多源信息融合卫星组合导航系统的可观度分析

针对基于GNSS卫星、地标矢量和星光矢量的多源信息融合的高轨卫星组合导航系统,分别利用系统可观度分析方法和状态可观度分析方法对其进行分析.仿真结果表明:在GNSS导航卫星不可见时,地标矢量和星光矢量可以有效地提供测量信息,并保证滤波器的稳定.可观度分析结果表明:系统可观度主要受GNSS导航星的可见星数目影响较大,地标矢...     

Observability analysis of piece-wise constant systems. I. Theory

For pt.II see ibid., vol.28, no.4, p.1068-75, Oct. 1992. A method for analyzing the observability of time-varying linear systems which can be modeled as piece-wise constant systems (PWCS) is presented. An observability matrix for such systems is developed for continuous and discrete time representations. A stripped observability matrix (SOM) is introduced which simplifies the analysis in cases where the use of this matrix is legitimate. The observability analysis is presented as a step-by-step procedure     

Observability of an integrated GPS/INS during maneuvers

An observability analysis of a GPS/INS system during manoeuvers is presented based upon a perturbation model with respect to the Earth-centered-Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinate system. Analysis is performed on two types of manoeuvers, linear acceleration and steady turn. These manoeuvers could be used for in-flight INS alignment using GPS. During the constant linear acceleration without rotation relative to the Earth, the linear system model is shown to be time-invariant. The observability analysis for the time invariant linear system model shows that linear acceleration does not change the number of observable modes but rather the structure of the observable space. For a nonconstant linear acceleration or a steady turn, the perturbation linear system becomes time varying. For this time-varying system, three types of observability are considered, complete, differential, and instantaneous observability. Instantaneous observability is the strongest properties and means that the state of the system at any time may be determined instantaneously from observation of the output and its derivatives. Instantaneous observability is important for fast in-flight INS alignment. It is shown that the number of instantaneously observable moded is increased by at least 2 during a maneuver. Hence, some linear combinations of the attitude angles become instantaneously observable.     

基于奇异值分解的组合导航可观测度计算

以捷联惯组为主惯导的组合导航系统具有短时定位精度高、可靠性强等优点,但其依然存在长时间导航精度不高、运算量大、组合效率不高等问题。为更好地完善组合导航系统的误差补偿和抑制技术,对SINS/DVL组合导航系统的可观测性能进行了研究。在分段定常系统(Piece-wise Constant System,PWCS)的可观测性分析方法及基于奇异值分解的系统状态可观测度分析方法基础上,结合可观测性矩阵的遗传特性,提出了一种简化的状态量可观测性分析方法,并对该方法进行了理论仿真。为方便比较状态量的可观测程度,对各状态的可观测度进行了归一化处理。最后,通过湖面跑船实验设计了不同的航迹机动方式,计算了关键导航参数的可观测性能。实验证明,该方法可以实时计算组合导航参数的可观测度,根据可观测度设计的航迹可以有效提高导航精度,定位精度可提高1个量级,收敛速度也获得了明显提高。     

基于可观测度分析的稳定姿态滤波器

提出一种适用于惯性/天文组合航天飞行器的稳定姿态滤波器,可以在不降低系统可观测度的前提下解决滤波计算中的奇异问题。对于奇异问题的传统解决方案是删除观测方程的一行,通过对比删除前后系统可观测度的变化,证明此解决方案会导致系统可观测度下降,并指出如何选择最优删除方案以使系统可观测度下降最小。根据对传统解决方案的分析结果,提出了不降低系统可观测度的投影算法。理论分析和仿真试验证明,应用了投影算法的姿态滤波器更为稳定,估计效率更高。     

Multiposition alignment of strapdown inertial navigation system

The authors demonstrate that the stationary alignment of strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS) can be improved by employing the multiposition/technique. Using an observability analysis, it is shown that an optimal two-position alignment not only satisfies complete observability conditions but also minimizes alignment errors. This is done by analytic rank testing of the stripped observability matrix and numerical calculation of the error covariance. It is also shown that an optimal three-position alignment accelerates the convergence of the alignment error compared with two-position alignment     

