Waveform-based spaceborne GNSS-R wind speed observation: Demonstration and analysis using UK TechDemoSat-1 data

This paper explores two types of mathematical functions to fit single- and full-frequency waveform of spaceborne Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R), respectively. The metrics of the waveforms, such as the noise floor, peak magnitude, mid-point position of the leading edge, leading edge slope and trailing edge slope, can be derived from the parameters of the proposed models. Because the quality of the UK TDS-1 data is not at the level required by remote sensing mission, the waveforms buried in noise or from ice/land are removed by defining peak-to-mean ratio, cosine similarity of the waveform before wind speed are retrieved. The single-parameter retrieval models are developed by comparing the peak magnitude, leading edge slope and trailing edge slope derived from the parameters of the proposed models with in situ wind speed from the ASCAT scatterometer. To improve the retrieval accuracy, three types of multi-parameter observations based on the principle component analysis (PCA), minimum variance (MV) estimator and Back Propagation (BP) network are implemented. The results indicate that compared to the best results of the single-parameter observation, the approaches based on the principle component analysis and minimum variance could not significantly improve retrieval accuracy, however, the BP networks obtain improvement with the RMSE of 2.55 m/s and 2.53 m/s for single- and full-frequency waveform, respectively.     

基于模板匹配整帧屏幕视频帧内无损编码方法

当前主流的视频压缩标准,如H.264、HEVC等,主要是针对摄像机拍摄的视频而设计的.而屏幕内容(SC)的视频是由计算机生成的,无噪声,要求更高的压缩效率,同时与摄像机拍摄的视频相比包含更多的结构相似性.提出了一种利用屏幕视频中相似性的模板匹配帧内编码方法,采用由21个像素点组成的模板,以像素点为最小单位对整帧进行模板匹配,并使用哈希函数实现高效的模板查找,最后对残差图像进行熵编码.实验结果显示,与标准的HEVC扩展方法相比,该方法在无损编码上压缩率可以提高一倍,编码时间减小了近一半.      

采样式航天光学遥感成像系统混叠噪声

为了准确计算采样式航天光学遥感成像系统中混叠噪声的权重和分析系统设计参数的影响,采用经验景物模型,模拟成像系统主要噪声源的统计特性,提出了一种含混叠的成像系统噪声计算模型。采用该模型,以某卫星高分辨率相机成像系统为例,计算混叠噪声功率占总噪声功率的百分比,并对不同λF/p参数和不同景物参数的情况进行了仿真。结果表明：该卫星高分辨率相机成像系统中,混叠噪声占较大比重;当提高λF/p时,可有效降低混叠噪声。     

Spectral filter for signal identification in the kHz SLR measurements of the fast spinning satellite Ajisai

The high repetition rate satellite laser ranging (SLR) measurements to the fast spinning satellites contain a frequency signal caused by the rotational motion of the corner cube reflector (CCR) array. The spectral filter, developed here, is based on the Lomb algorithm, and is tested with the simulated and the observed high repetition rate SLR data of the geodetic satellite Ajisai (spin period ∼2 s). The filter allows for the noise elimination from the SLR data, and for identification of the returns from the single CCRs of the array – even for the low return rates. Applying the spectral filter to the simulated SLR data increases the S/N ratio by a factor 40–45% for all return rates. Filtering out the noise from the observed data strengthens the frequency signal by factor of ∼25 for the low return rates, which significantly helps to determine the spin phase of the satellite. The spectral filter is applied to the Graz SLR data and the spin rates of Ajisai are determined by two different methods: the frequency analysis and the phase determination of the spinning retroreflector array.The analysis of more than 8 years of the Graz SLR measurements indicates an exponential spin rate trend: f = 0.67034 exp(−0.0148542 Y) [Hz], RMS = 0.085 mHz, where Y is the year since launch. The highly accurate spin rate information demonstrates periodic changes related to the precession of the orbital plane of Ajisai, as it determines the amount of energy received by the satellite from the Sun. The rate of deceleration of Ajisai is not constant: the half life period of the satellite’s spin oscillates around 46.7 years with an amplitude of about 5 years.     

