The astrophysics of Jupiter

We compare the properties of Jupiter with those of radio pulsars and find a number of parallels insofar as the magnetic field, energization, and radio emission properties (pulsed, coherent, and microstructured), as well as a number of important presumed differences such as the Io modulation. Now that we can directly explore Jupiter's magnetosphere (but are yet uncertain as to the exact source of its radio emissions) what we learn may help us understand pulsars and other inaccessible astrophysical objects.Proceedings of the NASA JPL Workshop on the Physics of Planetary and Astrophysical Magnetospheres.     

Gamma-ray astrophysics

-ray astronomy is the study of the most energetic photons originating in our Galaxy and beyond, and therefore, provides the most direct means of studying the largest transfers of energy occurring in astrophysical processes. The first certain detection of celestial-rays came from a satellite experiment flown on OSO-III (Kraushaaret al., 1972); more recently two second generation spark chamber-ray telescopes, flown on the SAS-2 (Fichtelet al., 1975) and COS-B (Bennettet al., 1974) satellites, are now obtaining more detailed results on the high energy celestial radiation causing-ray astronomy to move from the discovery phase to the exploratory phase. The most striking feature of the celestial sphere when viewed in the frequency range of-rays is the emission from the galactic plane, which is particularly intense in the galactic longitudinal region from 300° to 50°. The longitudinal and latitudinal distributions are generally correlated with galactic structural features and when studied in detail suggest a non-uniform distribution of cosmic rays in the galaxy. Several point-ray sources have now been observed, including four radio pulsars. This last result is particularly striking since only one radio pulsar has been seen at either optical or X-ray frequencies. Nuclear-ray lines have been seen from the Sun during a large solar flare and future satellite experiments are planned to search for-ray lines from supernovae and their remnants. A general apparently diffuse flux of-rays has also been seen whose energy spectrum has interesting implications; however, in view of the possible contribution of point sources and the observation of galactic features such as Gould's belt, its interpretation must await-ray experiments with finer spatial and energy resolution, as well as greater sensitivity. Instruments with much greater sensitivity and improved energy and angular resolution are now available and will greatly enhance our understanding of high energy processes in astrophysics, especially in view of the high penetrating power of-rays, which for example permit them to reach the solar system from the far side of the galaxy essentially unattenuated.     

A novel bolometer for infrared and millimeter-wave astrophysics

We are developing a novel bolometer which uses a fine mesh to absorb radiation. The filling factor of the mesh is small, providing a small heat capacity and a low geometric cross-section to cosmic rays. The mesh is patterned from a free-standing silicon nitride membrane and is thermally isolated by long radial legs of silicon nitride. A thin metallic film evaporated on the mesh absorbs radiation by matching the surface impedance to that of free space. A neutron transmutation doped germanium thermistor attached to the center of the mesh detects the temperature increase from absorbed radiation. The low thermal conductivity and heat capacity of silicon nitride provide improved performance in low background applications. We discuss the theoretical limits of the performance of these devices. We have tested a device at 300 mK with an electricalNEP=4×10^–17 W Hz^–1/2 and a time constant =40 ms.     

可重复使用运载器结构重量估算方法研究

对可重复使用运载器总体参数统计数据进行回归分析,得到了可重复使用运载器结构重量估算公式,并以某可重复使用运载器为例进行了验算,结果验证了结构重量评估公式的合理性和可用性;通过定义无量纲形式的敏感度函数和敏感度因子,使各总体设计参数的敏感性可进行对比评价,并以此分析了可重复使用运载器结构重量估算公式对单个总体设计参数的敏感度,总结出可重复使用运载器结构重量随总体参数变化的规律。其结构重量估算公式对我国未来可重复使用运载器的设计具有直接参考价值。     

Plasma-maser effects in plasma astrophysics

The role of a new mode coupling effect (plasma-maser) in space plasma physics is reviewed. The new maser effect, the idea that the resonant electrons with the low-frequency mode can amplify the high-frequency mode, does not require population inversion of electrons. The generation mechanisms of ULF modulated ELF emissions, auroral kilometric radiation, chorus related electrostatic bursts, whistler mode in the solar wind, and type III solar radio bursts are studied based on plasma-maser effect. The forced plasma-maser interaction model reduces to a conservative Lotka-Volterra system. A chaotic behavior of the forced Lotka-Volterra system is obtained. The new mode coupling process has potential importance in attempting to interpret numerous astrophysical radio phenomena.     

