Electron precipitation near L=4: Longitudinal variation

Observations of penetrating electron precipitation at two L ∼ 4 stations in the southern hemisphere, Kerguelen and Siple Station, Antarctica, are summarized. The nearly complete absence of precipitation at Kerguelen and its frequent occurrence at Siple Station is explained in terms of their location with respect to the center of the South Atlantic geomagnetic anomaly at L ∼ 4. Conclusions which result from this explanation are discussed along with questions which remain concerning penetrating electron precipitation.     

谈风险管理在航天器研制中的应用

风险管理是航天计划/项目管理的重要组成部分。在航天型号研制中，国际上都十分重视风险的管理，在型号研制工作中都制定风险管理计划，并已有一套系统的做法。文章介绍了在航天项目中风险管理的内容、要求和过程，并介绍了一些国际上应用的情况。     

直升机滑油换热器的结构优化设计

在直升机肋管式滑油换热器的初步热力性能设计计算基础上,应用数值优化原理,对滑油换热器结构的优化设计进行了研究,建立了结构优化程序.该程序以滑油换热器的重量为目标函数,采用正弦法去约束并结合单纯形加速法寻优.实例计算表明,将滑油换热器的热力性能计算程序同结构优化程序结合起来,可以建立自动匹配的换热器设计及优化程序系统.应用该软件,输入设计要求,就可获得既满足性能要求,且重量最轻的肋管式滑油换热器.该软件可推广应用于各种类型肋管式换热器.     

Investigation of PMSE dependence on high energy particle precipitation during their simultaneous occurrence

This paper is based on the observations of Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) with the EISCAT VHF 224?MHz radar during the summer month 08–12 July 2013. The effect of high energy particle precipitation on PMSE intensity, particularly during their simultaneous occurrence for longer time interval (longer than or equal to 3-h) has been investigated. The correlation between the two phenomena has been computed using the Spearman rank and Pearson linear correlation coefficient. The variations in high energy particle precipitation reaching down to altitude of 91?km and PMSE intensity in the altitude range of 80–90?km are positively correlated. The electron density irregularity due to ionization caused by precipitating particles might be one of the possible reasons for this positive correlation. Moreover, some other background parameters i.e. K-indices (proxy of high energy particle precipitation) and electron fluxes during the simultaneous occurrence of the two phenomena also support one of the possible reasons given for explanation of the observed positive correlation. The X-rays and proton fluxes have no noticeable effect on PMSE echoes in this study.     

多语互译机译系统统一算法基础——差异函数

在基于语义语言理论的多语互译机器翻译系统中,为使用同一算法和程序方便地实现多种自然语言之间的互译,引入了"差异函数".该函数可将某语言功能在各种自然语言表示上的差异隐去,使翻译过程与具体的语言表示无关,从而使系统可以用统一的程序来处理那些功能相同、但在不同语言上处理方法不同的语言内容.以基数表示功能的处理差异为例,讨论了差异函数的作用及其在多种语言上的应用.      

Dynamics of the dayside aurora

Observations of auroral particles by rockets and satellites show the existence of structured “inverted V” type precipitation events with electron characteristic energies ranging up to several hundred eV in the post-noon dayside auroral region. Two station ground-based measurements from Cape Parry, NWT and Sachs Harbour, NWT, Canada from meridian scanners and auroral all-sky TV cameras are used in conjunction with rocket-borne electron measurements to study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the associated auroral emissions. The frequent occurrence of narrow, transient auroral arcs with lifetimes of 1–2 minutes, resulting from the inverted V events, is discussed.     

Main ionospheric trough studied from intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300

The main ionospheric trough is a phenomenon in the mid and high latitude ionosphere, characterized by an abrupt decrease of the electron and ion density and increase of the electron temperature. We here examine the behaviour of the trough for different geomagnetic conditions based on data from the Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 satellite. The dependence of the polar trough wall on the boundary of the soft electron precipitation from the plasma layer is shown, and a possible universal time dependence is examined.     

飞行器多学科设计优化软件系统

为解决飞行器总体设计的难点,介绍了可用于飞行器多学科设计优化的软件.该软件利用"松耦合"方式,以SQL Server 2000为数据库管理系统(DBMS),与各学科分析程序相结合.阐述了该系统的功能和软件结构、软件流程、主要模块.为解决关键技术,提出圆环图处理总体与各学科的关系,利用模糊理论进行非数值型变量的转化,提出无量纲化多目标法进行多目标综合处理,构建单一数据库进行数据管理,采用三个数据文件作为程序接口.总结了软件的特点.算例表明软件具有实用性.     