RM—888型伪随机噪声发生器

RM-888型伪随机噪声发生器是一种高性能、可编程通用噪声发生器。它能够产生正态分布的宽带自噪声、数字噪声和数字增量噪声。数字式电容器滤波器组合使该噪声发生器具有很陡的频率响应。文章介绍了工作原理、各种性能测试方法和测量结果。还提供了一个与世界范围内同类产品的比较表。     

基于SA&M-Relax的外辐射源雷达目标DOA估计方法

外辐射源雷达回波信噪比极低,通常在距离-多普勒二维相关后进行目标角度估计。在这种单快拍情况下,经典的超分辨算法由于协方差矩阵的非正定性导致算法性能较差。针对这一问题,在A&M插值迭代算法的基础上,提出了一种适用于稀疏阵列的SA&M-Relax外辐射源雷达目标DOA估计方法。在相同阵元数目的情况下,与原有算法相比提高了目标角度估计的分辨率与精度,同时减少了运算量。通过仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性。      

An investigation of high frequency auroral plasma emissions with a tubular dipole antenna

A band of enhanced amplitudes which follows a local plasma frequency fn in raw high frequency (HF) noise spectra is usually related to plasma emissions in the upper hybrid band (fn, fu). The enhanced band in question occurs permanently in noise spectra recorded on the Intercosmos-19, APEX and CORONAS satellites in the altitude range of 500 km–3000 km. For moderately magnetized plasma with fn > 2fc (fc – electron gyro frequency), the band occurs below fn determined from the topside sounder and impedance data or from electron beam induced spectra. The simulations of an equivalent circuit composed of a dipole antenna in a cold plasma and its preamplifiers, determined the physical origin of the band as the passive circuit resonance, due to inductive character of the antenna in a frequency band (fc, fu). The resonance spectral content is highly structured due to an inflight variability of the circuit impedances. In this report we analyze the noise and impedance spectra which are the most typical in an auroral zone if fn > fc. We focus attention on determination of local electron plasma density, essential for provisional HF mode classification. We found that the natural plasma emission in the upper hybrid band does not manifest itself as the banded natural emission, which may be used for reliable determination of local plasma frequency in the altitude range of 500–3000 km. The fast magnetosonic mode predominates in the auroral emissions. The broadband and multi banded electromagnetic emissions extending from the fast magnetosonic band well above fn > fc are characteristic for the strong wave activity and are much less frequent.     

AWGN信道中一维调制与二维调制的信道容量

卫星通信和深空通信信道都可近似为加性高斯白噪声信道,所以研究这种信道中常用调制方式下的信道容量有重要意义.从香农信息论出发,推导出了一维调制和二维调制下的信道容量.在此基础上,阐明了在不同信噪比条件下应采用的调制方式,以及编码调制能够在不牺牲频谱利用率的前提下,得到编码增益的本质.讨论了无带宽约束下AM调制和PSK调制的香农限和在高信噪比条件下PSK的近似容量.      

无源互调对直扩系统伪码捕获性能的影响

无源互调干扰信号会对无线通信系统造成不同程度的影响,轻则干扰无线通信系统,严重时阻塞无线通信系统信号传输通道。为了定量分析无源互调干扰信号对直扩系统伪码捕获性能的影响,建立了无源互调干扰下直扩系统模型,考虑卫星接收机中噪声的影响,采用修正柯西分布概率密度模型,分别对平方律检波器捕获方法和平方检波累积器捕获方法在无源互调干扰下的捕获性能进行了理论推导和仿真验证。仿真结果表明,高信干噪比下无源互调干扰对通信系统的影响比噪声小,90%捕获检测概率下相差2.92dB;采用平方检波累积方法可获得一定的累积增益,90%捕获检测概率下的累积增益为2.36dB。     

