某中央翼燃油箱惰化流场的数值模拟及特性分析

在不同富氮气体入口参数下,对某大型运输机中央翼燃油箱的惰化过程进行了数值模拟,研究了在不同流量和体积分数富氮气体条件下燃油箱的惰化规律.计算结果显示:当富氮气体中氮气体积分数为95%、体积流量分别为0.021,0.028m3/s和0.042m3/s时,燃油箱内平均氧体积分数随体积置换次数的变化曲线几乎完全重合;当富氮气体体积流量为0.042m3/s、氮气体积百分比分别为92%,94%和98%时,燃油箱惰化率随时间的变化曲线重合.说明相同体积分数富氮气体条件下燃油箱惰化完成时所需富氮气体量与富氮气体流量无关,而富氮气体的流量直接决定了各舱室富氮气体的惰化率.通过对计算结果的分析,证明了利用缩比油箱去模拟真实油箱的惰化过程的合理性.为优化某运输机中央翼燃油箱惰化系统设计提供参考.      

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

洗涤效率对飞机燃油箱惰化过程的影响分析

采用微元段计算方法,建立了燃油洗涤过程的数学模型,考虑到洗涤过程中的富氮气体不能和燃油中的溶解气进行充分的传质,故定义了洗涤效率.计算结果与文献公布的实验数据对比表明:引入洗涤效率后,计算值与实验值一致性更高.研究结果显示,在同样的富氮气体流量,且气相空间惰化效果一致的情况下,洗涤效率直接影响洗涤时间和燃油及气相空间中氧的体积分数.较低的洗涤效率虽然可使洗涤时间缩短,但是容易造成爬升至巡航高度后,油箱上部空间氧的体积分数增加幅度较大,且该影响随着载油量增加而加大,故应根据载油量、洗涤时间、洗涤气流量等综合考虑合适的洗涤效率.研究结果可为机载制氮系统的设计提供理论基础.     

补气对飞机油箱催化惰化系统性能的影响

针对国产航空燃油高蒸汽压的特点,提出了 1种带外界补气的燃油箱催化惰化系统。以油箱出口抽吸气体流量为基准,推导了系统各部件进出口各组分气体的流量关系,并基于质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体体积分数变化的数学模型,推导了临界催化效率,并通过实验对核心的油箱模型进行了正确性验证。以 RP-3燃油为研究对象,引入补气比上下限,分析了催化效率、补气比对催化惰化系统性能的影响。结果显示:催化效率高于临界值时,系统补气可以缩短惰化时间,但同时须增加预热功率以及冷却气体流量;催化效率一定时,补气比存在最优解,且与催化效率正相关,归纳了最优解的经验公式。由于惰化效率更为重要,未来国内在设计催化惰化系统时,可通过增设补气系统来加快惰化速度。     

飞机燃油箱机载惰化技术研究现状与发展趋势

为了有效减少飞机燃油箱燃爆风险,以机载惰化技术为重点,介绍了燃油可燃性和氧体积分数指标确定的方法,根据燃爆极限可将民机的安全氧体积分数定为12%,军机则采用直接用燃烧弹打击油箱测定最大压力的方式将其定为9%,分析了气体在燃油中平衡和非平衡溶解的差异,并给出了相应的计算方法,对中空纤维膜惰化技术中分离膜特性、惰化气体分配方式及仿真方法进行了介绍,分析了机载惰化技术未来的发展趋势。结果表明:目前国内机载惰化技术已经成为主流的惰化技术,但针对国产燃油可燃性的研究十分匮乏,未来可以对此展开进一步研究,并且可对冷却惰化、绿色惰化和吸附惰化等技术加大研究力度,有望拥有自主的知识产权。      

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

飞机燃油箱地面冷却惰化数值仿真

通过 COMSOL软件对飞机燃油箱地面冷却惰化进行了 3D仿真,得到了燃油温度、气相空间温度、燃油蒸汽体积分数随时间变化的情况;研究了抽气流量、蒸发温度、内热源功率、外界空气流速对冷却惰化的影响。结果表明:内热源功率过大时,燃油蒸汽体积分数高于可燃体积分数下限,将不能惰化;增大抽气流量以及降低蒸发温度,可以更快地降低气相空间温度,惰化效果更好;外界空气流速越大,气动加热热量越大,油箱气相空间温度越高,但外界空气流速较大时,系统仍能惰化。     

飞机燃油箱冷却惰化系统地面性能分析

设计了冷却惰化系统的工作流程并建立了地面状态下冷却惰化的数学模型,通过Modelica软件求解得到了油箱气相空间燃油蒸汽体积分数,燃油和气相空间温度以及制冷量随时间变化关系,并且研究了几个关键参数对惰化效果的影响。结果表明:随着抽气流量的增加和蒸发温度的降低,气相空间燃油蒸汽体积分数越低,气相空间温度也越低,达到冷却惰化的时间也越短,惰化效果也越好。虽然内热源对冷却惰化的效果起到了阻碍的作用,内热源越大,冷却惰化越难实现。但整体上看,冷却惰化是油箱惰化的一种可行替代方法。      

飞机燃油箱惰化中氧体积分数控制指标分析

对油箱惰化的氧体积分数控制指标,即极限氧体积分数,测定标准、理论与实验研究成果进行了较为系统地梳理与总结,并基于前人研究成果提出:①采用N2惰化时,对于RP-3燃油,其地面状态下,可采用12%作为油箱氧体积分数控制指标。②对于民机,飞行包线内燃油箱氧体积分数控制指标可为从海平面到3 048 m高度,油箱内气相空间极限氧体积分数不超过12%,3 048～12 192 m高度,不超过从12%线性增加到145%;对于军机,可以考虑在民机标准上增加20%安全裕度,即从地面的9%线性增加至12 192 m的12%。③目前国内军机惰化系统研制中,规定在整个飞行包线内控制燃油箱气相空间氧体积分数不超过9%的要求值得商榷,它将直接带来因过度防护而产生的代偿损失过大等问题。     