基于虚拟仪器的真空计电参数检定系统

介绍了真空计电参数检定装置及检定方法,并基于美国NI公司的Labview软件开发平台和真空计电参数检定规程,结合日常型号服务的真空计电参数计量需求,开发了真空计电参数检定程序。程序以模块化思想为基础,可进行不同厂家各类真空计的的检定,实现数据自动处理,报告自动生成。     

空间电子辐射环境探测载荷测试定标试验平台研制

介绍了中国科学院国家空间科学中心新建成的空间电子辐射环境探测载荷测试定标试验平台.该平台由中、高能极弱流电子加速器以及内置多维真空转台的真空靶室试验终端组成，用于对星载空间电子辐射探测器进行地面加速器测试定标.重点描述了为得到中能极弱流均匀平行束，采用电子轨迹程序Egun对中能极弱流电子加速器进行的物理设计和模拟计算，给出球形结构电子枪在栅网孔不加栅网、加理想栅网和直径1mm孔栅网以及在不同加速管出口能量情况下，初聚系统和加速管以及经过二次扩束时输运段中电子轨迹的模拟结果.最终得出能够实现电子枪初始束流减弱8个数量级，获得满足测试定标试验需求的极弱流均匀平行电子束（在试验终端直径50mm靶上束流面密度为105~109cm-2·s-1）的结论.      

Imprints of small-scale nonadiabatic particle dynamics on large-scale properties of dynamical magnetotail equilibria

We extend our large-scale kinetic (LSK) simulation of the magnetotail by including the global electrostatic effects generated by the field-aligned motion of electrons. Differences in electron and ion dynamics result in significant electrostatic fields near the current sheet (especially near X-lines) and in the auroral zone. In addition, E_ƒ and E alter the ion precipitation profile and affect particle loss from the system through the flanks and downtail. This work provides a basis for including transverse electron currents in our calculations.     

基于虚拟仪器的真空度现场测试系统

真空度现场测试系统测量范围为（1×10⁵~2×10^-9）Pa。文章介绍了该系统的硬件构成和工作原理。该系统硬件部分主要包括电容薄膜真空计、标准电离真空计、分离规和法兰转换套件。基于美国NI公司的Labview软件开发平台,结合日常型号服务的热真空试验设备和其它真空设备的测试需求,开发了真空度现场测试软件。软件以模块化思想为基础,可根据不同的测试要求选择相应的测试标准,进而实现数据自动处理,报告自动生成。     

Statistical study of inverted-V events: A comparison between experiment and theory

We present a detailed study of the distribution and of the internal structure of the inverted-V electron precipitation commonly detected in the 500 – 2000 km altitude range aboard the AUREOL-3 satellite. These structured precipitations are statistically observed inside the auroral oval with a maximum occurence in the nightside sector. They correspond to primary electron fluxes peaked at energies generally below 10 keV. It is shown that, as predicted by kinetic theories, most inverted-V structures present a clear relationship between the field-aligned current density carried by the 1 – 20 keV primary electrons and the potential drop inferred from particle distribution functions. Furthermore the study demonstrates the existence of strong electron heating, related to the energy gain, when the current density exceeds some threshold of about 1 – 5 μA(m)^?2.     

The high-latitude ionosphere structure on 22 March, 1979 magnetic storm from multi-satellite and ground-based observation

Variations in the high-latitude ionosphere structure during March 22, 1979 geomagnetic storm are examined. Electron density Ne and temperature Te from the Cosmos-900 satellite, NmF2, Ne and He⁺ from the ISS-b satellite, precipitation of soft electrons from the Intercosmos-19 satellite, and the global picture of the auroral electron precipitation from the DMSP, TIROS and P78 satellites are used. These multi-satellite databases allow us to investigate the storm-time variations in the locations of the following ionospheric structures: the day-time cusp, the equatorial boundary of the diffuse auroral precipitation (DPB), the main ionospheric trough (MIT), the day-time trough, the ring ionospheric trough (RIT) and the light ions trough (LIT). The variations in NmF2, Ne, He⁺ and Te in the high-latitude ionosphere for the different local time sectors are analyzed also. The features of the high-latitude ionospheric response to a strong magnetic storm are described.     

Cytochemical localization of calcium in soybean root cap cells in microgravity.