超流体陀螺相位波动噪声自适应抵消系统分析

针对超流体陀螺相位波动噪声影响陀螺角速度检测精度的问题,提出了一种基于递推最小二乘（RLS）算法的陀螺自适应噪声抵消系统。首先,建立了超流体陀螺的相位检测模型,得到了陀螺输出薄膜幅值和相位的关系。其次,考虑热运动的影响,建立了相位波动噪声的等效输入角速度模型,探索了陀螺参数对角速度噪声的影响,得到了陀螺角速度噪声幅值范围。在此基础上,考虑该角速度噪声与输入角速度的互不相关性,将超流体陀螺薄膜幅值解算输出的混合角速度信息作为抵消系统的期望输入,将相位波动噪声引起的角速度噪声作为RLS自适应滤波器的参考输入,通过自适应调节参数使得RLS自适应滤波器的输出与混合角速度信息的噪声部分相抵消。通过与最小均方（LMS）算法仿真对比表明,在大角速度、大噪声情况下,该抵消系统能够有效消除陀螺混合角速度信息中的噪声成分,且具有较快的收敛速度和较好的稳定性。      

Variability of the behavior of the bottomside (B0, B1) parameters obtained from the ground-based ionograms at China’s low latitude station

In this paper, data of (B0, B1) parameters deduced from the electron density profiles that are inverted from the ionograms recorded at Hainan (19.4°N, 109.0°E), China during a three year period from March 2002 to February 2005 are used to study the diurnal and seasonal variation of (B0, B1) parameters at low latitude. The observational results are compared with the IRI2001 model predictions. Variability study of (B0, B1) in terms of percentage ratio of the inter-quartiles to the median values and correlative analysis between (B0, B1) parameters and other ionospheric characteristics such as hmF2 and M(3000)F2 are also made. Our present study showed that: (1) for daytime hours, the IRI2001 model results with new table option (B0_Tab) is in a better agreement with the observational results (B0_Obs) than the IRI2001 model results with Gulyaeva option (B0_Gul) for summer season, whereas B0_Gul is in a better agreement with B0_Obs than B0_Tab for winter season. For nighttime, in general, B0_Gul is in a better agreement with B0_Obs than B0_Tab. For other occasions, both B0_Tab and B0_Gul showed some systematic deviations from the observational ones. Moreover, the deviations of B0_Tab and B0_Gul from B0_Obs showed opposite trends; (2) the monthly upper (lower) quartiles of (B0, B1) parameter showed a good linear relationship with the monthly median values, this makes it possible to do the regression analysis between the monthly upper (lower) quartiles and the monthly median values, which can give a measure of the variability of these parameters. In terms of the percentage ratio of the inter-quartiles to the median values, the variability of B0 showed a diurnal variation ranging between 22% and 36% with maximum value occurring at pre-sunrise hours, whereas the variability of B1 showed a diurnal variation ranging between 15% and 30% with higher value by daytime than at night; (3) B0 shows high linear correlative relationships with hmF2 and M(3000)F2 for most of the local time period of a day except for a few hours around midnight, whereas B1 showed high linear correlations with B0, hmF2 for daytime hours, but not for nighttime hours. This suggests that it maybe is possible to obtain the synthetic database of (B0, B1) parameter or to construct the model of (B0, B1) using database of hmF2 or M(3000)F2 which is much easier to obtain from experimental measurements.     

Numerical simulation of time delay interferometry for a LISA-like mission with the simplification of having only one interferometer

