the use of a global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals, is performed. For this purpose, some antennas are placed on the manipulator in order to obtain the observable phase of the GNSS signal. The second technique, based on the use of accelerometer sensors, is used in order to identify the dynamic signature during the motion of the flexible link. Specifically, the modal parameters are estimated using data recorded from accelerometers, conveniently placed on the structure, by means of an output-only based approach. The developed algorithms used for both the attitude estimation and the output-only modal analysis are validated by experimental activities carried out on an in-house testbed representing a two flexible arm manipulator.     

一种高超星图高精度半盲复原算法

针对高超声速飞行器在平流层内应用天文导航时受气动光学效应及运动模糊影响后难以观星和高精度导航的问题,提出一种基于正则化思想的高超星图半盲复原算法。该算法首先针对高超星图的特点进行去噪与星点初提取等预处理操作,接着从图像中提出可用的模糊核信息,并通过融合达到去噪的目的。然后结合天文图像灰度及梯度的稀疏先验分布特性,提出一种针对高超星图的正则化非盲复原模型,利用分裂布雷格曼迭代法等算法迭代估计清晰图像。将本算法与传统星图复原算法、其他最新正则化复原算法进行星图复原与导航效果比较,结果表明本算法复原效果最佳,且能明显改善星点识别正确率及质心坐标计算精度,可用于大幅提高超声速飞行器在平流层中的天文导航适应性及导航精度。     

Multiple blur of star image and the restoration under dynamic conditions

According to the flight characteristics of vehicle under high dynamic conditions, the impact of linear, angular, and vibrational motion on star sensor imaging was researched. Then, the mathematical model of motion blur corresponding to various flight conditions was deduced, and the star centroiding accuracy affected by motion blur was analyzed subsequently. On this basis, the mechanism of multiple blur was discussed. In order to ensure the accuracy of star sensor in high dynamic environment, a restoration method was proposed to remove the multiple blur. Finally, simulations are implemented to validate the restoration method.     

Analysis of a double gimbaled reaction wheel spacecraft attitude stabilization system

Three axis attitude stabilization of a satellite using a single spinning reaction wheel mounted on a two degree-of-freedom passively and actively torqued gimbal system is investigated. The passive control is assumed to be provided by a spring-loaded damper mounted on each of the gimbal axes, while active control results from both the wheel acceleration and the torque applied about the gimbal axes. The stability of the uncontrolled and passively controlled systems is investigated analytically. For constant wheel speed the pitch motion is decoupled from the roll-yaw and gimbal motions. Control laws for the roll-yaw motion are developed based on pole clustering and linear optimal control theory. For the pitch motion control laws are obtained based on classical second order system theory. Estimation techniques are applied to the roll-yaw system for the case when the complete state may not be directly observable (in the absence of a fine yaw position sensor).     

空间光学遥感运动模糊仿真方法研究

空间光学遥感作为一个动态的成像过程,像物曝光时间内的相对运动必然会导致成像的模糊,因此在遥感成像链路仿真模型中必然要考虑运动模糊的影响。文章将运动类型分为线性运动和简谐运动两种,并且根据成像过程中器件积分时间和简谐运动周期的比值大小将简谐运动分成高频、低频不同情况来处理。文章指出严格意义上运动模糊具有空间移变的性质,最终根据积分时间同简谐运动的频率提出一种TDICCD运动模糊的仿真方法,可为后续全链路仿真提供参考。     

航天器自主交会对接的高精度目标定位方法

根据航天器自主式交会对接的实际应用背景和技术需求,针对交会对接过程中所要求的高精度、实时性和强抗扰的技术指标,在合作目标特性分析的基础上,将高斯曲面拟合与双线性插值相结合,提出了一种高精度的合作目标定位方法。首先根据目标图像的灰度分布进行双线性插值和高斯曲面拟合,在此过程中可同时利用目标原有像素和插值点的亚像素信息,使拟合曲面各幅值点的坐标精度达到亚像素级,以确定目标的中心位置。仿真图像和实拍图像的试验结果表明,此定位方法具有亚像素级的定位精度,其总体定位误差可达到1/20个像素左右,并能满足实时性要求,可以在航天器交会对接与空间遥操作等方面的应用中发挥重要作用。     

结合形态学理论与Hough变换的SAR图像线目标检测方法

针对典型线状军事目标,提出一种SAR图像的目标检测方法。该方法首先将分块阈值分割的思想应用于未经斑点噪声抑制的原始SAR图像,得到ROI(Region of Interest)图像;然后,利用区域的几何特征有效地剔除大量虚警,并采用形态学梯度算子提取目标的边缘信息,与传统的Canny边缘检测相比,边缘轮廓更加连贯;最后,利用Hough变换对梯度图像进行直线检测,得到机场跑道的边缘。该方法对原始SAR图像采用传统的图像处理技术进行目标检测,因此,比基于SAR图像统计特性的目标检测方法简单易行。对真实SAR图像的实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.     