Nth-order dynamics target observability from anglemeasurements

Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the observability of the target's Nth-order dynamics, given direction measurements. The derivations are extremely simple and do not require the examination of an observability matrix or nonlinear differential equations. Previously published observability requirements for the first-order dynamics are shown to be necessary but not sufficient     

基于“速度+姿态”快速传递对准的可观测性分析

惯导系统初始对准一般采用卡尔曼滤波器对初始姿态误差角进行估计,而在设计卡尔曼滤波器之前通常要对系统进行可观测性分析,确定卡尔曼滤波器的效果。捷联惯导系统的卡尔曼滤波模型在传递对准时,为线性时变系统,而线性时变系统的可观测性分析比较困难。文中采用一种依据系统矩阵的奇异值确定状态可观测度的方法对基于“速度＋姿态”快速传递对准的卡尔曼滤波模型进行可观测性分析,结果表明该方法可直接简单地实现系统状态的可观测度分析。     

快速判断线性控制系统能控能观性的一种途径

介绍了判断线性控制系统能控性和能观性的一种方法,并提供了一种用 MATLAB 语言编写的快速准确判断线性控制系统能控能观性的软件。     

空间多机器人协同的多视线仅测角相对导航

研究了空间多机器人对非合作目标的多视线协同仅测角相对导航问题。为利用多视线信息融合提升仅测角相对导航性能,给出了一种可观测度优化的多视线仅测角相对导航方法。首先基于二阶CW方程构建了中心机器人与目标相对动力学模型和状态方程,并构建了仅包含多伴飞机器人视线角的观测方程,结合扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,形成多视线仅测角相对导航系统;然后分析推导得到可观度最优的视线间夹角条件,提出了兼顾可观测度和长期自然维持的多伴飞机器人观测构型优化方法;最后,数学仿真结果表明,提出的多视线仅测角相对导航系统、可观测度最优的视线夹角条件和观测构型优化方法,可以显著提高距离状态可观测度和估计性能,且具有较好的工程可用性。     

高空长航时无人机SINS/CNS组合导航系统仿真研究

根据高空长航时无人机的特点研究了SINS/CNS组合导航系统并进行了仿真。研究了分段定常系统(PWCS)的可观测性分析方法和基于奇异值分解的系统状态可观测度分析问题,并提出了一种改进的状态可观测度分析方法,在求状态变量的可观测度时,抛开了观测量,只利用可观测矩阵进行分析,然后将该理论应用到SINS/CNS组合导航系统中,证明了其合理性与可行性,进一步根据可观测度分析的结果对系统进行反馈校正,通过仿真结果证明导航精度得到了提高。     

Observability of Relative Navigation Using Range-Only Measurements

A simulation tool is described which is capable of determining the observability of various fleet configurations and maneuvers in a relative navigation environment. The motion of the relative grid established by the navigation controller is explicitly modeled as a function of the errors in his dead-reckoning sensors. The simulation uses centralized, optimal processing of an extended Kalman filter. Results show observability on a good geometry, with some degradation in performance when dead-reckoning sensor errors change rapidly.     

一种基于可观测度分析的SINS/GPS自适应-反馈校正滤波新方法

 针对机载捷联惯导系统(SINS)/全球定位系统（GPS）组合导航系统不完全可观测导致滤波器精度下降甚至发散的问题,提出了一种基于系统状态可观测度分析的自适应反馈校正滤波新方法。该滤波方法改进了系统可观测度的归一化处理方法,将归一化处理后的系统状态可观测度作为反馈因子,对SINS系统进行自适应反馈校正。最后,将该方法应用于机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)运动补偿用SINS/GPS组合导航系统中,飞行试验结果表明该方法在系统不完全可观测的情况下有效地提高了导航精度。     