耗氧惰化系统混合产气的油箱充填特性研究

以特定矩形铝制燃油箱为研究对象,建立三维仿真模型,研究不同体积流量下96%的富氮气体(NEA)对油箱冲洗惰化时油箱内氧浓度的变化,仿真结果与文献试验结果对比,两者吻合较好,验证了仿真模型的正确性。在此基础上,研究相同体积流量下,保证惰性气体中氧浓度相同时,不同组分的耗氧惰化混合气体(MIG)对油箱冲洗惰化时油箱内氧浓度的变化规律,结果与文献中NEA试验结果进行比较,分析两种惰化方式对油箱内氧浓度变化的影响。     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

民用飞机惰化系统架构权衡研究

基于单舱惰化冲洗模型理论,采用Matlab语言,针对民用飞机惰化系统设计开发出系统架构权衡分析工具,该工具后台程序除集成气源压力接口数据库、飞行参数自动生成模型和ASM真值表外,还包含根据落地燃油箱氧气浓度对下降阶段大流量模式下NEA最小流量的寻优算法,通过运用该工具,对全燃油箱惰化民机的惰化系统引气增压子系统形式、NEA流量、燃油箱通气形式、燃油箱极限氧气浓度对ASM数量和引气质量流量的影响进行定量研究,全面比较开式通气架构与闭式通气架构下惰化系统的性能特征,为飞机惰化系统架构设计提供一种工程方法参考。     

民用飞机惰化系统富氮气体分配方案分析与研究

提出了飞机惰化系统富氮气体(nitrogen-enriched air,简称NEA)分配系统的主要设计要求,并以A320和波音737飞机为代表,分析了窄体机的NEA分配系统。进一步分析了波音787和A350飞机的惰化系统NEA分配方案,发现其采用限流孔、气体喷嘴、排气笛形管、引射器等相结合的方案来实现NEA在燃油箱内的快速均匀分配,然而这两种方案并不能根据各燃油箱气相空间的实时变化而及时、主动地调节气流量的大小。提出利用燃油液面进行自动流量调节的NEA分配方案,通过在油箱内布置垂直向下的排气管路,并在管路分支上不断增加排气孔来实现排气量随着燃油箱气相空间实时正向变化的目的,达到按照每个隔舱气相空间的变化,调节排气量和排气位置的效果。对比A350和波音787飞机的NEA分配方案的主要特点在于能够主动根据燃油箱内液面变化,及时调节NEA流量,以达到更好的快速、均匀分配的效果,值得进行深入的理论和试验研究。     

多隔舱燃油箱惰化流场的数值模拟与分析

根据多隔舱燃油箱的特点,建立了适用于多隔舱燃油箱惰化流场的数值模拟方法.将数值模拟结果与工程模型结果及国外文献中的实验数据进行了对比,验证了该方法的正确性.通过对各个隔舱内氧气体积分数分布的分析发现,惰化过程中,各个隔舱内的氧气体积分数趋于均匀,流出某隔舱的气体的氧气体积分数近似等于该隔舱内的平均氧气体积分数.将数值模拟得到的两种流通方式下隔舱间气体体积流量分配情况与隔舱间流通面积比进行对比发现,当通气口相对于富氮气体进口对称布置时隔舱间体积流量能够近似按照面积比分配,而不对称布置时分配情况比较复杂,不能够简单地按照面积比确定.      

中空纤维膜机载制氮装置的数学建模分析

建立了考虑浓差极化现象的微分方程数学模型,并用正交配置法求解,对中空纤维膜机载制氮装置(OBIGGS)进行了分析,并对部分状态点的计算结果进行了实验验证.结果表明:富氮气体(NEA)中氧气的质量分数随着进气温度的升高而降低,在达到最小值后又呈上升趋势;在进气与排气压力差保持不变的情况下,随着中空纤维膜排气压力的下降,中空纤维膜的富氮气体质量流量逐渐增加;随着中空纤维膜丝长度的增加,丝内气体的压降和富氮气体质量流量均有所增加;中空纤维膜空气分离制得的富氮气体质量流量越大,则所需进气的质量流量越大,且富氮气体氧气质量分数越高.      

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

Effect of fuel type on the performance of an aircraft fuel tank oxygen-consuming inerting system

The properties of aviation fuel have a great influence on the performance of oxygen-consuming inerting systems. Based on the establishment of the catalytic inerting process, the flow relationship of each gas component flowing through the catalytic reactor was derived. The mathematical model of the gas concentration in the gas phase of the fuel tank was established based on the mass conservation equation, and the fuel tank model was verified by performing experiments. The results showed that the fuel type exerts a considerably higher influence on the performance of the oxygen-consuming inerting system compared to the corresponding influence on the hollow fiber membrane system, and the relative magnitude of the inerting rates of the four fuel types is RP5 > RP3 > RP6 > JP8. In addition, a higher catalytic efficiency or fuel load rate corresponds to a higher rate of decrease of the oxygen concentration in the gas phase, and the inerting time is inversely proportional to the suction flow rate of the fan. When different fuels are used, the amount of cooling gas and water released from the inerting system are different. Therefore, the influence of fuel type on the system performance should be extensively considered in the future.