2014年，火星不寂寞——关注美国MAVEN和印度的火星探测——火星君：“客来了！”——美印火星探测器任务大追踪

火星是太阳系八大行星中,除了金星以外,距离地球最近的一颗行星,也是自然环境与地球最为相似的一颗行星,所以火星一度被认为是地球之外最适合生命存在的星体。但是,火星毕竟是人类尚未十分熟悉的星体。目前为止,人类探测器进行了超过50次的火星探测尝试,却也只有约三分之二的探测器成功抵达火星。     

“声音”——“火星500”计划评论摘编

人类之所以如此关注火星,是因为它是太阳系中与地球相似之处最多的行星,它寄托了人类在地球以外建造第二家园的梦想,"火星500"计划的启动也自然受到人们的诸多关注,让我们听听专家们是怎样说的。     

火星及其环境

火星环境类似于地球,而探索其生命存在是重大的科学任务。在火星探测中,对火星及其环境的了解与研究是重要的任务目标,事关探测任务的成功实施。文章对国外火星探测已发布的成果进行收集和整理,其中包含大量的相关数据。这些知识和数据是火星探测任务设计的输入条件,可为我国火星探测计划的制定提供参考依据。     

梦想中的目标：火星

红色的火星是人类最早了解的大行星之一,它也是除了地球外,太阳系一直最适合人类居住的星球。火星处于太阳系的宜居地带内,还有稀薄的大气层,外加可能存在水,也是最有可能发现生命的星球。因为这些特点,自阿波罗登月后,火星就是人类尤其是美国航宇局念念不忘的目标。虽然由于技术和预算等各种原因,人类登陆火星还遥遥无期,但以美国航宇局为首,世界各国已经把火星作为未来载人航天的最终目标。     

国际深空探测技术的发展现状及展望（上）

深空探测是人类了解地球、太阳系和宇宙,进而考察、勘探和定居太阳系其它天体的第一步。深空探测主要包括月球探测、行星探测、行星际探测和星际探测。通过深空探测,可以帮助人类研究太阳系及宇宙的起源、演变和现状,进一步认识地球环境的形成和演变,认识空间现象和地球自然系统之间的关系。从现实和长远来看,对深空的探测和开发具有十分重要的科学和经济意义。     

金星奥秘的探索

金星在太阳系中的位置 金星是太阳系的第二个行星,轨道位于地球与水星的轨道之间。与火星轨道比较,金星轨道更靠近地球轨道。     

国外月球以远深空探测的发展及启示（上）

深空探测是人类对月球及月球以远的天体和空间进行的探测活动。它通过对月球、太阳、太阳系内地球以外行星及其卫星、小天体和矮行星以及太阳系外宇宙空间等的探测,探究太阳系及宇宙的起源与演化．太阳及小天体活动对人类生存环境的灾害性影响．太阳系生命的起源与演化等重大科学问题．为人类可持续发展服务。     

近20年美国火星探测战略演化分析

2011年3月,美国发布的《2013～2022年行星科学的愿景与航程》将火星定为首要行星探测目标。历史上,火星就是美国探测次数最多的地外天体,进入21世纪第二个十年,火星探测将继续在美国整个太空探测活动中扮演重要角色。     

飞向火星

火星——距地球最近的红色行星,与地球最为相似,让人类产生过无限遐想。近半个世纪,人类在探索这颗"红色星球"的征途上前赴后继,前苏联、美国、俄罗斯和欧洲共发起30多次火星探测计划,其中三分之二以失败告终,但研究一直没有排除火星上存在生命的可能性。今年8月,美国新的火星探测器"凤凰"号再次升空,它有望成为首个在火星极区着陆的探测器,对寻找火星生命发起新的强有力的冲击。     

太阳系中的火星

火星在哪里？ 火星是太阳系中从内到外的第四颗行星,与太阳的平均距离是2．28亿千米。天文学家将火星定义为“内行星”中最外面的一颗,另外三颗内行星分别为水星、金星和地球。     