Hybrid rocket engines: The benefits and prospects

The review of research avenues for working processes (ignition, combustion, etc.) in hybrid rocket engines (HRE), for thermal protection and power characteristics is stated. Based on conducted design and exploratory studies and design developments, the reasonable fields of application of HRE to launch systems for orbit insertion of payload are determined.     

Intense magnetic fields in astrophysics

In this paper we summarize the current knowledge of research on the influence of intense magnetic fields on physical processes. The contents are summarized in the enclosed Table of Contents.NAS-NRC Senior Postdoctoral Resident Research Associate.Also with Physics Dept. and Earth and Space Sciences Dept., State University of New York at Stony Brook.     

Quantifying Global Plasmaspheric Images With in situ Observations

Simultaneous IMAGE EUV plasmaspheric images and Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer (MPA) data from the Los Alamos National Laboratory's geosynchronous satellites are combined to understand plasmaspheric behavior and to quantify the global images. A brief review of the understanding of the plasmasphere as learned from in situ observations prior to the launch of IMAGE is given to place the results presented here into context.     

Gamma rays and neutrinos as complementary probes in astrophysics

Electrons are more susceptible to energy losses in magnetic fields and photon fields than protons. Hence, photons at various wavelengths, including gamma rays, bring more readily information on high-energy electrons than on protons. Neutrinos provide a unique tracer for protons. Furthermore, at high energies the neutrino flux can considerably exceed the gamma-ray flux, as gamma rays above ～1 MeV are degraded by γ-γ interactions in compact high-intensity sources. Active galactic nuclei (AGN) with outputs >10⁴⁵ ergs s^?1 and dimensions ～10¹⁴ cm would constitute such sources. If the AGN are powered by ultra-massive black holes, then these numerical conditions are satisfied, and at high energies the flux J _v >J _γ . Berezinsky and Ginzburg have pointed out that the photon intensity around spinars is not sufficient to cause gamma-ray degradation. These authors have demonstrated that the measurement of neutrino flux, combined with the measurement (or upper limit) of gamma-ray flux would show whether the active galactic nuclei are powered by massive black holes or spinars. We estimate that gamma rays would be degraded at spinars, too, at energies >1 GeV.     

原点误差对发射方位角及弹道精度的影响分析

发射原点是飞行器试验中非常重要的参数,在某些特殊试验中,发射原点往往是不能准确给出的,为此,本文详细推导了发射原点误差对发射方位角和弹道精度的影响公式。仿真计算结果证明,原点误差对发射方位角影响较大,而原点误差和发射方位角误差的共同作用对发射系下的弹道精度影响很大,对于此类高精度的飞行器试验必须考虑原点误差对弹道精度的影响。     

国外航天发射场的发展趋势

简要介绍了影响航天发射场建设与发展的主要因素,以及国外航天发射场在发射场管理、发射技术发展、发射场改造与现代化、发射场发展远景设想等方面的情况,从军事需求、国际合作、商业化发射和现代化改造等方面探讨了国外航天发射场的发展趋势与特点。     

Two-dimensional launch window method to search for launch opportunities of interplanetary missions

Accurate and highly efficient approaches to obtain mission opportunities are still the goals of mission planners of interplanetary explorations. The search for launch opportunities not only determines the specified launch window of the mission but also presents the performance requirements for the interplanetary probe and its launch vehicle. An effective method, namely the two-dimensional launch window method, is developed from a completely new perspective to determine all the launch opportunities of the mission in this research. For a fixed launch time, the method to determine all the time windows in the dimension of Time-of-Flight (TOF) is firstly proposed and these time windows represent all the launch opportunities for the given launch time. And then, the two-dimensional launch window method is proposed, which computes the time windows in both the launch time and TOF dimensions to achieve all launch opportunities of the mission. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and high efficiency of the method. Compared with the widely-used pock-chop plot method, the proposed method reduces the computational time by two orders of magnitude for the same search precision, and thus is especially suitable for the cases involving rapid, high-precision, and/or large-scale searches for mission opportunities.     

