神舟4号大气成分探测的新结果

神舟4号(SZ-4)大气成分探测器搭载在SZ-4留轨舱上于2002年12月30日发射入轨，在在轨运行的前3个多月中，正值地球南半球处于夏半球季节，并发生了多次中低强度的地磁扰动事件，SZ-4大气成分探测器测得了轨道舱运行高度上(330-362km附近)大气成分的响应变化和异常现象新结果．探测数据表明，中低强度的地磁扰动事件也能引起热层大气中主要成分O和N2的数密度值增高的响应变化．同样在进入地磁扰动峰期后较高纬度处出现了N2的异常增变和O的异常降变以及大气密度异常扰动的现象，但此期间所出现异常现象的地域与SZ-3和SZ-2大气成分探测器探测结果相反，它仅位于南半球较高纬度地区．     

Proposal for a reference model of the middle atmosphere of the southern hemisphere

Available rocketsonde information has been used to compile tables of monthly mean temperature, pressure, density and zonal wind for the middle atmosphere of the southern hemisphere with the purpose of revising similar tables presented to COSPAR earlier. The altitude range is 25 to 80 km in steps of 5 km. The latitude range is 0° to 70°S with a 10° step. The compatability of different sets of temperature measurements is discussed. Mean values of temperature, pressure and zonal wind obtained for the southern hemisphere are compared with northern hemisphere model values. Large differences between the hemispheres (up to 20°C in temperature, 20–30% in pressure, 30–50 m/s in wind) imply that reference atmospheres such as CIRA should be complemented by southern hemisphere climatology.     

基于Cluster观测的磁尾场向电流在南北半球投影位置的分布

利用Cluster四颗卫星的磁场探测数据计算磁尾场向电流并投影到极区电离层,研究其投影位置在南北半球的分布规律,统计过程中去除了强磁暴（磁暴主相Dst<–100 nT）期间的场向电流事件。结果显示:磁尾场向电流事件在极区投影位置的纬度分布具有明显的南北半球不对称性,北半球为单峰结构,南半球为双峰结构。在北半球投影到较低纬度（<64°）的场向电流事件数目明显多于南半球,并且所能达到的最低纬度更低;在南半球投影到较高纬度（>74°）的场向电流事件数目明显多于北半球,并且所能达到的最高纬度更高。地磁平静条件下（|AL|<100 nT）,磁尾场向电流密度随磁地方时（MLT）呈递增趋势,这一结果与低高度卫星在极区对I区场向电流的探测结果符合很好。研究结果表明,磁尾场向电流投影位置的纬度分布呈现出明显的南北不对称性,这与南北半球磁尾场向电流的空间分布以及磁层中磁场结构具有密切关系。      

Analysis of global TEC prediction performance of IRI-PLAS model

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) empirical model provides valuable data for many fields including space and navigation applications. Since the IRI model gives the ionospheric parameters in the altitude range from 50?km to 2000?km, researchers focused on the IRI-PLAS model which is the plasmasphere extension of the IRI model. In this study, Total Electron Content (TEC) prediction performance of the IRI-PLAS model was examined at a global scale using the location of globally distributed 9 IGS stations. Besides the long term (01.01.2015–31.12.2015) behavior of the model, TEC predictions during the equinox and solstice days of 2014–2017 were also tested. IRI-PLAS-TEC values were examined in comparison with GPS-TEC data. Hourly interval of yearly profile exhibits that when the geomagnetic and solar active days are ignored, differences between IRI-PLAS-TEC and GPS-TEC are rather small (～2–3 TECU) at stations in the northern hemisphere, generally ～4–5 TECU level at the southern hemisphere stations and reaching above 10 TECU for few hours. While the IRI-PLAS-TEC generally overestimates the GPS-TEC at southern hemisphere stations during quiet days, the model-derived TEC underestimates GPS-TEC during solar active days. IRI-PLAS-TEC and GPS-TEC values exhibit similar trend for the equinoxes 21 March and 23 September which refer equivalent conditions.     

临近空间大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器气动热环境的影响

基于TIMED/SABER 2002—2018年大气密度观测数据,统计分析了20~80 km大气密度扰动对高超声速飞行器飞行热环境的影响。根据驻点热流估算方法给出的大气密度变化量与热流变化量之间的关系,定性和定量分析了不同月份大气密度相对变化量引起的热流变化量在垂直和水平方向的分布特征。研究表明:SABER大气密度月年均值计算的热流相对USSA76在夏季半球中高纬度地区偏高,在冬季半球偏低。在夏季半球高纬度地区约80 km附近存在热流增量的极大值,南半球夏季的极大值高于北半球夏季,尤其在南半球1月份,热流偏高可达32.2%。在经度方向,热流分布在夏季半球差异较小,冬季半球差异较大;考虑真实大气中存在的扰动时,在南半球和北半球夏季80 km附近,SABER大气密度预测的热流分别比USSA76偏高可达40.7%和36.6%。在经度方向,大气扰动引起的热流经向分布差异显著。在飞行器设计时,大气扰动的影响不能忽略;高超声速飞行器飞行应避免在夏季穿越南半球和北半球,规避热流增加带来的风险。      

