金星火山与气候探测任务

金星火山和气候探测任务（Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer,VOICE）聚焦金星火山与热演化历史、水与板块运动、内部结构和动力学、气候演化和生命信息探索等重大科学问题,提出采用极化合成孔径雷达（Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar,PolSAR） 、下视与临边结合的微波辐射探测仪（Microwave Radiometric Sounder,MWRS）和紫外–可见–近红外多光谱成像仪（Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared Multispectral Imager,UVN-MSI）等三个先进的有效载荷,在350 km圆轨道上对金星全球表面和大气联合探测。 PolSAR将对金星全球表面进行高分辨多极化雷达成像;MWRS将对金星全球云下大气的热力结构和化学组成,云中可能的宜居环境及与生命相关大气成分进行探测;UVN-MSI则实现大气全貌成像、表面光谱成像和闪电检测。通过多种先进探测载荷和技术手段的结合,VOICE任务将揭示金星构造热演化历史和超温室效应机理,探索其宜居性和生命信息。VOICE任务的实施将实现国际金星研究探索中许多“零”的突破,为理解行星宜居性和太阳系演化提供极为关键的观测支持,对提升中国在国际深空探测与空间科学研究中的地位产生重大影响。      

The legacy of Biosphere 2 for the study of biospherics and closed ecological systems.

The unprecedented challenges of creating Biosphere 2, the world's first laboratory for biospherics, the study of global ecology and long-term closed ecological system dynamics, led to breakthrough developments in many fields, and a deeper understanding of the opportunities and difficulties of material closure. This paper will review accomplishments and challenges, citing some of the key research findings and publications that have resulted from the experiments in Biosphere 2. Engineering accomplishments included development of a technique for variable volume to deal with pressure differences between the facility and outside environment, developing methods of atmospheric leak detection and sealing, while achieving new standards of closure, with an annual atmospheric leakrate of less than 10%, or less than 300 ppm per day. This degree of closure permitted detailed tracking of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and trace gases such as nitrous oxide and ethylene over the seasonal variability of two years. Full closure also necessitated developing new approaches and technologies for complete air, water, and wastewater recycle and reuse within the facility. The development of a soil-based highly productive agricultural system was a first in closed ecological systems, and much was learned about managing a wide variety of crops using non-chemical means of pest and disease control. Closed ecological systems have different temporal biogeochemical cycling and ranges of atmospheric components because of their smaller reservoirs of air, water and soil, and higher concentration of biomass, and Biosphere 2 provided detailed examination and modeling of these accelerated cycles over a period of closure which measured in years. Medical research inside Biosphere 2 included the effects on humans of lowered oxygen: the discovery that human productivity can be maintained with good health with lowered atmospheric oxygen levels could lead to major economies on the design of space stations and planetary/lunar settlements. The improved health resulting from the calorie-restricted but nutrient dense Biosphere 2 diet was the first such scientifically controlled experiment with humans. The success of Biosphere 2 in creating a diversity of terrestrial and marine environments, from rainforest to coral reef, allowed detailed studies with comprehensive measurements such that the dynamics of these complex biomic systems are now better understood. The coral reef ecosystem, the largest artificial reef ever built, catalyzed methods of study now being applied to planetary coral reef systems. Restoration ecology advanced through the creation and study of the dynamics of adaptation and self-organization of the biomes in Biosphere 2. The international interest that Biosphere 2 generated has given new impetus to the public recognition of the sciences of biospheres (biospherics), biomes and closed ecological life systems. The facility, although no longer a materially-closed ecological system, is being used as an educational facility by Columbia University as an introduction to the study of the biosphere and complex system ecology and for carbon dioxide impacts utilizing the complex ecosystems created in Biosphere '.The many lessons learned from Biosphere 2 are being used by its key team of creators in their design and operation of a laboratory-sized closed ecological system, the Laboratory Biosphere, in operation as of March 2002, and for the design of a Mars on Earth(TM) prototype life support system for manned missions to Mars and Mars surface habitats. Biosphere 2 is an important foundation for future advances in biospherics and closed ecological system research.     

Experiences of the GDR in space sciences and technology

Following a historical review of the first activities of GDR scientists in the fields of space research, especially on astronomical and geodetical satellite-observations and in atmospheric and magnetospheric research, the growing scientific and increasingly efficient technological and economic benefits of the cooperation of the Academy of sciences and other scientific and technological institutions of the GDR within the Intercosmos-programme are described. Especially, the experiences in connection with remote sensing, of the cooperation with countries as Cuba and the Peoples Republic of Vietnam and of the common USSR - GDR manned spaceflight are discussed under the viewpoint of the mutual interests of developing and developed countries in the fields of space science and technology.     