一种常规机动下机载SINS/GPS组合导航系统的可观测性分析

为保证机载捷联惯组的导航精度能够达到要求,需要对惯组定期进行返厂标定,成本高、周期长,也影响载机的使用效率,故而机载惯组在线标校技术的研究一直在不断进行中。对大中型运输机的机载惯组而言,由于其机体较大、机动能力较差,很难完成诸如S机动等复杂的机动动作,故而需要对其常规飞行机动状态下机载SINS/GPS组合导航系统的可观测性进行分析。利用GPS提供的速度和位置信息作为外部观测量来设计Kalman滤波器,采用基于分段线性定常系统(PWCS)的奇异值分解法(SVD),对飞机静止、起降、匀速飞行、匀加减速飞行、转弯等一系列常规机动条件下系统的可观测性和可观测度进行研究。通过Matlab仿真和转台实验,验证了组合导航系统可观测性分析结论的有效性,可为机载惯组的在线标校提供一定参考。     

重力传感器参数双轴旋转调制标定方法及实验验证

重力传感器参数的外场标定可充分发挥重力仪的测量潜力，提高重力测量的精度。利用全局可观性方法，对加速度计在静态条件下的参数可观性进行了分析，推导了静态多位置条件下加速度计参数可观的条件。根据理论推导的参数可观的条件，以双轴旋转重力仪为实验平台，设计了标定参数的编排方案。实验结果表明，该方法所测得的刻度因数对角线的最大偏差达到了10-8量级，利用对角线上的刻度因子修正了三轴转台的标定结果。2800s纯惯导解算结果证明，使用外场标定参数与实验室三轴转台标定参数的纯惯性导航精度相当。     

单载机相位差无源定位系统可观测性分析(英文)

With a pair of antennas spaced apart, an airborne passive location system measures phase differences of emitting signals. Regarded as cyclic ambiguities, the moduli of the measurements traditionally are resolved by adding more antenna elements. This paper models the cyclic ambiguity as a component of the system state, of which the observability is analyzed and compared to that of the bear- ings-only passive location system. It is shown that the necessary and sufficient observability condition for the bearings-only passive location system is only the necessary observability condition for the passive location system with phase difference measurements, and that when the system state is observable, the cyclic ambiguities can be estimated by accumulating the phase difference measurements, thereby making the observer able to locate the emitter with high-precision.     

改进的GPS/INS组合导航选星算法

在已有的 GPS定位的选星算法的基础上,从组合系统量测矩阵出发提出了一种适用于 GPS/INS组合导航的选星算法。此算法在原有算法的基础上,考虑了卫星仰角、方位角对卡尔曼滤波器可观性的影响,避免因观测量与系统状态间关联项的减少而导致的滤波器可观性下降,从而保证滤波器性能的稳定。     

Observability Criteria for Bearings-Only Target Motion Analysis

The observability requirements for bearings-only target motion analysis (TMA) are rigorously established by solving a third-order nonlinear differential equation. Closed form expressions are developed and subsequently used to specify necessary and sufficient conditions on own-ship motion that insure a uniquetracking solution. It is shown that for certain types of maneuvers the estimation process remains unobservable, even when the associated bearing rate is nonzero. Such maneuvers are frequently overlooked in heuristic discussions of TMA observability, which may account for some common misconceptions regarding the characteristics of acceptable own-ship motion.     

Processing of filtered GPS data

General sufficiency conditions are developed for the stability of a discrete-time cascaded-filter architecture. An application of the result is in the filtering of prefiltered Global Positioning System (GPS) data during times in which the GPS receiver is tracking less than four satellites. Simulation results are presented for the case where the master filter processes the GPS filter estimate after the GPS filter attains uniform complete observability and controllability following its third filter cycle as well as the case where the observability condition is not met     

Observability, Eigenvalues, and Kalman Filtering

In higher order Kalman filtering applications the analyst often has very little insight into the nature of the observability of the system. For example, there are situations where the filter may be estimating certain linear combinations of state variables quite well, but this is not apparent from a glance at the error covariance matrix. It is shown here that the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the error covariance matrix, when properly normalized, can provide useful information about the observability of the system.