谈美军标MIL-STD-1540E(草案)的编制

概述了美国军用标准MIL-STD-1540改版过程和编制背景,介绍了MIL-STD-1540E的编制要点和主要技术内容,并分析了MIL-STD-1540C、D、E等3个版本的差异。     

MIL-PRF-1540的制定和MIL-STD-1540C的废止

概述了美国空军为采购着手进行标准和规范的改革目标与政策。阐明MIL-STD-1540编制的历史和改革后MIL-STD-1540C与MIL-PRF-1540的关系,并对MIL-PRF-1540的制定内容作了较为详细的介绍。     

美国军用标准MIL-STD-1540C介绍

概述了美国军用标准MIL-STD-1540《航天器试验要求》A版、B版和C版的编制历史,介绍了MIL-STD-1540C《运载器、顶级飞行器和航天器试验要求》的主要内容,并从标准的应用范围、研制试验内容、鉴定试验要求和气候环境试验等9个方面与1540B作了粗略的比较,同时分析和探讨了1540C在航天器研制与试验技术中的应用以及在保证航天器可靠性中的作用。     

论航天器环境工程在航天产品验证中的作用

论述了航天器环境工程对航天产品验证工作的重要性,介绍了国外的实践与有关标准,着重介绍了美军标 MIL-STD-1540D 中对航天产品的验证要求.     

国外航天器环境试验标准简介

文章着重介绍了国外现行的几种环境试验标准,包括美国NASA哥达德航天中心的GEVS-SE系列、美国军用标准MIL-STD-1540系列和欧洲空间标准化公司ECSS系列。     

美军用手册MIL-HDBK-340A介绍

介绍了美国军用手册 MIL-HDBK-340A“运载器、顶级飞行器和航天器试验要求”,它的前身为美军标 MIL-STD-1540C,但是增加了应用导则部分,以便于对它的了解与剪裁使用。     

G.729E语音编码算法初探

论文介绍了G.729的扩展算法G.729 Annex E(G.729E)。G.729E采用LP混合模型,即增加了适合于处理带噪声的语音信号甚至是音乐信号的LP后向模式,同时设计了两个新的固定码本使比特率增加为11.8Kb it/s。论文对G.729E和G.729在算法上进行比较,较详细地介绍了G.729 E中的改进算法,对其原理作了初步的分析研究。最后介绍了G.729 E的应用。     

从美军标MIL-STD-1540来看热试验在航天器研制中的应用

介绍美军标 MIL-STD-1540中有关热试验的内容并比较该标准 A、B 和C 三个版本中对热试验要求的变化和发展。着重讨论了组件级的热真空试验和热循环试验。     

一种用于远程交会的末段制导优化方法

研究了E制导方法实现空间飞行器远程交会末制导的问题.在能量最省指标约束下,采用函数极值方法求解出最优交会时间.针对E制导方法对发动机推力可变的要求,采用PWPF调节器对具有常推力轨道发动机的空间飞行器推力加速度进行调制,得到E制导方法要求的"变推力".仿真结果表明该方法可以实现远程交会末制导且精度较高.     

G(o)del逻辑系统中标准子代数上的广义矛盾式

文章讨论了Godel逻辑系统中标准子代数E0上的广义矛盾式理论,给出标准子代数上可达0-重言式的一个分划,证明了在标准子代数E0中,重言式不可能由对非重言式进行有限次升级算法得到,利用广义重言式和α-矛盾式概念在E0中给出了F(S)的一个关于()同余的分划.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

U.S. biological experiments in space.

Past U.S. space biological experiments in space, using non-human specimens, are discussed and evaluated. Current plans for future experimentation in this field are also given.     

U.S. prebreathe protocol

This paper identifies and describes the prebreathe protocol currently used by the U.S. Space Shuttle Program to provide astronauts the capability to safely perform extravehicular activity. A comparison of planned vs actual prebreathe experience through the STS-37 Mission is also provided.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the “Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System” (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adpated at all to “near weightlessness conditions” (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICASL COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i . e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the ground controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle fligt (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiments and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the short-term space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MIMI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated “reproduction module” for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

DR.Q.SCIENCE QUEST

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A 6 D.O.F. opto-inertial tracker for virtual reality experiments in microgravity.

Gravity plays a role in many different levels of human motor behavior. It dictates the laws of motion of our body and limbs, as well as of the objects in the external world with which we wish to interact. The dynamic interaction of our body with the world is molded within gravity's constraints. The role played by gravity in the perception of visual stimuli and the elaboration of human movement is an active research theme in the field of Neurophysiology. Conditions of microgravity, coupled with techniques from the world of virtual reality, provide a unique opportunity to address these questions concerning the function of the human sensorimotor system. The ability to measure movements of the head and to update in real time the visual scene presented to the subject based on these measurements is a key element in producing a realistic virtual environment. A variety of head-tracking hardware exists on the market today, but none seem particularly well suited to the constraints of working with a space station environment. Nor can any of the existing commercial systems meet the more stringent requirements for physiological experimentation (high accuracy, high resolution, low jitter, low lag) in a wireless configuration. To this end, we have developed and tested a hybrid opto-inertial 6 degree-of-freedom tracker based on existing inertial technology. To confirm that the inertial components and algorithms will function properly, this system was tested in the microgravity conditions of parabolic flight. Here we present the design goals of this tracker, the system configuration and the results of 0g and 1g testing.