The antimonate precipitation technique was used to evaluate the effects of microgravity and ethylene on the cellular and subcellular distribution of free calcium ions in soybean root apices. Soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) dry seeds were launched, activated by hydration, and germinated in the presence of KMnO4 (to remove ethylene) and in its absence onboard the space shuttle Columbia during the STS-87 mission. Primary root apices of 6-day old seedlings were fixed for electron microscopy after landing. Ultrastructural studies indicated that antimonate precipitation appeared as individual electron-dense particles which were more or less round in shape and varied in diameter from 10 nm (minimum size beginning from which the particles were well identified) to 90 nm. It was revealed that analyzed root cap cells varied in both the precipitate particle sizes and the amount particles per unit of the cellular area. In both flight and ground control treatments, antimonate precipitation level increases from apical meristem cells to peripheral (secretory) cells of root apices. In root cap statocytes, subcellular localization of precipitate particles was revealed in the cytoplasm, nucleus and small vacuoles. The quantitative analysis showed a reduction of precipitate density in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and an increase in precipitate density in the vacuoles from statocytes of both spaceflight treatments in comparison with ground controls.     

Very low frequency waves stimulated by an electron accelerator in the auroral ionosphere

The sounding rocket POLAR 5 carried a 10 keV electron accelerator and various diagnostic instruments in a mother-daughter configuration. Onboard wave receivers recorded several types of VLF wave phenomena directly associated with the operation of the accelerator, with delays from 5 to 50 ms after the injection of the electrons. These delayed after-effects range from broadband noise, f > 3 kHz, observed above 170 km, through narrow band emissions at 2 and 5.6 kHz which appeared when the rocket crossed a region with precipitation of energetic electrons, to emissions covering frequencies from 3–4 to well above 100 kHz observed within the E-region (150-95 km). The latter was also associated with apparent changes in electron density. The observed emission properties indicate that the region perturbed by the beam and the neutralizing return current to the daughter may be a favoured generation region.     

Asymmetric precipitation in a coronal loop as explanation of a singular observed spectrum

Almost 10 years of solar submillimeter observations have shown new aspects of solar activity, such as the presence of rapid solar spikes associated with the launch of coronal mass ejections and an increasing submillimeter spectral component in flares. We analyse the singular microwave–submillimeter spectrum of an M class solar flare on 20 December, 2002. Flux density observations measured by Sun patrol telescopes and the Solar Submillimeter Telescope are used to build the radio spectrum, which is fitted using Ramaty’s code. At submillimeter frequencies the spectrum shows a component different from the microwave classical burst. The fitting is achieved proposing two homogeneous sources of emission. This theoretical fitting is in agreement with differential precipitation through a magnetically asymmetric loop or set of loops. From a coronal magnetic field model we infer an asymmetric magnetic structure at the flare location. The model proposed to quantify the differential precipitation rates due to the asymmetry results in a total precipitation ratio Q₂/Q₁≈10⁴–10⁵, where Q₁(Q₂) represents the total precipitation in the loop foot with the high (low) magnetic field intensity. This ratio agrees with the electron total number ratio of the two sources proposed to fit the radio spectrum.     

Enhancement of High Energy Electron Fluxes and Variation of Atmospheric Electric Field in the Antarctic Region ormalsize

High-energy electron precipitation in the high latitude regions enhances the ionization of the atmosphere, and subsequently increases the atmospheric conductivities and the vertical electric field of the atmosphere near the ground as well. The High-Energy Electron Flux (HEEF) data measured by the Fengyun-3 meteorological satellite are analyzed together with the data of near-surface atmospheric vertical electric field measured at the Russian Vostok Station. Three HEEF enhancements are identified and it is shown that when the HEEF increases to a certain level, the local atmospheric vertical electric field near the ground can increase substantially than usual. The response time of the electric field to HEEF enhancement is about 3.7 to 4 days.      

Enhancement of High Energy Electron Fluxes and Variation of Atmospheric Electric Field in the Antarctic Region

High-energy electron precipitation in the high latitude regions enhances the ionization of the atmosphere,and subsequently increases the atmospheric conductivities and the vertical electric field of the atmosphere near the ground as well.The High-Energy Electron Flux(HEEF) data measured by the Fengyun-3 meteorological satellite are analyzed together with the data of nearsurface atmospheric vertical electric field measured at the Russian Vostok Station.Three HEEF enhancements are identified and it is shown that when the HEEF increases to a certain level,the local atmospheric vertical electric field near the ground can increase substantially than usual.The response time of the electric field to HEEF enhancement is about 3.7 to 4 days.