载人登月人货分运与人货合运模式对比分析

由于载人航天任务所具有的确保航天员安全的特殊属性,载人登月任务模式往往因此必须考虑救生等多种环节和因素,变得十分复杂。针对目前载人登月人货分运及人货合运两种任务模式,通过比较分析表明,从安全性、任务风险、飞船设计约束、发射窗口、测控支持复杂度方面来看,人货合运模式要优于人货分运模式,但是人货合运模式中的重型火箭如果被要求按照载人火箭标准进行设计和考核,其研制周期、经费方面的投入将会增加。     

Present needs,capabilities, and future prospects in rocket technology for space research

The paper is a review of the past, present, and future of rocket technology, relating these to the propulsion requirements for exploration of the solar system. It reviews the U.S.A. approach to planning its launch-vehicle programs for space exploration, covers the present capabilities of the U.S.A. family of launch vehicles, and discusses some technology possibilities for future propulsion systems.     

移动质量作用下膨胀波发射装置的振动响应分析

为研究膨胀波发射装置的振动响应, 根据膨胀波发射装置的发射机理及结构特点, 将弹丸及惯性炮尾视为移动质量, 考虑两者刚性运动与发射身管弹性振动间的耦合作用, 联立膨胀波发射装置内弹道方程, 建立了计及弹丸及惯性炮尾实际运动规律的动力学方程.通过离散求解, 给出了膨胀波发射装置发射过程中身管的振动响应及炮口位置处的运动学效应, 为提高弹丸射击精度及与机身的一体设计提供了必要的理论参考.      

Prospects of sea launches for Chinese cryogenic liquid-fueled medium-lift launch vehicles

This paper introduces the sea-launch technology of a cryogenic liquid-fueled medium-lift rocket. It first reviews the current state of sea launch technology, and then gives a brief introduction of China’s New Generation Medium-lift Launch Vehicle (NGMLV). The innovations in the NGMVL, such as responsive test and launch control, a H³ launch model, and unmanned operations, provide convenience for sea launches. Based on these innovations, this paper proposes a sea launch scheme, including the system configuration, test and launch processes, and an improved adaptive design for the rocket. Then, the launch platform is discussed in detail, which integrates the functions of sea transportation, assembly and test, as well as technical and launch areas. The layout and function divisions, fluid filling, gas supply and distribution systems, and lossless storage technology of LH2 are described in order. This breakthrough in sea launch technology will enable China to launch medium and large satellites and constellations ‘both on land and sea’, especially into low-inclination Low-Earth Orbits (LEOs), and it allows China to remain competitive in the fast-paced space industry.     

某型增强型复合材料发射筒强度特性评估

为了评估复合材料发射筒的设计是否满足使用要求,建立了某型复合材料发射筒的三维有限元仿真计算模型,并对该型发射筒在吊装、运输、发射工作状态下的受力与变形情况进行了分析评估,得出该型复合材料发射筒在这些过程中的最大变形,采用最大应力准则推导出复合材料发射筒的最小安全系数.评估结果表明:3种工况下,该型复合材料发射筒的最大变...     

舰载机偏中心定位弹射起飞弹射杆载荷分析

 考虑舰载机偏中心定位,建立了六自由度弹射起飞动力学模型,对偏中心弹射过程中弹射杆受载情况进行了分析计算,讨论了初始偏心距离和起飞重量对弹射杆载荷的影响,并详细论述了其动力学成因。研究结果表明：飞机的滚转运动是导致弹射杆承受较大弯矩和扭矩的主要原因;弹射杆弯矩和扭矩随初始偏心距离的增大而迅速增大,但其轴向拉力受初始偏心距离影响较小;在弹射滑跑初始阶段,弹射杆的轴向拉力、弯矩以及扭矩随起飞重量的减小而增大,而在弹射滑跑后期,弹射杆所受载荷则随起飞重量的减小而减小。     

内装式机载发射运载火箭分离方案分析

针对一种内装式投放发射方案，建立了机载发射运载火箭分离过程的数学模型。本发射方案尢需对运载火箭进行改动。数值仿真结果表明．火箭在点火时有较好的姿态，适用于发射现有的中、小型运载火箭。