Issues in planetary protection: policy, protocol and implementation

Planetary protection is NASA's term for the practice of protecting solar system bodies from Earth life while protecting Earth from life that may be brought back from other solar system bodies. Spacefaring nations will soon begin retrieving samples from Mars and other solar system bodies. For these samples, planetary protection is in order, and measures are already in place to prevent the forward contamination of Mars and other bodies by Earth microbes and the backward contamination of Earth by possible extraterrestrial life. A major goal of planetary protection controls on forward contamination is to preserve the planetary record of natural processes by preventing human-caused microbial introductions.     

Roadmap to a human Mars mission

We propose a new roadmap for the preparation of the first human mission to Mars. This proposal is based on the work of ISECG and several recent recommendations on human Mars mission architectures. A table is proposed to compare the possible benefits of different preparatory missions. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of qualifying important systems thanks to a heavy Mars sample return mission. It is shown that this mission is mandatory for the qualification of Mars aerocapture at scale-1, EDL systems at scale 1 and Mars ascent. Moreover, it is a good opportunity to test many other systems, such as the heavy launcher and the transportation systems for the trips beyond LEO. These tests were not mentioned in the last ISECG report. This strategy is facilitated in the case of the simplified Mars mission scenarios that have recently been presented because it is suggested that relatively small vehicles with small crew sizes are used in order to optimize the payload mass fraction of the landing vehicles and to avoid the LEO assembly. An important finding of the study is that a human mission to the surface of the Moon is not required for the qualification of the systems of a human mission to Mars. Since affordability is a key criterion, two important missions are proposed in the roadmap. The first is a heavy Mars sample return mission and the second is a manned mission to a high Earth orbit or eventually to the vicinity of the Moon. It is shown that both missions are complementary and sufficient to qualify all the critical systems of the Mars mission.     

High energy-density propulsion—reducing the risk to humans in planetary exploration

The potential benefits to humankind of space exploration are tremendous. Space is not only the final frontier but is also the next marketplace. The orbital space above Earth offers tremendous opportunities for both strategic assets and commercial development. The critical obstacle retarding the use of the space around the Earth is the lack of low cost access to orbit. Further out, the next giant leap for mankind will be the human exploration of Mars. Almost certainly within the next 30 years, a human crew will brave the isolation, the radiation, and the lack of gravity to walk on and explore the Red planet. Both of these missions will change the outlook and perspective of every human being on the planet. However, these missions are expensive and extremely difficult. Chemical propulsion has demonstrated an inability to achieve orbit cheaply and is a very high-risk option to accomplish the Mars mission. An alternative solution is to develop a high performance propulsion system. Nuclear propulsion has the potential to be such a system. The question will be whether humanity is willing to take on the challenge.     

Estimates of Carrington-class solar particle event radiation exposures as a function of altitude in the atmosphere of Mars

Radiation exposure estimates for crew members on the surface of Mars may vary widely because of the large variations in terrain altitude. The maximum altitude difference between the highest (top of Olympus Mons) and the lowest (bottom of the Hellas impact basin) points on Mars is about 32 km. In this work estimates of radiation exposures as a function of altitude, from the Hellas impact basin to Olympus Mons, are made for a solar particle event proton radiation environment comparable to the Carrington event of 1859. We assume that the proton energy distribution for this Carrington-type event is similar to that of the Band Function fit of the February 1956 event. In this work we use the HZETRN 2010 radiation transport code, originally developed at NASA Langley Research Center, and the Computerized Anatomical Male and Female human geometry models to estimate exposures for aluminum shield areal densities similar to those provided by a spacesuit, surface lander, and permanent habitat as a function of altitude in the Mars atmosphere. Comparisons of the predicted organ exposures with current NASA Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are made.     

