Evolution of anticodons

Anticodons are trinucleotides in transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The latter carry amino acids for insertion into the polypeptide sequences of proteins during the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Messenger RNA molecules are transcribed from genes. Evolution of tRNA molecules has resulted in a set of anticodons for the 20 amino acids that are used in protein synthesis. This set of anticodons is slightly different in mitochondrial codes from the set that is used in the nuclear “universal” code. Theories for the evolution of the code include frozen accident, doublet expansion, repeating triplets and coevolutionary distribution. The number of codons has always been fixed at 64 by mathematical rules, but because an anticodon may pair with more than one codon, the number of anticodons is only 54 in the universal code, is smaller in mitochondrial codes, and was probably even smaller in archetypal primitive codes. Evidence of anticodon evolution can be seen by comparing mitochondrial codes with the universal code. Codes used by very primitive organisms that are now extinct might have specified fewer amino acids than are now used.     

两类DBL码的性能比较

设计出扩展的Large area Synchronization地址码(LS码)——Daoben Lab地址码(DBL码).DBL码由基本LS码与矩阵左、右直积生成,分别称为DBL左乘码和DBL右乘码,两类DBL码各有特点.DBL右乘码特点是把码字分组,码组间码字存在更大的零相关窗,增加了可用码字数,码组内码字非周期相关性与扩展矩阵行向量的相关性相同;DBL左乘码也是把码字分组,码组间的零相关窗长度不变,没有增加可用码字数,但当以正交矩阵扩展时,码组内有和原LS码同样长度的零相关窗.计算机仿真验证了两类DBL地址码的性质.      

采用LDPC码方案的战术数据链系统

战术数据链系统能够提高部队信息化作战能力,其中信道编码技术是保证消息传输可靠性的关键技术之一.构建了一种新的战术数据链系统,系统采用低密度奇偶校验(LDPC,Low-Density Parity-Check)码方案,LDPC码是适用于传输可靠性要求高的通信系统的新型码组.介绍了LDPC码方案中的和积算法,描述了系统的传输模型,分析了系统在固定频率和加性白色高斯噪声(AWGN,Additive White Gaussian Noise)信道条件下的链路性能.利用计算机进行蒙特卡罗仿真,结果表明:在AWGN信道和瑞利衰落信道下,LDPC编码方案可以有效地降低数据链系统的误比特率,取得比采用里德·所罗门编码的联合战术信息分发系统更好的误码性能.LDPC码作为信道编码技术的备选码组,为进一步提高战术数据链的可靠性提供了一种解决方案.      

导航卫星测距码的优选方法

传统的选择民用测距码可选择组合码的范围较小,难于获得足够多的卫星地址码数和良好互相关性能。文中提出的n级线性移位寄存器的m序列及其优选对的全域搜索算法和导航卫星测距码的生成方案,能够获得所有可能的码序列组合,优选的Gold码族能够产生足够数量的、具有良好互相关性能的测距码序列。通过对比分析优选测距码与GPS C/A码的可分配码数量、自相关及互相关函数特性,初步说明优选测距码的优越性及其优选算法的可行性。     

卫星通信中基于扩频技术的异步差分空时协同编码研究

卫星通信系统中, 经过不同信道的中继信号强度存在显著差异, 存在同步误差且时延差动态变化, 严重影响了误码性能. 传统方案一般通过引入差分编码解决卫星通信接收端的动态信道估计问题. 本文通过扩频系统中的正交码区分来自不同中继卫星的信号, 借助扩频码表提取各路信号后进行空时解码. 从仿真结果可知, 差分空时编码与扩频技术相结合能获得更好的误码率性能, 很好地解决了随机时延差问题, 使接收端无须对信道参数进行估计, 从而大幅降低其复杂度.      

