国际外层空间法和国内外层空间法的关系

国际外层空间法是国际法的一个新分支，是调整各国探索和利用外层空间活动的原则、规则和制度的总和，是空间技术及人类空间活动发展的产物。而为了规范本国的空间活动，有些国家也在国内制定相应的立法。国际外层空间法和国内外层空间法是两个不同的法律体系，但又有着密切的联系。两者的关系主要涉及各国如何在其国内执行国际外层空间法的问题，也就是各国如何行使其依国际外层空间法所享有的权利和履行其依国际外层空间法所承担的义务的问题。[编者按]     

世纪之交空间法的回顾与展望(上)

自古以来，飞离地球，遨游星空，一直是人类的美丽梦想。１９５７年１０月 ４日，第一颗人造地球卫星上天，使人类迈入了空间时代。空间技术的飞速发展，特别是卫星及其应用技术的发展，不仅改变了人们的时空观，而且也改变了并将继续改变人们的工作模式和生活方式，推动了经济全球化和信息化时代的到来。目前，外空不但是国力的赛场，也是充满商机的市场。 探索和利用外层空间的活动引起了一系列法律问题，如外层空间、宇航员和空间物体的法律地位，空间物体造成损害的赔偿责任等等。这些问题涉及国际社会的整体利益和国家的权利义务，需依…     

Space Law Center of China National Space Administration Established

<正>On December 23,2017,the Space Law Center of the China National Space Administration(hereafter SLC)was established in Beijing Institute of Technology during the 2017Space Law Seminar.Over 100 leaders and experts from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Meteorological Administration,State Oceanic Administration,     

国外国际空间法的教学与研究

国际空间法创立于20世纪50年代,是国际法的一个年轻分支。联合国在苏联于1957年发射第一颗人造地球卫星后不久,就在各国的努力下,迅速构建了以《外空条约》等5个条约为核心、以联大5项决议(宣言)为补充的国际外空法框架。外空法在区域层面(如欧空局、独联体等组织)和国家层面都     

我国空间法教学和科研的现状与展望

外层空间法的教学、培训和研究具有重要意义,它不仅可以为我国培养适应日益发展的航天事业所需要的专门人才,而且对于制定我国的空间法以及我国更好地参与国际规则的制定具有至关重要的影响。本文对我国外层空间法的教学和研究现状加以分析,同时提出改善我国外空法教学和研究的若干建议。     

深空着陆器随机优化制导律设计

针对导航估计误差对制导精度的不利影响,提出了一种随机优化制导设计方法。该方法将导航估计性能作为优化项引入制导设计过程中,通过对观测轨迹的优化设计,使视觉导航估计精度得到提高,进而改善了制导性能;同时,引入单步超前优化方法减少迭代运算量。将其应用于深空探测着陆任务,仿真结果表明与传统估计最优制导方法相比,该随机优化制导律有效降低了估计误差给制导系统带来的不利影响,使着陆器导航与制导系统整体性能得到改善提高。     

Space for science, enterprise and environment: the UK draft Space Strategy

For the UK, space is primarily a means to an end and not an end in itself. This approach has been described as utilitarian. The British National Space Centre describes it as user oriented: the purpose of going into space should be to provide cost-effective information or services to the users, whether these are the science community, commercial operators and customers, or public sector bodies. The new draft UK Space Strategy, published on 22 January 2003, provides the underpinning rationale for this approach, which derives in part from the very individual way in which the UK organises its interests in space.     

中国空间法学会换届袁家军当选理事会理事长

4月2日．中国空间法学会第三次全国会员代表大会在北京召开。中国航天科技集团公司副总经理袁家军、袁洁，高级技术顾问王礼恒．总法律顾问巴日斯：中国航天科工集团公司总经理助理谢良贵：原国防科工委副主任沈荣骏出席会议。     

世纪之交空间法的回顾与展望(下)

自人类进入空间肘代以来，空间法在较短的时间里很快发展起来，但是还有许多问题尚待解决，并且随着空间科技和人类空间活动的不断进展，还将在法律上不断地提出新的问题。可以预见，空间法将继续有较大的发展。1．空间法将随着人类空间活动的发展而发展20世纪50年代处于幼年期的人类航天活动，至世纪之交已进入成年期。纵观近半个世纪的外空活动史，可以看出人类的空间活动正不断向其广度和深度发展。就广度而言，首先，空间活动由最初的外空探索和科学考察发展为全方位的空间技术开发和利用，影响到世界各个地区和人类生活的各个层面。在…     

从《黑格尔法哲学批判》析马克思国家制度理论

黑格尔作为对马克思的思想和理论影响最深远的哲学家之一,在国家制度理论方面对马克思也有着深刻的启发。马克思通过对黑格尔法哲学的研读与批判,在学习黑格尔理论的基础之上,形成了自己的观点。马克思站在了与黑格尔从上往下看的相反的角度——从人民出发,从下往上分析适合人类社会长久发展的国家制度。黑格尔思想的真知灼见值得肯定,但经历了物质利益问题后的马克思开始重新审视其国家观。马克思批判君主立宪制,主张人民民主制;批判官僚制,提倡人民代表普遍利益;批判等级制,肯定市民社会决定国家。最终形成了马克思主义国家制度理论,并对马克思关于科学社会主义的思想产生了重要的影响。     

美国需要完美善的太空旅游法吗?