基于System Generator建模的微半球陀螺数字化测控电路设计

随着对于惯性测量单元精确度的要求不断提升,针对于陀螺仪测控电路的要求也逐步提高。首先介绍了微半球谐振陀螺的结构与工作原理,然后对其测控电路工作原理进行了介绍。之后通过System Generator建模设计出微陀螺的闭环控制与检测电路方案,搭建微陀螺的电路系统,完成微陀螺的性能测试,为微陀螺的测控电路领域的研究提供参考和支持。     

基于对等网络的自适应安全协作框架研究

提出一种新型的基于对等网络架构的无集中的安全协作框架.灵活有效地支持多种安全服务,如安全管理、安全数据的存储和共享、安全信息发布等;给出了一种适应大规模动态网络环境的支持管理结构自动构造和安全组件自配置的层次和对等方式混合的安全管理方法;基于P2P(Peer-to-Peer)网络的动态特性实现了安全协作框架对于节点变化和安全协作需求的自适应;无集中的结构消除了集中管理的性能和带宽瓶颈,在网络攻击状态下有较强生存能力.      

一种旋转导弹锥形运动稳定性分析方法研究

针对旋转导弹在飞行过程中,由于俯仰和偏航通道的气动交联、惯性交联和控制交联而形成的锥形运动对弹体稳定性的影响,在对锥形运动进行动力学建模的基础上,利用劳斯定理分析了旋转导弹锥形运动的稳定性条件,揭示了锥形运动稳定性与飞行状态、气动特性以及弹旋速度的关系,并针对旋转导弹做锥形运动时的角运动特性进行了仿真。仿真结果验证了该稳定性条件的可行性和正确性,研究结果为旋转导弹总体设计及制导控制系统设计提供了参考。     

飞控系统性能与可靠性一体化设计技术

通过分析性能与可靠性一体化设计国内外相关研究工作的研究成果与不足,提出了性能与可靠性一体化设计(IDPaR,Integrating Design for Performance and Reliability)的研究思路.从产品发生故障的内、外因角度建立了性能与可靠性一体化设计综合模型,提出了性能可靠度的定义和计算方法.并针对典型飞控系统,给出了各类内外影响因素的具体建模方法,总结提出了性能与可靠性一体化设计算法流程和分析方法.最后以某型导弹为案例,进行性能与可靠性一体化设计技术的应用验证.      

Photoinduced catalytic synthesis of biologically important metabolites from formaldehyde and ammonia under plausible “prebiotic” conditions

The article analyzes new and previously reported data on several catalytic and photochemical processes yielding biologically important molecules. UV-irradiation of formaldehyde aqueous solution yields acetaldehyde, glyoxal, glycolaldehyde and glyceraldehyde, which can serve as precursors of more complex biochemically relevant compounds. Photolysis of aqueous solution of acetaldehyde and ammonium nitrate results in formation of alanine and pyruvic acid. Dehydration of glyceraldehyde catalyzed by zeolite HZSM-5-17 yields pyruvaldehyde. Monosaccharides are formed in the course of the phosphate-catalyzed aldol condensation reactions of glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde and formaldehyde. The possibility of the direct synthesis of tetroses, keto- and aldo-pentoses from pure formaldehyde due to the combination of the photochemical production of glycolahyde and phosphate-catalyzed carbohydrate chain growth is demonstrated. Erythrulose and 3-pentulose are the main products of such combined synthesis with selectivity up to 10%. Biologically relevant aldotetroses, aldo- and ketopentoses are more resistant to the photochemical destruction owing to the stabilization in hemiacetal cyclic forms. They are formed as products of isomerization of erythrulose and 3-pentulose. The conjugation of the concerned reactions results in a plausible route to the formation of sugars, amino and organic acids from formaldehyde and ammonia under presumed ‘prebiotic’ conditions.     

Physics of the impulsive phase of solar flares

The physics of the impulsive phase of solar flares is discussed in relation to high resolution microwave, hard X-ray and ultraviolet observations. High spatial resolution observations of the structure of microwave flaring loops and their interpretation in terms of arcades of loops as the sites of primary energy release are presented. Theoretical interpretation of the confinement of microwave producing energetic electrons in the coronal part of loops is discussed. High temporal and spatial resolution measurements in hard X-rays, as well as observations of the spectral evolution of the hard X-ray emission are presented. Observations of the relative locations of microwave and hard X-ray emitting regions are presented and their significance with respect to the energy release site and electron acceleration is discussed. The relative timing of the peaks of impulsive hard X-ray and microwave burst is discussed. The significance of ultraviolet measurements in obtaining the density of flaring regions is discussed. Possible diagnostics of impulsive phase onsets from cm-λ polarization data are presented, and the role of the emergence of new flux and of the current sheet formed between closed loops in producing impulsive energy release at centimeter wavelengths are analyzed. Decimeter and meter wave manifestations of preflash phase and millisecond pulsations at centimeter and decimeter wavelengths and the relevant physical processes involved are discussed.     

机械装备失效分析诊断技术

回顾和总结近10年来我国在机电装备失效分析诊断预测预防实践和学术方面的现状和发展;从失效模式诊断、失效原因诊断和失效机理诊断3个方面对失效分析诊断技术进行归纳、分析、整理.     