利用GPS实现高轨卫星定位的抗远近效应算法

针对GPS应用于高轨卫星定位面临的远近效应问题, 提出利用正交相关的联合极大似然估计算法来对GPS信号进行二维搜索, 可以得到正确的码延时及多普勒估计. 极大似然估计算法首先利用滑行相关法对仿真信号中的强信号进行搜索, 得到强信号模型, 然后利用正交相关去掉强信号, 最终实现对弱信号的正确捕获. 本文对高轨卫星接收到的GPS信号进行了功率分析, 并建立了信号模型, 进行了算法仿真. 结果表明, 这种估计算法能够提高二维搜索性能, 有效解决远近效应问题.      

一种适用于卫星数据传输的高效编解码算法

提出了一种喷泉编解码方法,又称为快速速龙码（RRC）,该编码方法能实现与传统速龙码相同的差错控制效率的同时,时间复杂度相对更低。相对传统速龙码,在编码过程中无需计算中间节点,直接通过生成矩阵计算校验节点;其解码方法是先通过置信传播（BP）算法对校验节点进行降度之后,再对校验节点降度之后组成的矩阵进行高斯消元法解码,从而降低矩阵规模。改进后的算法更加高效和简单,适用于航天器空间通信中的应用层数据传输、存储保护和深空探测信号传输。     

Comparisons of several transport models in their predictions in typical space radiation environments

We have used several transport codes to calculate dose and dose equivalent values as well as the particle spectra behind a slab or inside a spherical shell shielding in typical space radiation environments. Two deterministic codes, HZETRN and UPROP, and two Monte Carlo codes, FLUKA and Geant4, are included. A soft solar particle event, a hard solar particle event, and a solar minimum galactic cosmic rays environment are considered; and the shielding material is either aluminum or polyethylene. We find that the dose values and particle spectra from HZETRN are in general rather consistent with Geant4 except for neutrons. The dose equivalent values from HZETRN and Geant4 are not far from each other, but the HZETRN values behind shielding are often lower than the Geant4 values. Results from FLUKA and Geant4 are mostly consistent for considered cases. However, results from the legacy code UPROP are often quite different from the other transport codes, partly due to its non-consideration of neutrons. Comparisons for the spherical shell geometry exhibit the same qualitative features as for the slab geometry. In addition, results from both deterministic and Monte Carlo transport codes show that the dose equivalent inside the spherical shell decreases from the center to the inner surface and this decrease is large for solar particle events; consistent with an earlier study based on deterministic radiation transport results. This study demonstrates both the consistency and inconsistency among these transport models in their typical space radiation predictions; further studies will be required to pinpoint the exact physics modules in these models that cause the differences and thus may be improved.     

一种无奇异的求解Lambert变轨的普适变量法

传统的普适变量法求解Lambert转移轨道的变轨点速度时,在两位置矢量夹角为180°处出现奇异,且用牛顿迭代法求解普适变量会丢失部分重要的解.通过公式变换消除奇异项而推导出一种无奇异的速度求解公式;且根据转移轨道的圈数对普适变量的取值范围进行分段,在每个区间用人工免疫算法AIA(Artificial Immune Algorithm)搜索普适变量正确解,解出所有Lambert转移轨道并从中选择最优转移轨道.仿真算例表明:这种改进的普适变量法能有效避免传统普适变量法的奇异性,而且能求得所有的Lambert转移轨道并得到燃料消耗最优的转移轨道.     

CCSDS-RS(255,223)码高速译码器的硬件实现研究

研究了空间通信用高速Reed-Solomon(255,223)码硬判决译码器的FPGA实现方法,提出一种新的纠错算法实现结构以最大程度提高译码器性能。设计中采用RiBM算法求解关键方程,并通过应用高速比特并行乘法器以及流水线和并行处理方法提高译码通过率。综合和测试验证结果显示,该译码器译码通过速率为1.7Gbit/s,译码延迟为296个时钟周期,优于目前同类型的RS译码器性能指标。     

Navigation for balloon payloads: Recent experience with OMEGA in the US and a new slant range system

The replacement of OMEGA station G from Trinidad to Australia has recently caused some problems for balloon navigation in the United States. We report on recent experience with OMEGA during a balloon flight of the hard X-ray astronomy payload HEXE¹⁾ from Palestine, Texas on September 28/29, 1981. In this flight three different OMEGA receivers were used. In view of the degraded receiving conditions for OMEGA we have developed a simple slant range system which may easily be adapted to other standard PCM systems. We show that a combination of range, azimuth and one OMEGA line of position (e.g. C-D) provides reasonably accurate balloon positions.     