In order to attain the requisite sensitivity for LISA, laser frequency noise must be suppressed below the secondary noises such as the optical path noise, acceleration noise etc. In a previous paper (Dhurandhar, S.V., Nayak, K.R., Vinet, J.-Y. Time delay interferometry for LISA with one arm dysfunctional. Class. Quantum Grav. 27, 135013, 2010), we have found a large family of second-generation analytic solutions of time delay interferometry with one arm dysfunctional, and we also estimated the laser noise due to residual time-delay semi-analytically from orbit perturbations due to Earth. Since other planets and solar-system bodies also perturb the orbits of LISA spacecraft and affect the time delay interferometry (TDI), we simulate the time delay numerically in this paper for all solutions with the generation number n ? 3. We have worked out a set of 3-year optimized mission orbits of LISA spacecraft starting at January 1, 2021 using the CGC2.7 ephemeris framework. We then use this numerical solution to calculate the residual optical path differences in the second-generation solutions of our previous paper, and compare with the semi-analytic error estimate. The accuracy of this calculation is better than 1 cm (or 30 ps). The maximum path length difference, for all configuration calculated, is below 1 m (3 ns). This is well below the limit under which the laser frequency noise is required to be suppressed. The numerical simulation in this paper can be applied to other space-borne interferometers for gravitational wave detection with the simplification of having only one interferometer.     

翼型湍流尾缘噪声半经验预测公式改进

改进了传统的翼型湍流边界层尾缘噪声BPM半经验预测公式。传统的BPM半经验湍流边界层尾缘噪声预测公式对高攻角和厚翼型在高频范围的预测结果大于实验结果,通过分析比较传统BPM半经验预测公式和Howe翼型尾缘噪声理论模型发现:这主要是由于传统BPM半经验预测公式对压力面声源噪声辐射高估引起的。因此将压力面声源噪声辐射与吸力面声源噪声辐射的幅值比由原来的边界层位移厚度一次方比值改进为二次方比值,进而得到了改进后的BPM半经验预测公式;使用改进后的BPM半经验预测公式对NACA0012翼型在不同来流不同攻角下的噪声辐射进行了预测比较,发现对于NACA0012翼型,改进后的BPM半经验预测公式具有较高精度;另外也预测了较厚的风力机翼型DU-96-W-180,预测结果明显改善。     

Exploring the potential of Sentinel-3 delay Doppler altimetry for enhanced detection of coastal currents along the Northwest Atlantic shelf

In this study, we evaluate Sentinel-3A satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) altimeter observations along the Northwest Atlantic coast, spanning the Nova Scotian Shelf, Gulf of Maine, and Mid-Atlantic Bight. Comparisons are made of altimeter sea surface height (SSH) measurements from three different altimeter data processing approaches: fully-focused synthetic aperture radar (FFSAR), un-focused SAR (UFSAR), and conventional low-resolution mode (LRM). Results show that fully-focused SAR data always outperform LRM data and are comparable or slightly better than the nominal un-focused SAR product. SSH measurement noise in both SAR-mode datasets is significantly reduced compared to LRM. FFSAR SSH 20-Hz noise levels, derived from 80-Hz FFSAR data, are lower than 20-Hz UFSAR SSH with 25% noise reduction offshore of 5 km, and 55–70% within 5 km of the coast. The offshore noise improvement is most likely due to the higher native along-track data posting rate (80 Hz for FFSAR, and 20 Hz for UFSAR), while the large coastal improvement indicates an apparent FFSAR data processing advantage approaching the coastlines. FFSAR-derived geostrophic ocean current estimates exhibit the lowest bias and noise when compared to in situ buoy-measured currents. Assessment at short spatial scales of 5–20 km reveals that Sentinel-3A SAR data provide sharper and more realistic measurement of small-scale sea surface slopes associated with expected nearshore coastal currents and small-scale gyre features that are much less well resolved in conventional altimetric LRM data.     

曲率连续造型方法对激波噪声的影响机理

激波噪声是大涵道比涡扇发动机噪声的主要来源。为降低风扇/压气机叶片叶尖产生的激波噪声，对轴向亚音、相对超音的基元级叶型前缘脱体激波系进行研究。基于几何Hermit差值法（GHI）思想，提出一种3段式贝塞尔（Bezier）曲线构造曲率连续前缘叶型的方法，在完成改型设计时拥有更高的自由度。通过改变前缘上3段Bezier曲线间过渡点位置，探究局部曲率优化、整体曲率优化及带厚度补偿的改型方式对前缘处外伸激波强度和激波噪声的影响。通过对比研究不同数值模拟，结果表明：曲率连续前缘设计能减小叶型前缘处过膨胀区大小，减小由此产生的逆压梯度；局部曲率优化和整体曲率优化的方式能够分别在距前缘1倍弦长处降低噪声1.6 dB和4.6 dB。     