The effect of fluctuating ionospheric electric fields on Es-occurrence at cusp and polar cap latitudes

Theory predicts that in the high-latitude southern hemisphere, southwest (SW) electric fields will produce convergent ion flow and thereby create thin sporadic E (Es)-layers at node heights > 120 km, whilst northwest (NW) fields will produce downward ion flow and create thicker Es-layers at heights <110 km. To investigate this theory, Digisonde ionograms (giving the Es-occurrence) and drift measurements (giving electric field estimates) at two Antarctic stations were statistically analyzed. As previously found for the polar cap station Casey (81°S magnetic), more of the Es-traces were associated with SW fields than NW fields. However, new results for the cusp station Zhongshan (73°S) show that fewer Es-layers occur there, and NW fields play a slightly more important role than SW fields, similar to the results found at auroral latitudes in the northern hemisphere. To further our understanding of the occurrence distributions, we study the fluctuating properties of the electric fields at the two stations. It is found that the electric fields at Zhongshan fluctuate more than those at Casey. Thus we suggest that the field fluctuation is also an important consideration helping to explain the differences in the Es-occurrence at the two stations. This suggestion is confirmed by our numerical simulations which show that Es-layers are more effectively formed by steady SW fields than by steady NW fields, and less effectively by fluctuating SW fields than by fluctuating NW fields.     

Symmetry and asymmetry of ionospheric weather at magnetic conjugate points for two midlatitude observatories

Variations of the ionospheric weather W-index for two midlatitude observatories, namely, Grahamstown and Hermanus, and their conjugate counterpart locations in Africa are studied for a period from October 2010 to December 2011. The observatories are located in the longitude sector, which has consistent magnetic equator and geographic equator so that geomagnetic latitudes of the line of force are very close to the corresponding geographic latitudes providing opportunity to ignore the impact of the difference of the gravitational field and the geomagnetic field at the conjugate points on the ionosphere structure and dynamics. The ionosondes of Grahamstown and Hermanus provide data of the critical frequency (foF2), and Global Ionospheric Maps (GIM) provide the total electron content (TECgps) along the magnetic field line up to the conjugate point in the opposite hemisphere. The global model of the ionosphere, International Reference Ionosphere, extended to the plasmasphere altitude of 20,200 km (IRI-Plas) is used to deliver the F2 layer peak parameters from TECgps at the magnetic conjugate area. The evidence is obtained that the electron gas heated by day and cooled by night at the summer hemisphere as compared with the opposite features in the conjugate winter hemisphere testifies on a reversal of plasma fluxes along the magnetic field line by the solar terminator. The ionospheric weather W-index is derived from NmF2 (related with foF2) and TECgps data. It is found that symmetry of W-index behavior in the magnetic conjugate hemispheres is dominant for the equinoxes when plasma movement along the magnetic line of force is imposed on symmetrical background electron density and electron content. Asymmetry of the ionospheric storm effects is observed for solstices when the plasma diffuse down more slowly into the colder winter hemisphere than into the warmer summer hemisphere inducing either plasma increase (positive phase) or decrease (negative phase of W-index) in the ionospheric and plasmaspheric plasma density.     

Variations of Thermosphere Density Based on Joint Analysis of In-Situ Measurement Data From Shenzhou Spacecrafts

Based on the measurements made by Atmospheric Density Detectors (ADDs) onboard Chinese spacecraft Shenzhou 2-4, the variations of thermosphere density are revealed. During the quiet period, the density at spacecraft altitude of 330～410km exhibited a dominant diurnal variation, with high value on dayside and low value on nightside. The ratio of the diurnal maximum density to the minimum ranged from 1.7 to 2.0. The ratio shows a positive correlation with the level of solar activity and a negative correlation with the level of geomagnetic activity. When a geomagnetic disturbance comes, the atmospheric density at the altitude of 330～410km displayed a global enhancement. For a strong geomagnetic disturbance, the atmospheric density increased by about 56%, and reached its maximum about 6～7 hours after the geomagnetic disturbance peak. The density asymmetry was also observed both in the southern and northern hemisphere during the geomagnetic disturbance peak.      