S形进气道/JT15D-4涡扇发动机地面实验与数值模拟

为进一步研究所设计的S形进气道与涡扇发动机共同工作时对发动机性能和稳定性的影响,制作了S形进气道1∶1玻璃钢模型,安装在小型涡扇发动机JT15D-4上,观察发动机在地面台架条件下的工作状态,并进行了相关数据的测量.利用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)方法进行同样条件下的进气道数值仿真计算.将计算结果与实验结果相比较,结果表明:两种方法得到的数据相吻合,一方面说明所设计的S形进气道与发动机匹配良好,能够保证发动机的正常运转;另一方面说明,CFD方法可用于进气道的设计验证.     

一种多码率QC-LDPC码译码结构设计与实现

为了满足在一个系统中使用多码率LDPC(Low Density Parity Check)码字的需求,设计了一个7Kbit长度多码率LDPC码的译码器,分析了各种码率之间校验矩阵的相似性,提出了复合译码结构中变量节点运算单元、校验节点运算单元以及迭代存储器单元的复用方案.通过在变量节点运算单元以及校验节点运算单元输入端增加若干选通开关,就可以使这些运算单元适于多码率的处理.通过管脚的选择,此译码器支持非规则0.4码率、非规则0.6码率以及非规则0.8码率3种工作译码模式,并用Altera公司的FPGA进行了实现.综合结果表明,所提出的复合结构在不损伤单码率译码性能的前提下,仅用略多于0.8码率LDPC码单独译码的硬件资源实现了3种码率码字的译码.      

基于扩充Modelica的复杂系统多层次并行仿真

为提高复杂系统多学科建模仿真效率,弥补现有多领域统一建模仿真语言(Modelica)不支持并行的缺陷,提出了一个面向复杂系统建模仿真的多层次并行仿真框架,从仿真任务级、实体级和模型级3个应用层次上充分发掘仿真系统的并行性.将MPI(Message Passing Interface)/OpenMP中的并行元素加入Modelica语言,并通过所提出的代码映射机制将Modelica文本转换为支持并行编程的高级代码(C++),再利用一定的任务分配机制将高级代码在多层次并行平台(多核集群)上高效执行.针对某典型军事复杂系统优化迭代过程进行仿真实验,结果表明上述多层次并行仿真方法能大幅提高仿真效率.     

多码率RS码部分并行译码结构设计

为了满足在一个通信系统中使用多码率RS(Reed-Solomon)码的需求,提出了一种多码率部分并行结构的RS码译码器.按照功能,该译码器可分为伴随式计算模块,关键方程求解模块以及错误位置和错误值求解模块3个主要组成部分.针对符合CCSDS标准的2种RS码的特点,将运算系数相同的伴随式计算子单元进行复用;在关键方程的求解运算中使用一种新颖的部分并行结构,使得复用部分和非复用部分的运算周期相同,以减少运算等待时间,提高译码效率;在错误位置和错误值求解中采用查表方式完成Forney算法的系数相乘,并复用求逆查表运算和系数相同的钱氏搜索计算子单元,以减少资源的消耗.通过码率选择信号,可以选择RS(255,223)和RS(255,239)2种译码模式.通过Altera公司的FPGA(Field Pro-grammable Gate Array)对该多码率译码器进行了硬件实现,结果显示此译码器仅消耗2981个逻辑单元和9472 bit的存储器资源,大大低于2种单一码率译码器消耗资源的总和.     

