Technology roll lessons learned on embedded avionics platforms

Open system architectures based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) building block components offer the ability to leverage the latest technology into fielded products while minimizing the impact to the operational flight software, typically the most costly component of an avionics development or upgrade. Our team has developed a layered hardware and software approach based on industry standard hardware and software interfaces to abstract the application (operational) software developers from the underlying technology rolls to the hardware and operating system software that naturally occur as part of the commercial marketplace, A technology roll is defined as the replacement of a current product with a subsequent generation of a product from the same product family. In this article, we describe the components and the layered architecture of our open system architecture approach. We discuss specific system, hardware, and software technology insertions that incorporate the latest available technology and how these changes have been abstracted from the application software. The article concludes by discussing lessons Learned from the use of these common components and corresponding technology rolls across various platforms     

基于GPIB的电源自动测试系统的设计

介绍了基于GPIB总线技术的电源参数自动测试系统，详细阐述了系统的硬件组成和软件编程。该系统不仅具有高的测量效率和测量精度等优点，而且结构灵活、可扩展性好，满足各种电源的测试要求，经使用验证，可应用于实际生产中。     

燃料电池无人机混合电源动态平衡能量管理策略

飞机电推进的动力系统趋于混合能源形式的发展方向，不同类型的源具有不同的特性，混合能源协调工作的方式可以提高动力系统的性能。本文所研究的飞机电推进系统的能源形式为燃料电池和锂电池所做成的混合能源。针对无人机动力系统工况的特殊性，本文在基于规则的能量管理策略研究基础上，提出了一种基于燃料电池氢气消耗的动态平衡能量管理策略，使燃料电池和辅助电源的能量消耗处于相对平衡的状态，避免了其中一种电源能量先耗尽的情况，可以满足多种工况的变化，提高了混合电源的能量利用率和稳定性，保证了无人机动力系统的可靠性。通过仿真分析结果证明了可行性，最后设计了能量管理系统的硬件并进行了实验验证，通过对实验结果计算分析验证了该能量管理策略的可行性。     

加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行性能

为研究加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行性能,建立了加装格尼襟翼旋翼的直升机飞行动力学模型。采用UH-60A直升机试飞数据验证了计算模型的正确性。在此基础上,分析了样例直升机加装格尼襟翼后重量系数、格尼襟翼高度、沿径向位置和加装方式对旋翼需用功率的影响,以及加装格尼襟翼后旋翼桨叶剖面迎角分布、旋翼操纵量和机身姿态角的变化等。研究表明,直升机在重量系数较大的状态下高速前飞时,旋翼加装格尼襟翼能够明显降低直升机的需用功率,且加装转动格尼襟翼的效果优于加装固定格尼襟翼。功率降低幅值随格尼襟翼高度的增加先增加后减小。格尼襟翼在桨叶上布置的位置越靠近桨尖,其对需用功率的影响越大。直升机在重量系数较大的状态下高速前飞时,加装格尼襟翼能够使旋翼后行侧最大迎角显著减小。加装格尼襟翼后旋翼总距和纵横向周期变距减小。     

Utilisation of turboelectric distribution propulsion in commercial aviation: A review on NASA’s TeDP concept

Emissions produced by the aviation industry are currently a severe environmental threat; therefore, aviation agencies and governments have set emission targets and formulated plans to restrict emissions within the next decade. Hybrid aircraft technology is being considered to meet these targets. The importance of these technologies lies in their advancements in terms of aircraft life cycles and environmental benignity. Owing to these advancements, hybrid electric systems with more than one power source have become promising for the aviation industry, considering that the growth of air traffic is projected to double in the next decade. Hybrid technologies have given future hybrid fans and motor-fan engines potential as alternative power generators. Herein, Turboelectric Distributed Propulsion (TeDP) is discussed in terms of power distribution and power sources. The fundamentals of turbofan and turboshaft engines are presented along with their electricity-generation mechanism. TeDP is discussed from a design viewpoint, with a detailed discussion of different types of hybrid electric and turboelectric systems. Examples of proposed TeDP aircraft models and numerical modelling tools used to simulate the performance of TeDP models are reviewed. Finally, innovative turboelectric systems in which electric power savers and mechanical gear changers have been discarded for weight optimisation are presented along with other prospective models, engines, approaches, and architectures. The findings of this review indicate the knowledge gaps in the field of numerical modelling for NASA’s TeDP and its capability to increase the efficiency by up to 24% with a 50% reduction in emissions relative to those of conventional gas turbines.     

一种基于FFT的GPS信号快捕算法

提出了一种利用1024点的FFT模块来实现快速捕获GPS卫星信号的具体实现方法;并利用这种快速捕获方法,对真实采集的GPS信号进行捕获,验证了该方法的可行性。在硬件中采用这种方法,可以利用较少的硬件资源来对GPS信号实现快速捕获。     

Constant Voltage Digital Control of an AC Motor Positioning Servo

A theoretical approach is presented to digitally manipulating the drive frequency of an ac induction motor so as to allow the motor to be used in a closed loop positioning servo. Additionally, the basic power source can be a simple dc power supply such as a battery pack. A hardware demonstration of the loop is discussed which has achieved a convergence accuracy of a 0.3 mrad to a step input.     