无人机仿真测试系统设计应用研究

仿真测试系统可以对无人机控制规律进行有效的检测和评估,在无人机研制中起到重要作用。通过研究无人机仿真测试系统工作原理,建立了无人机动力学和运动学数学模型,采用四阶龙格-库塔法进行解算,得到了无人机位置、高度和姿态等信息,对无人机飞行控制的稳定性进行有效验证和评估,并成功运用于某型无人机的研制中。     

飞机协同研制中数字化产品模型的支持方法

产品数据在研制过程中的有效性和一致性是实现协同研制模式的前提.数字化产品模型作为产品研制数据和信息的载体,它的有效性直接影响协同研制的效果.通过借鉴波音和空客的相关思想,从协同研制模式来明确数字化产品模型的基本定义并强调其重要性.阐述了构型项与基线2个基本概念,提出了适用性、可用性、有效性3个新概念.研究了构型项和基线的评审机制,建立起在构型管理条件下,将基线和数字化产品模型版本的演化与产品研制生命周期结合起来,保证数字化产品模型有效性的方法.最后,给出了定义模型的实例来验证这种方法的有效性.      

基于深度学习的非合作目标感知研究进展

近年来随着卷积神经网络的发展,基于深度学习的图像感知技术取得了巨大进展。深度学习算法不依赖于人工辅助设计标记、泛化能力强、检测精度高,在空间非合作目标智能感知领域引起了国内外学者的关注。本文分析了应用深度学习方法进行非合作目标智能感知的研究现状,并对他们进行分类介绍与总结。首先,总结了空间非合作目标感知的在轨应用情况和任务阶段规划,接着分析了非合作目标的结构特性和表面光照特性;其次梳理总结了建立非合作目标数据集的三种方法,分类归纳了非合作目标识别与非合作目标位姿检测的国内外研究进展;最后,分析了基于深度学习的非合作目标智能感知方法的关键问题与难点,并给出了后续研究的思路。     

一种小型化高同步性伺服作动系统研究

介绍了一种小型化高同步性伺服作动系统,针对发动机动力调节装置狭小的空间和特殊高温环境的严苛要求,对液压作动器进行了耐高温、小型化设计,采用液压作动器与控制阀组分体式结构设计和非对称活塞杆结构设计,实现了大运动行程,降低了截面尺寸和轴向长度;采用位置初始同步+位置同步控制+非对称位置控制的全域控制参数动态调整的控制策略,实现了三路作动器的运动平稳控制和全行程范围内的高位置同步性。通过理论计算和带载试验验证,该伺服作动系统实现了环境和空间的技术要求,并具有较好的位置同步控制性能。     

成熟度在飞机研制一体化流程的应用

为满足现代飞机的市场需求和最大限度地规避技术和质量风险,提高飞机设计制造一体化水平是必由之路.通过借鉴波音和空中客车相关思想,从一体化流程和数字化产品模型来明确成熟度的基本定义并强调成熟度的重要性,提出数字化模型成熟度和里程碑两项关键技术,研究在一体化流程中应用数字化模型成熟度的管理和控制方法,结合模块化的产品结构分解方法和企业的设计、生产和工艺的实际情况,建立起基于模块化的多级成熟度思想,并给出制造工艺流程设计的实例来验证这种方法对保证数字化产品模型完整和一体化流程畅通的有效性.      

中国首次火星探测任务地面应用系统

中国首次火星探测任务(HX-1)计划2020年通过一次发射实现火星环绕和着陆巡视,对火星开展全球性、综合性的环绕探测,在火星表面开展区域巡视探测。地面应用系统是首次火星探测任务工程五大系统之一,主要负责科学探测计划制定,有效载荷运行管理,探测数据的接收、处理、解译和管理,组织开展科学数据的应用和研究等任务。在分析国外类似系统和火星探测地面应用系统的特点和难点基础上,从系统的主要任务和技术指标出发,介绍了系统总体布局、分系统主要功能、组成和设计。     

The identification of gravikinesis from ciliates: methods and experience.

Recent advances in the gravitational physiology of ciliates are reported: the theoretical and experimental assessment of gravikinesis and sedimentation, calculation of gravikinesis using slopes of observed swimming and sedimentation data under hypergravity, orientational distributions of gravikinesis, central and membrane-associated gravitransduction, and the kinetics of activation and relaxation of gravikinesis.     

Eddy diffusion coefficient and atmospheric models

Since the importance of the coupling mechanisms between the mesosphere and the thermosphere has increasingly been recognized, the structure and variation of turbulence has become one of the subjects of extended investigations and discussions. In spite of the fundamental role of turbulence, theoretical difficulties and lack of observational information restrict its applicability to atmospheric modeling. In the following paper the basic ideas of the parameterization of turbulence and the most important observational techniques and results are reviewed. The comparison of observations with theoretical model calculations shows the difficulties which underly current investigations and indicates the trends of future research.