Three-dimensional global simulation of multiple ICMEs’ interaction and propagation from the Sun to the heliosphere following the 25–28 October 2003 solar events

This study performs simulations of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) propagation in a realistic three-dimensional (3D) solar wind structure from the Sun to the Earth by using the newly developed hybrid code, HAFv.2+3DMHD. This model combines two simulation codes, Hakamada–Akasofu–Fry code version 2 (HAFv.2) and a fully 3D, time-dependent MHD simulation code. The solar wind structure is simulated out to 0.08 AU (18 Rs) from source surface maps using the HAFv.2 code. The outputs at 0.08 AU are then used to provide inputs for the lower boundary, at that location, of the 3D MHD code to calculate solar wind and its evolution to 1 AU and beyond. A dynamic disturbance, mimicking a particular flare’s energy output, is delivered to this non-uniform structure to model the evolution and interplanetary propagation of ICMEs (including their shocks). We then show the interaction between two ICMEs and the dynamic process during the overtaking of one shock by the other. The results show that both CMEs and heliosphere current sheet/plasma sheet were deformed by interacting with each other.     

MHD code using multi graphical processing units: SMAUG+

This paper introduces the Sheffield Magnetohydrodynamics Algorithm Using GPUs (SMAUG+), an advanced numerical code for solving magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problems, using multi-GPU systems. Multi-GPU systems facilitate the development of accelerated codes and enable us to investigate larger model sizes and/or more detailed computational domain resolutions. This is a significant advancement over the parent single-GPU MHD code, SMAUG (Griffiths et al., 2015). Here, we demonstrate the validity of the SMAUG?+?code, describe the parallelisation techniques and investigate performance benchmarks. The initial configuration of the Orszag-Tang vortex simulations are distributed among 4, 16, 64 and 100?GPUs. Furthermore, different simulation box resolutions are applied: $1000\times 1000\text{,}2044\times 2044\text{,}4000\times 4000$ and $8000\times 8000$. We also tested the code with the Brio-Wu shock tube simulations with model size of 800 employing up to 10?GPUs. Based on the test results, we observed speed ups and slow downs, depending on the granularity and the communication overhead of certain parallel tasks. The main aim of the code development is to provide massively parallel code without the memory limitation of a single GPU. By using our code, the applied model size could be significantly increased. We demonstrate that we are able to successfully compute numerically valid and large 2D MHD problems.     

The influence of radiation quality on the formation of DNA breaks.

We have aimed to present a comprehensive review of our understanding to date of the formation of DNA strand breaks induced by high LET radiation. We have discussed data obtained from DNA in solution as well as from the formation and "repair" of strand breaks in cell DNA. There is good agreement, qualitatively, between these two systems. Results were evaluated for two parameters: (1) effectivity per particle, the cross section (sigma) in micrometers 2/particle; and (2) the strand break induction frequency as number of breaks per Gy per unit DNA (bp or dalton). A series of biological effects curves (one for each Z-number) is obtained in effectivity versus LET plots. The relationships between induction frequencies of single-strand breaks, or double-strand breaks, or the residual "irrepairable" breaks and LET-values have been evaluated and discussed for a wide spectrum of heavy ions, both for DNA in solution and for DNA in the cell. For radiation induced total breaks in cell DNA, the RBE is less than one, while the RBE for the induction of DSBs can be greater than one in the 100-200 keV/micrometers range. The level of irrepairable strand breaks is highest in this same LET range and may reach 25 percent of the initial break yield. The data presented cover results obtained for helium to uranium particles, covering a particle incident energy range of about 2 to 900 MeV/u with a corresponding LET range of near 16 to 16000 keV/micrometers.     

差分技术在双星快速定位通信系统中的应用

卫星定位通信系统是具有10米以内高精度的第二代卫星导航定位系统。达到高精度的关键是应用了伪随机码扩谱及差分定位技术。诸如星历误差、电离层时延变化和地球模型不准等误差,通过应用差分技术可以大部分消除。本文阐述了差分技术的应用和系统精度分析。