X射线脉冲星导航硬件脉冲轮廓累积研究

为了在X射线脉冲星地面实验系统仿真源模拟产生X射线的基础上,能够快速稳定地得到脉冲轮廓,采用硬件历元叠加的方法获得脉冲轮廓。研究了用硬件实现历元叠加及其数据整合的算法,该算法首先在MATLAB现场可编程逻辑阵列(FPGA)中实现,再通过MATLAB硬件描述语言(HDL)代码生成模块把算法转换成HDL,经编译后获得配置硬件的Bit文件,最终在开发板FPGA上实现数据处理的硬件模块。一段时间内的光子到达时间数据通过MATLAB算法得到的脉冲轮廓数据与通过硬件模块处理后得到的数据结果存在误差,在单个时间窗口内误差最大值为2个光子数,误差平均值占光子数统计平均值的0.084%;两组统计的脉冲轮廓数据中不同数据占总数据个数的9.481%,这样的误差不影响后端模拟导航模块的导航。利用硬件实现的历元叠加及其数据整合模块具有处理速度快、设备紧凑、功耗低的特点,为航天器利用X射线脉冲星导航提供了一种可行的硬件数据处理技术上的支持。     

The All-Electric Fighter Airplane Flight Control Issues, Capabilities, and Projections

The prime issues raised in any all-electric airplane discussion are (1) is the electric power system as reliable and trustworthy as a hydraulic power system; (2) can electromechanical flight control actuators perform satisfactorily, i.e., can the performance match that of hydraulic actuators; (3) can redundant electromechanical actuation systems (EMAS) be designed to equal the flight safety reliability of dual tandem hydraulic actuators; and (4) can satisfactory solutions be found or developed for dissipating the heat generated in actuators and power controllers. The first question should be inconsequential since it is assumed that the all-electric aircraft will be equipped with a fly-by-wire (FBW) flight control system (FCS) which is already dependent upon an uninterrupted supply of electrical power. Design studies and hardware already developed show that the answer to question (2) is that EMAS outperform hydraulic actuators, particularly under load. The answer to question (3) is not as clear primarily because the issue has not been addressed in any depth. As posed the answer must be yes, but with the proviso that the weight might be greater than currently predicted. Studies have shown that we can cope with the heat dissipation issue addressed in question (4) in the case of motors and inverter/power controllers. The projections regarding usage of EMAS and the future of the all-electric airplane must be based on the type of vehicle (small subsonic transport, large transport, or military tighter) and the economics involved.     

Control technique for high power factor multilevel rectifier

Three control techniques for a high power factor multilevel pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier are proposed. The proposed rectifier is based on series connection of full-bridge cell to achieve a high power factor, low current distortion, low voltage stress of power semiconductors and two balanced output voltages. The look-up table is used in the proposed control schemes to reduce the hardware circuit. A capacitor voltage compensator is used to balance two dc capacitor voltages in order to obtain high quality PWM voltage pattern. Based on the proposed control schemes, two-level or three-level PWM pattern can be generated on the ac side of the adopted rectifier. The proposed techniques for a high power factor multilevel rectifier illustrate its validity and effectiveness through the respective simulations and experiments. According to the measured results, the current harmonics drawn from the mains meet the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 1000-3-2 limits     

Applications of Brayton cycle technology to space power

The Closed Brayton Cycle (CBC) power conversion cycle can be used with a wide range of heat sources for space power applications. These heat sources include solar concentrator, radioisotope, and reactor. With a solar concentrator, a solar dynamic ground demonstration test using existing Brayton components is being assembled for testing at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC). This 2-kWe system has a turbine inlet temperature of 1015 K and is a complete end-to-end simulation of the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic design. With a radioisotope heat source, a 1-kWe Dynamic Isotope Power System (DIPS) is under development using an existing turboalternator compressor (TAC) for testing at the same NASA-LeRC facility. This DIPS unit is being developed as a replacement to Radioisotopic Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs) to conserve the Pu-238 supply for interplanetary exploration. With a reactor heat source, many studies have been performed coupling the SP-100 reactor with a Brayton power conversion cycle. Applications for this reactor/CBC system include global communications satellites and electric propulsion for interplanetary exploration. applications. The CBC consists of a heater, turboalternator compressor (TAC), cooler, and recuperator. A mixture of He and Xe is used as the working fluid in the CBC system. The He provides superior heat transfer characteristics in the heater, cooler, and recuperator. The Xe adjusts the molecular weight to provide superior aerodynamic performance for maximized turbine and compressor efficiency. Cycle studies are performed to select the optimum He/Xe molecular weight or He to Xe mixture ratio. The following presents the characteristics and advantages of using the CBC for space power applications, CBC development status, characteristics and applications of the CBC with each of the heat sources, and finally performance projections     