Beyond earth's boundaries: Human exploration of the Solar System

The USA has adopted the long-term goal of exploring the space frontier, including establishing human settlements beyond Earth orbit. This article describes four candidate missions for developing pathways into the Solar System which have been identified by NASA's Office of Exploration: human expeditions to Phobos and Mars, a lunar observatory and a lunar outpost to assist Mars explorations. The requirements placed upon near-term programmes by each of these missions are outlined and the elements necessary for a long-term implementation strategy are analysed.     

火星探测器减速着陆技术分析

火星的大气环境和地球差异较大,存在着许多未知的因素,火星探测的减速着陆同样充满了风险和挑战。文章通过对美国火星探测减速着陆的重点技术进行分析,并归纳总结了火星探测器减速着陆技术的发展趋势。     

火星探测器着陆技术

火星着陆技术是火星探测的关键技术之一。由于火星环境与地球有很大不同,要实现火星探测的软着陆仍具有非常大的挑战性。介绍了各种火星着陆技术方案,对气动减速、控制和着陆缓冲等关键技术进行了分析。     

火星探测器降落伞拉直过程中的“绳帆”现象研究

针对火星探测器降落伞在拉直过程中出现的“绳帆”现象,以及火星探测器降落伞开伞前初始参数和大气密度与地球环境下的差异,建立了火星探测器降落伞拉直过程的数学模型,研究了火星环境下,伞包弹射速度、开伞前进入器的攻角、开伞马赫数以及大气密度对“绳帆”现象的影响。研究结果表明,选择较大的伞包弹射速度,并将开伞前进入器的攻角严格限定在较小范围内,将有利于避免或降低“绳帆”现象的发生。这一研究结果可为我国实施火星探测时减速着陆系统的设计分析提供一定参考。     

火星表面热辐射环境模拟

为了对火星表面的热辐射环境进行模拟,以辅助火星探测等任务,建立了火星大气的一维模型和土壤的一维导热模型,并与NASA的一维火星大气辐射程序相结合,得到了一套整体模拟系统。模拟获得了火星地表温度及接收到的可见光、红外辐射热流密度,分析了季节、纬度、尘暴、云层的变化对地表温度和所受太阳辐射造成的影响。模拟结果表明,纬度和季节的变化影响着太阳高度角和日照时长等因素,进而对可见光辐射造成显著影响;尘埃光学厚度的增加会削弱可见光辐射并增强红外辐射,云层光学性质的改变造成的影响与之相似但较小;四者的改变都会对地表的温度及接收到的太阳辐射热流密度造成不同程度的影响。     

From Earth's orbit to the outer planets and beyond: Psychological issues in space

Current planning for the first interplanetary expedition to Mars envisions a crew of 6 or 7 people and a mission duration of around 2.5 years. However, this time frame is much less than that expected on expeditions to the outer solar system, where total mission durations of 10 years or more are likely. Although future technological breakthroughs in propulsion systems and space vehicle construction may speed up transit times, for now we must realistically consider the psychological impact of missions lasting for one or more decades.Available information largely deals with on-orbit missions. In research that involved Mir and ISS missions lasting up to 7 months, our group and others have studied the effects of psychological and interpersonal issues on crewmembers and on the crew-ground relationship. We also studied the positive effects of being in space. However, human expeditions to the outer planets and beyond will introduce a number of new psychological and interpersonal stressors that have not been experienced before. There will be unprecedented levels of isolation and monotony, real-time communication with the Earth will not be possible, the crew will have to work autonomously, there will be great dependence on computers and other technical resources located on board, and the Earth will become an insignificant dot in space or will even disappear from view entirely.Strategies for dealing with psychological issues involving missions to the outer solar system and beyond will be considered and discussed, including those related to new technologies being considered for interstellar missions, such as traveling at a significant fraction of the speed of light, putting crewmembers in suspended animation, or creating giant self-contained generation ships of colonists who will not return to Earth.