卫星遥测信息自动监视处理系统设计

根据卫星遥测信息主要依靠人工监视处理的现状,为及时准确地判断卫星运行状态,文章提出了遥测信息自动监视处理系统的设计方案。根据卫星运行控制计划,进行遥测仿真,通过遥测数据与仿真结果的分类比较,实现卫星状态自动预警、报警,生成遥测监视报告。     

一种实时测量卫星运动像移的新方法

文章针对高分辨率对地观测卫星 ,介绍一种新的方法来实时测量卫星运动在焦平面上的像移。详细地说明了像移实时测量的原理 ,具体推导了像移测量的数学表达式。测量出的像移可以用来对畸变的图像进行校正 ,获得高质量的图像     

基于边缘特征的相位相关简化方法在空间目标运动估值中的应用

提出利用基于图像边缘特征的相位相关简化方法来进行空间目标平移运动的检测。为了能有效抑制噪声和亮度变化的影响，在传统互相关方法的基础上提出一种先提取目标的边缘特征，再利用傅里叶平移特性进行归一化相位相关处理的检测方法，从而实现两幅相似图像间的相对平移矢量的准确估计，它较比时域方法和基于灰度信息的互相关方法能获得更准确的检测结果和更强的噪声抑制能力。同时，为满足系统实时性的要求，还采用了将二维图像映射为一维信号的简化方法，将程序执行时间缩短了4倍。仿真实验结果显示，利用边缘特征的简化方法对于受到严重噪声干扰的空间运动目标具有很好的检测结果，进一步证明了算法的有效性和实用性。     

直接序列扩谱通信中的窄带干扰抑制

对直接序列扩谱信号预处理可以大幅度提高扩谱通信系统抗窄带干扰的能力。近年来对这方面的研究,从线性处理方法到非线性处理方法,到多用户检测方法;从简单自适应,到盲信号处理等,出现了许多好的思路,并一步步改善了扩谱系统抗多种窄带干扰的能力。文章综述了这方面的研究成果,对各种方法进行了分析和评价,重点讨论非线性方法以及码辅助方法,其中,非线性方法讨论的重点是基于隐马尔可夫链的非线性处理方法。     

神经网络修正的速度约束辅助车载SINS定位算法

对于车载全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)/捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)组合导航系统,针对GNSS失效而SINS单独工作时仅使用速度约束辅助SINS其纵向位置误差逐渐发散的问题,提出一种神经网络修正的速度约束辅助车载SINS定位算法。通过径向基函数(RBF)神经网络预测SINS纵向位置误差修正系数,以提高SINS单独工作时的定位精度;此外,提出一种限定记忆指数加权实时估计量测噪声的自适应滤波算法。在人为设置GNSS失效以及真实隧道场景下进行车载试验,结果表明本文算法能够在不停车情况下在线修正SINS纵向位置误差,相比于速度约束与卡尔曼滤波相结合的常规算法,有效地提高了GNSS失效时的车载SINS定位精度。     

A six-degree-of-freedom hardware-in-the-loop simulator for small spacecraft

This paper presents a novel six degree of freedom, ground-based experimental testbed, designed for testing new guidance, navigation, and control algorithms for the relative motion of nano-satellites. The development of innovative guidance, navigation and control methodologies is a necessary step in the advance of autonomous spacecraft. The testbed allows for testing these algorithms in a one-g laboratory environment. The system stands out among the existing experimental platforms because all degrees of freedom of motion are controlled via real thrusters, as it would occur on orbit, with no use of simulated dynamics and servo actuators. The hardware and software components of the testbed are detailed in the paper, as is the motion tracking system used to perform its navigation. A Lyapunov-based strategy for closed loop control is used in hardware-in-the loop experiments to successfully demonstrate the full six-degree-of-freedom system׳s capabilities. In particular, the test case shows a two-phase regulation experiment, commanding both position and attitude to reach specified final state vectors.     

Deployable space manipulator commanded by means of visual-based guidance and navigation

On orbit maneuvering of flexible space manipulators requires a special caution. In fact the task of reaching the desired configuration, and at the same time safely preserving the structure integrity and not perturbing the overall spacecraft attitude, is complicated by the extreme flexibility of the structure itself. For studying this problem, an experimental test bed is designed and realized at the Guidance and Navigation Laboratory at La Sapienza, University of Rome. In this paper, visual based techniques are considered as a valid option for the dual purpose of evaluating the control signals and monitoring the flexible behavior of the controlled structure. In fact the joint motors are controlled in order to reach a desired target taking the image of the target as acquired by a mobile camera mounted on the end effector of the manipulator, into account. The Image Based Visual Servoing is introduced together with the simple adaptive algorithm used for processing the acquired images. With respect to a more traditional terrestrial visual servoing, a control system based on a moving camera (a typical configuration in space applications) is particularly sensitive to the flexible vibrations of the arm links. In fact in the closed loop control scheme, an oscillating movement of the camera influences the image processing, which in turn influences control actions. Instability could arise if the flexible dynamics is not separated from the rigid motion. This paper shows that it is possible to evaluate the elastic properties of the complex multibody manipulator (flexibility of the link, elastic behavior of the joints, effects of nonstructural masses) thanks to the analysis of the image acquired.     

Analysis of predictive entry guidance for a Mars lander under high model uncertainties

The problem of precision landing on Mars is now considered to be an essential challenge in the planned Mars missions. The paper focused on the guided atmospheric entry as a predominant phase in achieving a desired target state, as compared with the following parachute and powered descent. The predictive algorithms for the longitudinal guidance of a low-lift entry vehicle are treated. The purpose is to investigate applicability of the predictive strategy under possible high discrepancies between the on-board dynamic model and real environment while in entry trajectory. The comparative performance analysis based on computer simulation has been made between the standard one-parametric “shooting” predictive algorithm and a more complex two-parametric algorithm providing lower final velocity and, thus, expanding the interval of admissible downrange. However, both algorithms display considerable degradation of downrange accuracy in the cases when the actual drag force is larger than the modelled one. An acceptable solution has been found by including to both predictive guidance schemes an identification algorithm that repeatedly adapts the on-board model to varied environment in real time scale.