Neutral atmosphere and crustal magnetization as factors determining differences in plasma convection and magnetic fields distribution in the ionospheres of Mars and Venus

The pattern of the magnetic field/plasma convection can be, to some extent, recovered from the magnetic field measurements by employing either theoretical or numerical models. We use the MAG/ER day-time measurements of the magnetic field at the altitudes from 90 to 180 km during the elliptical orbits of MGS. Analysis of the altitude variation of the characteristics of the large-scale magnetic fields, which were measured some distance away from strong crustal magnetic anomalies, is summarized. The low density of the Martian atmosphere together with the crustal magnetization result in critical differences in plasma convection which are followed by remarkable differences of the magnetic field features within the ionosphere of Venus and Mars (even in its northern hemisphere where the crustal magnetization is, on the average, low) and distribution of currents.     

2006年4月5日中等强度磁暴期间观测到的大经度范围等离子体泡

利用分布在70°E～210°E和20°S～40°N之间的GPS台站的数据,分析了2006年4月5日夜间(中等强度磁暴期间)观测到的电离层等离子体泡的特性.结果表明,本次事件中,等离子体泡大约发生在当地日落后1～1.5 h;空间范围为经度90°E～160°E,纬度12°S～33°N.这是第一次利用地基设备观测到如此大经度范围内的等离子体泡.等离子体泡在南半球出现较早,并且存活时间较长.在其产生的过程中,在约1100 km高度上,映射到磁赤道向上的运动速度约为300m/s,并且等离子体泡在高度上有倾斜.东向电场的存在,对激发等离子体泡起到了一定的作用.      

Hemispheric asymmetry of chemical species and its effect on stratospheric ozone: Emphasis on halogen loading

Differences between the dynamical characteristics of the northern hemisphere (NH) and southern hemisphere (SH) stratosphere (e.g., the temperature, the strength of polar vortex, and the mean meridional circulation) produce hemispherically asymmetrical distributions of chemical species. In this paper, we use global models to briefly discuss various effects on chemical species caused by this asymmetrical distribution, especially on stratospheric ozone. The role of hemispheric asymmetries in chlorine and bromine loadings on mid- and high latitude ozone depletion is particularly discussed.     

Response of low latitude D-region ionosphere to the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 deduced from ELF/VLF analysis

Response of the D-region of the ionosphere to the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 at low latitude, Varanasi (Geog. lat., 25.27° N; Geog. long., 82.98° E; Geomag. lat. = 14° 55’ N) was investigated using ELF/VLF radio signal. Tweeks, a naturally occurring VLF signal and radio signals from various VLF navigational transmitters are first time used simultaneously to study the effect of total solar eclipse (TSE). Tweeks occurrence is a nighttime phenomena but the obscuration of solar disc during TSE in early morning leads to tweek occurrence. The changes in D-region ionospheric VLF reflection heights (h) and electron density (n_e: 22.6–24.6 cm⁻³) during eclipse have been estimated from tweek analysis. The reflection height increased from ∼89 km from the first occurrence of tweek to about ∼93 km at the totality and then decreased to ∼88 km at the end of the eclipse, suggesting significant increase in tweek reflection height of about 5.5 km during the eclipse. The reflection heights at the time of totality during TSE are found to be less by 2–3 km as compared to the usual nighttime tweek reflection heights. This is due to partial nighttime condition created by TSE. A significant increase of 3 dB in the strength of the amplitude of VLF signal of 22.2 kHz transmitted from JJI-Japan is observed around the time of the total solar eclipse (TSE) as compared to a normal day. The modeled electron density height profile of the lower ionosphere depicts linear variation in the electron density with respect to solar radiation as observed by tweek analysis also. These low latitude ionospheric perturbations on the eclipse day are discussed and compared with other normal days.     

First results of ozone profiles between 35 and 65 km retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb spectra and observations of ozone depletion during the solar proton events in October/November 2003

Ozone density profiles between 35 and 65 km altitude are derived from scattered sunlight limb radiance spectra measured by the SCIAMACHY instrument on the Envisat satellite. The method is based on the inversion of normalized limb radiance profiles in the Hartley absorption bands of ozone at selected wavelengths between 250 and 310 nm. It employs a non-linear Newtonian iteration version of Optimal Estimation (OE) coupled with the radiative transfer model SCIARAYS. The limb scatter technique combined with a classical OE retrieval in the short-wave UV-B and long-wave UV-C delivers reliable results as shown by a first comparison with MIPAS V4.61 profiles yielding agreement within 10% between 38 and 55 km. An overview of the methodology and an initial error analysis are presented. Furthermore the effect of the solar proton storm between 28 October and 6 November 2003 on the ozone concentration profiles is shown. They indicate large depletion of ozone of about 60% at 50 km in the Northern hemisphere, a weaker depletion in the Southern hemisphere and a dependence of the depletion on the Earth’s magnetic field.     