基于 FACE 思想的软件通用运行环境设计

未来机载能力环境（FACE）思想由美国军方、工业界和学术界共同发起,它针对机载航空电子软件系统提出了一种新的业务模型和参考架构。通过制定参考架构核心元素间的接口标准以及定义基于共识的通用数据模型可以为软件模块的跨平台重用提供便利。本文通过分析 FACE 参考架构的核心思想,结合实现层面的具体考虑,提出了软件通用运行环境的设计方案,旨在硬件计算平台上进一步搭建一个软件计算平台,使得应用软件模块在能够正常运行的基础上尽可能地实现“一次开发,多次应用”。     

陀螺稳定平台数字稳定电路硬件设计与实现

针对某型陀螺稳定平台目前仍然采用模拟稳定电路的问题，设计了陀螺稳定平台数字稳定硬件电路。数字稳定硬件电路采用DSP处理技术、24位高精度AD采集技术及H桥功率放大技术。实验结果表明，该电路能满足各种性能指标要求。该电路的实现为后续自适应控制理论、数字化及智能化控制技术应用于陀螺稳定平台奠定了硬件基础。     

Robust fuzzy controlled photovoltaic power inverter with Taguchi method

This paper presents design and implementation of a robust fuzzy controlled photovoltaic (PV) power inverter with Taguchi tuned scaling factors. To achieve fast transient response, small steady-state error and system robustness, a robust fuzzy controller is adopted, in which its input and output scaling factors are determined efficiently by using the Taguchi-tuning algorithm. The proposed system can operate in different modes, grid-connection mode and stand-alone mode, and can accommodate wide load variations. Simulation results and hardware measurements obtained from a prototype with a microcontroller (Intel 80196KC) are presented to verify the theoretical discussions, and its adaptivity, robustness and feasibility.     

无刷直驱型圆刀裁布机的控制系统设计

针对服装产业的发展需求,采用无刷直流电机(BLDCM)驱动技术研制出一种直驱型圆刀裁布机的控制系统,实现了综合性能的提升。设计由单片机及外围电路、功率及驱动电路、霍尔位置检测电路、操控电路和辅助电源组成的数字控制器硬件电路,根据直驱结构的BLDCM特性和整个裁布机的工作特点,分析设计转速闭环控制策略。通过负载测试试验证明,调速性能精确高效;通过堵转测试试验证明,堵转时的过流保护迅速可靠。     

High-Density Avionic Power Supply

Dramatic reductions in size and weight have been achieved in the area of signal and information processing. Power conditioning circuits have not kept pace, primarily due to the relatively slow proggress ress in the passive energy storage and transformation devices. A novel converter topology is described that minimizes the task these components must perform and thereby achieve a significant improvement in power supply density.     

串行MSK DS／SSMA系统性能分析

分析了串行MSK DS/SSMA系统的性能。这种单通道系统能够产生和并行双通道MSK DS/SSMA系统相同的发射信号,它具有恒包络和优良的频谱特性。而且,串行MSK DS/SSMA系统的硬件成本和BPSK DS/SSMA系统的相当,分析结果表明,前者的性能更优。     

目标成本管理在汽车零部件行业应用研究

汽车零部件行业生命周期相对固定、事先确定销售价格、产量预测较为明确等特点使该行业具有目标成本管理的先天优势。而一个产品在生命期必然面对客户每年提出的降价要求,因此如果简单地运用目标价格扣减目标利润的公式难以真正实现产品盈利的目标。文章认为目标成本的确定应该结合产品生命期内的现金流分析,在满足项目评价指标的前提下,在整个生命期内对产品进行成本规划。文章以KD公司为案例企业,对其基于产品生命期现金流的目标成本管理的具体应用方法进行了研究,肯定了其取得的良好效果。     

High power factor AC/DC/AC converter with random PWM

A three-phase AC/DC/AC converter is presented with a power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side and a pseudorandom noise generator to reduce the emitted acoustic noise and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive. The space vector modulation with hysteresis current control for a voltage source rectifier is adopted to simplify the hardware circuit. A control scheme is presented to drive the supply current following the reference current. The amplitude of reference current for the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier is derived from the DC bus voltage regulator and the estimated output power. Random switching frequency technique for a three-phase PWM inverter system to reduce the annoying tonal noise and resonant vibration from an induction motor is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous PWM switching frequency from one cycle to the next, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range. The major advantage for using such a strategy is the nonrepetitive output spectral characteristic that results in reduction of torque pulsations in motor drive systems. The nearly unity power factor at the three-phase rectifier and the absence of acoustic noise concentrated at the specific tones which is usually present with conventional sinusoidal modulation are verified by the experimental tests     

基于数字线索和数字孪生的生产生命周期研究

新一代信息技术在制造业中深度应用,引发传统产品研发模式的变革。介绍了利用数字线索和数字孪生开展复杂产品生命周期业务过程建模与仿真、动态预测和评估,实现数字空间与物理空间虚实映射的产品规划与定义、模拟与分析、验证与确认的业务闭环。最后结合航空工业智能制造架构,给出在生产生命周期中的应用思路,以提升生产过程的数字化与智能化水平。