OFDM系统的自适应低秩信道估计

为了降低正交频分复用OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing)系统中最小均方误差MMSE(Minimum Mean Square Error)信道估计算法的复杂度,并且改善由于信道的统计特性与先验知识不匹配而导致的MMSE估计性能恶化,提出了一种自适应的低秩信道估计算法.该算法利用信道的时间平均相关取代统计相关,结合了基于特征值分解的低秩建模,从而近似地实现MMSE估计.借助于子空间跟踪,该算法可以自适应地估计信道相关矩阵的主特征空间及噪声方差,以迭代的方式逼近最优的MMSE估计,而且复杂度较低.进一步分析指出基于信道延时子空间跟踪的估计算法是该算法的一种特例,理论分析和仿真结果均表明这种新算法在低信噪比时可以显著改善信道估计的准确性.      

改进的小波阈值消噪法应用于超声信号处理

超声检测中回波信号信噪比低、易于被噪声淹没,小波变换是一种有效的提取缺陷回波的方法.建立了超声缺陷回波信号的数学模型,对基于小波变换的软、硬阈值消噪法作了改进,提出一种折中方法用于超声缺陷回波信号的去噪,同时以信噪比为目标函数对参数的选取也作了优化.仿真实验结果表明,改进方法非常适合用于超声信号的分析,能够很好地抑制噪声,它最大程度的发挥了小波软、硬阈值消噪法的优点,避免它们的缺点,使用该方法处理的信号相对于小波软、硬阈值消噪法在一定程度上改善了去噪的效果,提高了回波信号的信噪比.      

一种基于FFT的Galileo搜救信号频域检测方法

Galileo搜救系统是全球卫星搜救组织(COSPAS-SARSAT)的一部分,搭载于Galileo导航星座,能对遇险用户发出的求救信号进行定位并实施救援。经卫星转发的搜救信号信噪比很低,能否在低信噪比条件下完成卫星信号的检测对搜救系统的正常工作至关重要。为了解决这一问题,文章提出了一种基于快速傅里叶变换(FFT)运算的频域检测方法,通过理论分析和仿真验证可以看出,这种方法能有效地实现低信噪比条件下的卫星下行信号检测。     

移动平滑算法在无人机遥测数据处理中的应用

研究了用于无人机飞行试验数据事后处理的平滑滤波及预报问题.提出白噪声多项式的最优线性移动平滑滤波算法应用于分离飞行遥测数据中的真实信号和随机噪声,并通过滤波方差比给出对随机误差的压缩程度.试验结果表明,该方法对各种飞行数据有效、可靠、适用.     

基于氧气A波段临近空间大气温度反演的贝叶斯与最小二乘法对比

基于氧气A波段的临边辐射模拟数据进行临近空间大气温度廓线的反演，分析比较了贝叶斯和最小二乘两种不同反演算法的特点.80km以下，信噪比为66～337时:基于贝叶斯理论反演的三条谱线761.59，762.2，764.05nm的反演误差平均值分别为5.52，3.94，4.73K；采用最小二乘法的反演误差平均值分别为10.57，7.04，8.80K.信噪比为6～34时:基于贝叶斯理论反演的三条谱线的反演误差平均值分别为18.27，12.18，18.27K；采用最小二乘法的反演误差平均值分别为103.18，68.79，85.98K.研究结果表明，基于贝叶斯理论的反演方法，利用先验信息对反演结果进行约束和修正，在有噪声的情况下获得了更合理的解，从而提高了反演精度和抗干扰能力.这为星载探测临近空间大气温度的算法研究和开发提供了参考，也为提高光谱仪器信噪比并进而提高温度反演精度提供了理论基础.