电离层水平电场与风场的耦合模拟研究

设计了一个将电离层水平电场与风场耦合的模拟方案,研究了电流函数和风场在耦合前后的变化与差异. 研究发现,水平电场与风场相互反馈后,风场的变化比电流函数小. 经向风在白天有较明显的差异,夜晚的差异比白天小,主要出现在中高纬地区,并随高度的增加而增大,300km左右达到最大值,其后几乎保持不变. 纬向风有与经向风相似的变化,但纬向风耦合前后的差异比经向风小. 电流函数在耦合后有较大改变,两个涡旋强度都有较强增加,并且北半球的增强大于南半球,而夜晚差异较小. 结果表明,在研究的高度范围内,风场对电场的控制作用大于电场对风场的影响.      

Evaluation of recent atmospheric density models

Precision radar tracking data taken in 1985 on two spherical satellites has been used to evaluate atmospheric density models: Jacchia 1971 [CIRA 1972], Jacchia 1977, and MSIS 1983, using Cook's definition of Cd /2/. The satellites have perigee heights of 270 km and 780 km. For each day, using numerical integration, an independent trajectory was computed, including a drag scale factor (S). The difference of S from unity represents the error in the atmospheric model used to compute the drag. At 270 km the three models performed equally well, as S was consistently close to unity. This was true for all hour angles and latitudes. At 780 km the scale factors ranged from 0.1 to 1.8 for all models. However, for the Jacchia 1977 model, the average scale factor was 0.943, and represents the best model at that altitude. Computer timing was also done. For orbit computation, drag models need further improvement, and the Jacchia 1977 model seems the best available today in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.     

Responses of the upper middle atmosphere (60–110 km), to the first two stratwarms of map (1982/3, 1983/4)

The global developments of the stratospheric events (～20–50 km) are briefly described using balloon and satellite data. Winds data from L.F. drift (52°N, 15°E, Europe) for heights of 90–100 km, and from M.F. radar (52°N, 107°W, Canada) for heights of 60–110 km are then compared with the stratospheric morphology.Data for 1982/3 and 1983/4 show that the planetary wave activity and warmings produced strong westward and southward perturbations in the radar winds. Satellite data from 0.1, 0.01 hPa are consistent with these winds; and also show smaller scale structures in the mesosphere than the stratosphere. The semi-diurnal tide responded strongly to the atmospheric disturbances in Europe and Canada: for the latter vertical wavelength changes occurred for heights of 70–100 km. However the correlation between these tidal fluctuations was not high indicating that the tidal adjustments were continental rather than hemispheric.     

不同强度磁暴期间热层大气密度响应特征分析

利用CHAMP卫星数据,对2002-2008年12个不同强度磁暴事件期间的热层大气密度变化特征进行分析,并研究对应磁暴期间大气模式NRLMSISE-00分布特征.结果表明,大磁暴期间日侧大气密度峰值从高纬到低纬的时间延迟为2h,中小磁暴期间的延迟时间为3～4h;春秋季暴时大气密度分布基本呈南北对称分布,而夏冬季大气密度的分布是夏半球大于冬半球,春秋季暴时大气密度大于夏冬季;NRLMSISE-00大气模式得到的热层大气密度很好的体现了半球分布以及季节分布的特征,但模式模拟结果偏小;Dst指数峰值比ap指数峰值更能反应大气密度的变化情况.      

多点磁场协同探测反演电离层电流密度

相对于传统的单点磁场探测,多点磁场协同探测可以同时获得各测点磁场,消除探测磁场随时间的变化,能更好地计算空间电流密度.根据由多点磁场反演计算空间电流密度的计算方法,开展数值仿真,分析卫星编队数量、卫星编队构型、卫星定位偏差、卫星姿态测量误差、磁场测量误差、外部磁场强度及外部电流密度等对电流反演误差的影响.仿真结果表明,5星编队优于4星编队.在5星编队条件下,卫星姿态测量误差、卫星编队构型和外部磁场强度是反演误差的主要来源.根据仿真结果,当卫星姿态误差为0.001°,卫星编队尺度约为100km时,赤道区域电流密度的反演相对误差约为24%.      

Impact of FGGE buoy system data on southern hemisphere meteorology

Although a definitive evaluation of the performance of the FGGE buoy system will take some time, it is already clear that the buoy data have made a major contribution to both operational and research aspects of southern hemisphere meteorology. The buoys have provided a wealth of information on both the surface drift and sea surface temperature characteristics of the Southern Ocean. Their impact on operational synoptic analysis and prediction in the southern hemisphere during the FGGE year was substantial. The buoy pressure data generally provided an adequate basis for delineation of the large scale flow over the middle and high latitude oceans in a way that has not been possible before. Preliminary evaluations of the impact of the buoy data on numerical prediction have indicated small but significant improvements in skill scores. Regional Forecasting Centres in the southern States of Australia have found that the more accurate delineation of synoptic systems over the oceans to the south has contributed significantly to forecast performance in their Regions. Use of the buoy data, and synoptic analyses based on the buoy data, to examine particular problems in southern hemisphere meteorology is now underway.