太空船1号的成功飞行证明普通旅客进入太空将不仅只是科幻小说中的情节,因此必须尽快建立起完善的法律制度来促进太空旅游业发展.     

Space, security and resilience: Reflections on the debate

The RUSI Space and UK National Security Conference was held in London, 14 June 2011. Alixe Buckerfield de la Roche reports on some of the key themes discussed, including the increasing merger of space and cyber, the growing urgency in calling for development of robust and effective regulatory frameworks for orbital management, and the challenges surrounding national resilience achieved through space situational awareness. At RUSI’s 12th Missile Defence Conference held the same week Secretary General Rasmussen gave an address on NATO’s missile policy—focusing on partnerships and collaboration. His comments intersect aptly with the Space and UK National Security conference themes and are therefore included here.     

Planetary Defense From Space: Part 2 (Simple) Asteroid Deflection Law

A system of two space bases housing missiles for an efficient Planetary Defense of the Earth from asteroids and comets was firstly proposed by this author in 2002. It was then shown that the five Lagrangian points of the Earth–Moon system lead naturally to only two unmistakable locations of these two space bases within the sphere of influence of the Earth. These locations are the two Lagrangian points L1 (in between the Earth and the Moon) and L3 (in the direction opposite to the Moon from the Earth). In fact, placing missiles based at L1 and L3 would enable the missiles to deflect the trajectory of incoming asteroids by hitting them orthogonally to their impact trajectory toward the Earth, thus maximizing the deflection at best. It was also shown that confocal conics are the only class of missile trajectories fulfilling this “best orthogonal deflection” requirement.The mathematical theory developed by the author in the years 2002–2004 was just the beginning of a more expanded research program about the Planetary Defense. In fact, while those papers developed the formal Keplerian theory of the Optimal Planetary Defense achievable from the Earth–Moon Lagrangian points L1 and L3, this paper is devoted to the proof of a simple “(small) asteroid deflection law” relating directly the following variables to each other:

(1) the speed of the arriving asteroid with respect to the Earth (known from the astrometric observations);

(2) the asteroid's size and density (also supposed to be known from astronomical observations of various types);

(3) the “security radius” of the Earth, that is, the minimal sphere around the Earth outside which we must force the asteroid to fly if we want to be safe on Earth. Typically, we assume the security radius to equal about 10,000 km from the Earth center, but this number might be changed by more refined analyses, especially in the case of “rubble pile” asteroids;

(4) the distance from the Earth of the two Lagrangian points L1 and L3 where the defense missiles are to be housed;

(5) the deflecting missile's data, namely its mass and especially its “extra-boost”, that is, the extra-energy by which the missile must hit the asteroid to achieve the requested minimal deflection outside the security radius around the Earth.

This discovery of the simple “asteroid deflection law” presented in this paper was possible because:

(1) In the vicinity of the Earth, the hyperbola of the arriving asteroid is nearly the same as its own asymptote, namely, the asteroid's hyperbola is very much like a straight line. We call this approximation the line/circle approximation. Although “rough” compared to the ordinary Keplerian theory, this approximation simplifies the mathematical problem to such an extent that two simple, final equations can be derived.

(2) The confocal missile trajectory, orthogonal to this straight line, ceases then to be an ellipse to become just a circle centered at the Earth. This fact also simplifies things greatly. Our results are thus to be regarded as a good engineering approximation, valid for a preliminary astronautical design of the missiles and bases at L1 and L3.

Still, many more sophisticated refinements would be needed for a complete Planetary Defense System:

(1) taking into account many perturbation forces of all kinds acting on both the asteroids and missiles shot from L1 and L3;

(2) adding more (non-optimal) trajectories of missiles shot from either the Lagrangian points L4 and L5 of the Earth–Moon system or from the surface of the Moon itself;

(3) encompassing the full range of missiles currently available to the USA (and possibly other countries) so as to really see “which missiles could divert which asteroids”, even just within the very simplified scheme proposed in this paper.

In summary: outlined for the first time in February 2002, our Confocal Planetary Defense concept is a simplified Keplerian Theory that already proved simple enough to catch the attention of scholars, popular writers, and representatives of the US Military. These developments would hopefully mark the beginning of a general mathematical vision for building an efficient Planetary Defense System in space and in the vicinity of the Earth, although not on the surface of the Earth itself!We must make a real progress beyond academic papers, Hollywood movies and secret military plans, before asteroids like 99942 Apophis get close enough to destroy us in 2029 or a little later.